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Oh H, Jung Y, Moon S, Hwang J, Ban C, Chung J, Chung WJ, Kweon DH. Development of End-Spliced Dimeric Nanodiscs for the Improved Virucidal Activity of a Nanoperforator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36757-36768. [PMID: 34319090 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-bilayer nanodiscs (NDs) wrapped in membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs) have primarily been used to study membrane proteins of interest in a physiological environment. Recently, NDs have been employed in broader applications including drug delivery, cancer immunotherapy, bio-imaging, and therapeutic virucides. Here, we developed a method to synthesize a dimeric nanodisc, whose MSPs are circularly end-spliced, with long-term thermal stability and resistance to aggregation. The end-spliced nanodiscs (esNDs) were assembled using MSPs that were self-circularized inside the cytoplasm ofEscherichia colivia highly efficient protein trans-splicing. The esNDs demonstrated a consistent size and 4-5-fold higher stability against heat and aggregation than conventional NDs. Moreover, cysteine residues on trans-spliced circularized MSPs allowed us to modulate the formation of either monomeric nanodiscs (essNDs) or dimeric nanodiscs (esdNDs) by controlling the oxidation/reduction conditions and lipid-to-protein ratios. When the esdNDs were used to prepare an antiviral nanoperforator that induced the disruption of the viral membrane upon contact, antiviral activity was dramatically increased, suggesting that the dimerization of nanodiscs led to cooperativity between linked nanodiscs. We expect that controllable structures, long-term stability, and aggregation resistance of esNDs will aid the development of novel versatile membrane-mimetic nanomaterials with flexible designs and improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Jung
- Institute of Biomolecular Control, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokoh Moon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongjin Ban
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyo Chung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Chung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Berselli G, Gimenez A, O’Connor A, Keyes TE. Robust Photoelectric Biomolecular Switch at a Microcavity-Supported Lipid Bilayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29158-29169. [PMID: 34121400 PMCID: PMC8289237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular devices based on photo-responsive proteins have been widely proposed for medical, electrical, and energy storage and production applications. Also, bacteriorhodopsin (bR) has been extensively applied in such prospective devices as a robust photo addressable proton pump. As it is a membrane protein, in principle, it should function most efficiently when reconstituted into a fully fluid lipid bilayer, but in many model membranes, lateral fluidity of the membrane and protein is sacrificed for electrochemical addressability because of the need for an electroactive surface. Here, we reported a biomolecular photoactive device based on light-activated proton pump, bR, reconstituted into highly fluidic microcavity-supported lipid bilayers (MSLBs) on functionalized gold and polydimethylsiloxane cavity array substrates. The integrity of reconstituted bR at the MSLBs along with the lipid bilayer formation was evaluated by fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy, yielding a protein lateral diffusion coefficient that was dependent on the bR concentration and consistent with the Saffman-Delbrück model. The photoelectrical properties of bR-MSLBs were evaluated from the photocurrent signal generated by bR under continuous and transient light illumination. The optimal conditions for a self-sustaining photoelectrical switch were determined in terms of protein concentration, pH, and light switch frequency of activation. Overall, a significant increase in the transient current was observed for lipid bilayers containing approximately 0.3 mol % bR with a measured photo-current of 250 nA/cm2. These results demonstrate that the platforms provide an appropriate lipid environment to support the proton pump, enabling its efficient operation. The bR-reconstituted MSLB model serves both as a platform to study the protein in a highly addressable biomimetic environment and as a demonstration of reconstitution of seven-helix receptors into MSLBs, opening the prospect of reconstitution of related membrane proteins including G-protein-coupled receptors on these versatile biomimetic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme
B. Berselli
- School of Chemical Sciences, National
Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City
University, Dublin D09 FW22, Ireland
| | - Aurélien
V. Gimenez
- School of Chemical Sciences, National
Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City
University, Dublin D09 FW22, Ireland
| | - Alexandra O’Connor
- School of Chemical Sciences, National
Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City
University, Dublin D09 FW22, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National
Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City
University, Dublin D09 FW22, Ireland
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Yeh V, Goode A, Bonev BB. Membrane Protein Structure Determination and Characterisation by Solution and Solid-State NMR. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E396. [PMID: 33198410 PMCID: PMC7697852 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes define the interface of life and its basic unit, the cell. Membrane proteins play key roles in membrane functions, yet their structure and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Breakthroughs in crystallography and electron microscopy have invigorated structural analysis while failing to characterise key functional interactions with lipids, small molecules and membrane modulators, as well as their conformational polymorphism and dynamics. NMR is uniquely suited to resolving atomic environments within complex molecular assemblies and reporting on membrane organisation, protein structure, lipid and polysaccharide composition, conformational variations and molecular interactions. The main challenge in membrane protein studies at the atomic level remains the need for a membrane environment to support their fold. NMR studies in membrane mimetics and membranes of increasing complexity offer close to native environments for structural and molecular studies of membrane proteins. Solution NMR inherits high resolution from small molecule analysis, providing insights from detergent solubilised proteins and small molecular assemblies. Solid-state NMR achieves high resolution in membrane samples through fast sample spinning or sample alignment. Recent developments in dynamic nuclear polarisation NMR allow signal enhancement by orders of magnitude opening new opportunities for expanding the applications of NMR to studies of native membranes and whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boyan B. Bonev
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (V.Y.); (A.G.)
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Huang HY, Syue ML, Chen IC, Yu TY, Chu LK. Influence of Lipid Compositions in the Events of Retinal Schiff Base of Bacteriorhodopsin Embedded in Covalently Circularized Nanodiscs: Thermal Isomerization, Photoisomerization, and Deprotonation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9123-9133. [PMID: 31584816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalently circularized nanodiscs using circular membrane scaffold protein (MSP) serve as a suitable membrane mimetic for transmembrane proteins by providing stability and tunability in lipid compositions, providing controllable biological environments for targeted proteins. In this work, monomeric bacteriorhodopsin (mbR) was embedded in lipid nanodiscs of different lipid compositions using negatively charged lipid dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and the zwitterion lipid dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), and the events associated with the retinal Schiff base, including the thermal isomerization during the dark adaptation, photoisomerization, and deprotonation, were investigated. The retinal thermal isomerization from all-trans, 15-anti to the 13-cis, 15-syn configuration during the dark adaptation was accelerated in the DOPG bilayer, whereas the processes in the DOPC bilayer and in Triton X-100 micelles were similar. This observation indicated that the negatively charged lipid reduced the barrier for retinal thermal isomerization at C13═C14-C15═N in the ground electronic state. Furthermore, the broader absorption contour of mbR in the DOPC nanodisc probably indicated various retinal isomers in the light-adapted state, consistent with the observed nontwo-state dark adaptation kinetics. Moreover, the kinetics of the photoisomerization of the retinal was slightly decelerated upon increasing the content of DOPC. However, the cascading deprotonation of the protonated Schiff base is not dependent on the types of the surrounding lipids in the nanodiscs. In summary, our research deepens the understanding of the coupling between lipid membrane and the photochemistry of bR retinal Schiff base. Combined with the results of our previous works (Lee, T.-Y.; Yeh, V.; Chuang, J.; Chan, J. C. C.; Chu, L.-K.; Yu, T.-Y. Biophys. J. 2015, 109, 1899-1906; Kao, Y.-M.; Cheng, C.-H.; Syue, M.-L.; Huang, H.-Y.; Chen, I-C.; Yu, T.-Y.; Chu, L.-K. J. Phys. Chem. B 2019, 123, 2032-2039), these outcomes extend our understanding of the control of photochemistry and biophysical events for other photosynthetic proteins via altering the lipid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Syue
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - I-Chia Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Tsyr-Yan Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan.,International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Li-Kang Chu
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
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Zhang AH, Edwards IA, Mishra BP, Sharma G, Healy MD, Elliott AG, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA, Collins BM, Jia X, Mobli M. Elucidating the Lipid Binding Properties of Membrane-Active Peptides Using Cyclised Nanodiscs. Front Chem 2019; 7:238. [PMID: 31058133 PMCID: PMC6477933 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of the cellular membrane plays an important role in a number of biological processes including the binding of membrane-active peptides. Characterization of membrane binding remains challenging, due to the technical limitations associated with the use of standard biophysical techniques and available membrane models. Here, we investigate the lipid binding properties of two membrane-active peptides, VSTx1, a well characterized ion-channel inhibitor, identified from spider venom, that preferentially binds to anionic lipid mixtures, and AA139 an antimicrobial β-hairpin peptide with uncharacterised lipid binding properties, currently in pre-clinical development. The lipid binding properties of these peptides are elucidated using nanodiscs formed by both linear and circularized (sortase-mediated) forms of a membrane scaffold protein (MSP1D1ΔH5). We find that nanodiscs formed by circularized MSPs—in contrast to those formed by linear MSPs—are sufficiently stable under sample conditions typically used for biophysical measurements (including lipid composition, a range of buffers, temperatures and concentrations). Using these circularized nanodiscs, we are able to extract detailed thermodynamic data using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as well as atomic resolution mapping of the lipid binding interfaces of our isotope labeled peptides using solution-state, heteronuclear, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This represents a novel and general approach for elucidating the thermodynamics and molecular interface of membrane-active peptides toward flat lipid bilayers of variable composition. Our approach is validated by first determining the thermodynamic parameters and binding interface of VSTx1 toward the lipid bilayer, which shows good agreement with previous studies using lipid micelles and liposomes. The method is then applied to AA139, where the membrane binding properties are unknown. This characterization, involved solving the high-resolution structure of AA139 in solution using NMR spectroscopy and the development of a suitable expression system for isotope labeling. AA139 was found to bind exclusively to anionic membranes with moderate affinity (Kd~low μM), and was found to have a lipid binding interface involving the termini of the β-hairpin structure. The preference of AA139 for anionic lipids supports a role for membrane binding in the mode-of-action of this peptide, which is also consistent with its higher inhibitory activity against bacterial cells compared to mammalian cells. The described approach is a powerful method for investigation of the membrane binding properties of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Biswa P Mishra
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gagan Sharma
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael D Healy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xinying Jia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Kao YM, Cheng CH, Syue ML, Huang HY, Chen IC, Yu TY, Chu LK. Photochemistry of Bacteriorhodopsin with Various Oligomeric Statuses in Controlled Membrane Mimicking Environments: A Spectroscopic Study from Femtoseconds to Milliseconds. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2032-2039. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Kao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Syue
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - I-Chia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsyr-Yan Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kang Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Yeh V, Lee TY, Chen CW, Kuo PC, Shiue J, Chu LK, Yu TY. Highly Efficient Transfer of 7TM Membrane Protein from Native Membrane to Covalently Circularized Nanodisc. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13501. [PMID: 30201976 PMCID: PMC6131177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating membrane proteins into membrane mimicking systems is an essential process for biophysical studies and structure determination. Monodisperse lipid nanodiscs have been found to be a suitable tool, as they provide a near-native lipid bilayer environment. Recently, a covalently circularized nanodisc (cND) assembled with a membrane scaffold protein (MSP) in circular form, instead of conventional linear form, has emerged. Covalently circularized nanodiscs have been shown to have improved stability, however the optimal strategies for the incorporation of membrane proteins, as well as the physicochemical properties of the membrane protein embedded in the cND, have not been studied. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a seven-transmembrane helix (7TM) membrane protein, and it forms a two dimensional crystal consisting of trimeric bR on the purple membrane of halophilic archea. Here it is reported that the bR trimer in its active form can be directly incorporated into a cND from its native purple membrane. Furthermore, the assembly conditions of the native purple membrane nanodisc (PMND) were optimized to achieve homogeneity and high yield using a high sodium chloride concentration. Additionally, the native PMND was demonstrated to have the ability to assemble over a range of different pHs, suggesting flexibility in the preparation conditions. The native PMND was then found to not only preserve the trimeric structure of bR and most of the native lipids in the PM, but also maintained the photocycle function of bR. This suggests a promising potential for assembling a cND with a 7TM membrane protein, extracted directly from its native membrane environment, while preserving the protein conformation and lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Yeh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chia Kuo
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jessie Shiue
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kang Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Tsyr-Yan Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Yusuf Y, Massiot J, Chang YT, Wu PH, Yeh V, Kuo PC, Shiue J, Yu TY. Optimization of the Production of Covalently Circularized Nanodiscs and Their Characterization in Physiological Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3525-3532. [PMID: 29478317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanodiscs are widely used platforms for studying membrane proteins in a near-native environment. Lipid nanodiscs made with membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs) in the linear form have been well studied. Recently, a new kind of nanodisc made with MSPs in the circular form, referred to as covalently circularized nanodiscs (cNDs), has been reported to have some possible advantages in various applications. Given the potential of nanodisc technology, researchers in the field are very interested in learning more about this new kind of nanodisc, such as its reproducibility, production yield, and the possible pros and cons of using it. However, research on these issues is lacking. Here, we report a new study on nanodiscs made with circular MSPs, which are produced from a method different from the previously reported method. We show that our novel production method, detergent-assisted sortase-mediated ligation, can effectively avoid high-molecular-weight byproducts and also significantly improve the yield of the target proteins up to around 80% for larger circular MSP constructs. In terms of the application of circular MSPs, we demonstrate that they can be used to assemble nanodiscs using both synthetic lipids and native lipid extract as the source of lipids. We also show that bacteriorhodopsin can be successfully incorporated into this new kind of cND. Moreover, we found that cNDs have improved stability against both heat and high-concentration-induced aggregations, making them more beneficial for related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yustina Yusuf
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Julien Massiot
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hao Wu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Vivien Yeh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chia Kuo
- Institute of Physics , Academia Sinica , No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Jessie Shiue
- Institute of Physics , Academia Sinica , No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Tsyr-Yan Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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Abstract
Membrane proteins play a most important part in metabolism, signaling, cell motility, transport, development, and many other biochemical and biophysical processes which constitute fundamentals of life on the molecular level. Detailed understanding of these processes is necessary for the progress of life sciences and biomedical applications. Nanodiscs provide a new and powerful tool for a broad spectrum of biochemical and biophysical studies of membrane proteins and are commonly acknowledged as an optimal membrane mimetic system that provides control over size, composition, and specific functional modifications on the nanometer scale. In this review we attempted to combine a comprehensive list of various applications of nanodisc technology with systematic analysis of the most attractive features of this system and advantages provided by nanodiscs for structural and mechanistic studies of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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