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Dall'Osto G, Corni S. Time-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering: A theoretical approach. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:044103. [PMID: 39037131 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A new procedure for computing the time-dependent Raman scattering of molecules in the proximity of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed, drawing inspiration from the pioneering Lee and Heller's theory. This strategy is based on a preliminary simulation of the molecular vibronic wavefunction in the presence of a plasmonic nanostructure and an incident light pulse. Subsequently, the Raman signal is evaluated through an inverse Fourier Transform of the coefficients' dynamics. Employing a multiscale approach, the system is treated by coupling the quantum mechanical description of the molecule with the polarizable continuum model for the NP. This method offers a unique advantage by providing insights into the time evolution of the plasmon-enhanced Raman signal, tracking the dynamics of the incident electric field. It not only provides for the total Raman signal at the process's conclusion but also gives transient information. Importantly, the flexibility of this approach allows for the simulation of various incident electric field profiles, enabling a closer alignment with experimental setups. This adaptability ensures that the method is relevant and applicable to diverse real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Dall'Osto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35100, Italy
- CNR Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, Modena 41100, Italy
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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Rathi P, Butcher R, Sankar M. Unsymmetrical nonplanar 'push-pull' β-octasubstituted porphyrins: facile synthesis, structural, photophysical and electrochemical redox properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15002-15011. [PMID: 31556414 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02792k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mixed substitution at the β-position of porphyrins influences their photophysical and electrochemical redox properties. Two new series of asymmetrically mixed β-octasubstituted porphyrins viz. MTPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br and M = 2H, Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii)) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The single crystal X-ray structure of H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5 showed a nonplanar saddle shape conformation of the macrocyclic core. Furthermore, the fully optimized geometries confirmed the saddle shape conformation of H2TPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br). Electronic spectra revealed a significant bathochromic shift by appending both electron donor and acceptor substituents at the β-position of the meso-tetraphenylporphyrin skeleton, which reflects the following order H2TPP < H2TPP(NO2) < H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2 < H2TPP(Ph)2Br6 < H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5. H2TPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br) exhibited a significant bathochromic shift (Δλmax = 53-61 nm) in the Soret band and (Δλmax = 90-95 nm) in the longest wavelength Qx(0,0) band as compared to H2TPP. Nonplanar conformations and electron withdrawing β-substituents induce higher protonation and deprotonation constants for H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5 and H2TPP(Ph)2Br6 as compared to precursor porphyrins viz. H2TPP, H2TPP(NO2) and H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2. The electronic spectral properties and redox potentials of MTPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br and M = 2H, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) are affected by β-substituents at the periphery of the porphyrin core. Redox tunability was achieved by appending push-pull substituents at the β-position of the MTPP (M = 2H, CoII, NiII, CuII, and ZnII) skeleton of the macrocycle. CuTPP(Ph)2Br6 and CuTPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5 exhibited a dramatically reduced HOMO-LUMO gap with a difference of 0.55 V and 0.62 V, respectively as compared to CuTPP due to the push-pull effect of β-substituents and nonplanarity of the porphyrin core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, India.
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Alghooneh L, Eskandari M, Zakavi S, Omidyan R. Optical properties of β-brominated meso-tetraphenylporphyrins: Comparative experimental and computational studies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The UV-vis and fluorescence spectra of a series of [Formula: see text]-brominated derivatives of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (H[Formula: see text]TPPBr[Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were used to investigate the steroelectronic effects of bromine atoms on the optical properties of H[Formula: see text]TPP. The wavelength and intensity of the absorption and emission bands were found to be influenced by the bromine atoms. The degree of configuration interaction between the S[Formula: see text] and S[Formula: see text] excited states and fluorescence quantum yield and their dependence on the bromine atoms were also studied. Computational studies based on density functional theory and time-dependent density functional approach (DFT and TD-DFT) support and provide an explanation for the spectral changes associated with the bromination of H[Formula: see text]TPP. Furthermore, the solvent effect on the spectral properties of higher degrees of [Formula: see text]-bromination was attributed to the formation of relatively strong hydrogen bonds between their saddle-distorted porphyrin cores and the solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Alghooneh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Prof. Yousef Sobouti Blvd., Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mortaza Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Prof. Yousef Sobouti Blvd., Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Saeed Zakavi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Prof. Yousef Sobouti Blvd., Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Reza Omidyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
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Chaudhri N, Grover N, Sankar M. Selective Conversion of Planar trans-Chlorins into Highly Twisted Doubly Fused Porphyrins or Chlorins via Oxidative Fusion. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6658-6668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Shimizu D, Osuka A. Porphyrinoids as a platform of stable radicals. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1408-1423. [PMID: 29675188 PMCID: PMC5892410 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-innocent ligand nature of porphyrins was observed for compound I in enzymatic cycles of cytochrome P450. Such porphyrin radicals were first regarded as reactive intermediates in catabolism, but recent studies have revealed that porphyrinoids, including porphyrins, ring-contracted porphyrins, and ring-expanded porphyrins, display excellent radical-stabilizing abilities to the extent that radicals can be handled like usual closed-shell organic molecules. This review surveys four types of stable porphyrinoid radical and covers their synthetic methods and properties such as excellent redox properties, NIR absorption, and magnetic properties. The radical-stabilizing abilities of porphyrinoids stem from their unique macrocyclic conjugated systems with high electronic and structural flexibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
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Mojarrad AG, Zakavi S. Simple low cost porphyrinic photosensitizers for large scale chemoselective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides under green conditions: targeted protonation of porphyrins. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Large scale chemoselective photooxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides in the presence of the diacids ofmeso-tetra(phenyl)porphyrin with different acids is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida G. Mojarrad
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
| | - Saeed Zakavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
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Chaudhri N, Grover N, Sankar M. Versatile Synthetic Route for β-Functionalized Chlorins and Porphyrins by Varying the Size of Michael Donors: Syntheses, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11532-11545. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Heydari-turkmani A, Zakavi S, Nikfarjam N. Novel metal free porphyrinic photosensitizers supported on solvent-induced Amberlyst-15 nanoparticles with a porous structure. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of porphyrins on solvent-induced Amberlyst-15 nanoparticles led to the formation of novel porous porphyrinic photosensitizers with high photocatalytic activity towards the aerobic oxidation of olefins in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Heydari-turkmani
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
| | - Saeed Zakavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
| | - Nasser Nikfarjam
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
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Zakavi S, Hoseini S, Mojarrad AG. New insights into the influence of weak and strong acids on the oxidative stability and photocatalytic activity of porphyrins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02442h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of weak and strong acids on the photocatalytic performance of porphyrins in the aerobic photooxidation of olefins are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Zakavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
| | - Saiedeh Hoseini
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
| | - Aida G. Mojarrad
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
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