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Manibalan K, Arul P, Wu HJ, Huang ST, Mani V. Self-Immolative Electrochemical Redox Substrates: Emerging Artificial Receptors in Sensing and Biosensing. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:163-183. [PMID: 38645581 PMCID: PMC11027205 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of artificial receptors has great significance in measurement science and technology. The need for a robust version of natural receptors is getting increased attention because the cost of natural receptors is still high along with storage difficulties. Aptamers, imprinted polymers, and nanozymes are some of the matured artificial receptors in analytical chemistry. Recently, a new direction has been discovered by organic chemists, who can synthesize robust, activity-based, self-immolative organic molecules that have artificial receptor properties for the targeted analytes. Specifically designed trigger moieties implant selectivity and sensitivity. These latent electrochemical redox substrates are highly stable, mass-producible, inexpensive, and eco-friendly. Combining redox substrates with the merits of electrochemical techniques is a good opportunity to establish a new direction in artificial receptors. This Review provides an overview of electrochemical redox substrate design, anatomy, benefits, and biosensing potential. A proper understanding of molecular design can lead to the development of a library of novel self-immolative redox molecules that would have huge implications for measurement science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Manibalan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ponnusamy Arul
- Institute
of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Hsin-Jay Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tung Huang
- Institute
of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan (ROC)
- High-Value
Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Veerappan Mani
- Advanced
Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical
and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Recent development and application of ratiometric electrochemical biosensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Novel fluoride selective voltammetric sensing method by amino phenylboronic acid-zirconium oxide nanoparticles modified gold electrode. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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4
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Rao H, Li J, Luo M, Zhang K, Gou H, Liu H, Xue Z. A label-free and modification-free ratiometric electrochemical strategy for enhanced natural enzyme detection using a bare electrode and nanozymes system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2991-3003. [PMID: 35106612 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ratiometric electrochemical assays have been demonstrated to be more sensitive and selective in various sensing events, mainly due to their affordable built-in correction and good self-reference capability. But it is known that complicated modification and labeling operations usually are necessary for the construction of ratiometric electrochemical assays, therefore is a hot and important issue needing consideration carefully. We herein report a new yet simple bare electrode-based ratiometric electrochemical bioassay to achieve sensitive and selective analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), using a liquid phase system that contains CoOOH nanozymes and commercially available indicator substrate. This proposed bioassay works based on the ratiometric change of dual electrochemical signals, arising from an exclusive target ALP-triggered hydrolysis of electrochemical substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP). In this design, the two hydrolyzed products of electrochemically active p-nitrophenol (PNP) and electrochemically inactive phosphate anion (PO43-) are responsible together for the ratiometric electrochemical analysis of ALP. PNP exhibits a straightforward current response toward ALP content; however, PO43- cannot show a direct electrochemical signal thus is rationally designed to offer an alternative response by linking it with the specific CoOOH nanozyme-catalyzed reaction of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and H2O2, in which the nanozyme-catalyzed product oxTMB shows a direct reduction current at the GCE, and significantly decreases with increasing PO43- species due to the good inhibition of PO43- toward CoOOH nanozyme activity. As a result, a ratiometric electrochemical strategy for ALP analysis with a low limit of detection of 0.366 U/L (S/N = 3) was successfully achieved by integrating the above direct and indirect dual electrochemical responses. This developed bioassay can allow the quantitative diagnosis of ALP activity especially with a label-free and modification-free merit, therefore paving the way for simple, convenient, and portable electroanalytical tools in biosensing design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Rao
- College of Chemistry & Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Jianying Li
- College of Chemistry & Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Mingyue Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hao Gou
- College of Chemistry & Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- College of Chemistry & Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhonghua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Spring SA, Goggins S, Frost CG. Ratiometric Electrochemistry: Improving the Robustness, Reproducibility and Reliability of Biosensors. Molecules 2021; 26:2130. [PMID: 33917231 PMCID: PMC8068091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are an increasingly attractive option for the development of a novel analyte detection method, especially when integration within a point-of-use device is the overall objective. In this context, accuracy and sensitivity are not compromised when working with opaque samples as the electrical readout signal can be directly read by a device without the need for any signal transduction. However, electrochemical detection can be susceptible to substantial signal drift and increased signal error. This is most apparent when analysing complex mixtures and when using small, single-use, screen-printed electrodes. Over recent years, analytical scientists have taken inspiration from self-referencing ratiometric fluorescence methods to counteract these problems and have begun to develop ratiometric electrochemical protocols to improve sensor accuracy and reliability. This review will provide coverage of key developments in ratiometric electrochemical (bio)sensors, highlighting innovative assay design, and the experiments performed that challenge assay robustness and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Sean Goggins
- Bio-Techne (Tocris), The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, UK;
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Abstract
Potentiometric probes used in direct potentiometry are attractive sensing tools. They give information on ion activities, which is often uniquely useful. If, instead, concentrations are desired as sensor output, the ionic strength of the sample must be precisely known, which is often not possible. Here, for the first time, direct potentiometry can be made to report concentrations, rather than activities. It is demonstrated for the detection of monovalent anionic species by using a self-referencing Ag/AgI pulstrode as the reference element instead of a traditional reference electrode. This reference pulstrode releases a discrete quantity of iodide ions from the electrode and the resulting reference potential varies with the activity coefficient of iodide. The effects of activity coefficient on the indicator and reference electrode are therefore compensated and the observed cell potential may now be described in a Nernstian manner against anion concentration, rather than activity. Theoretical simulations and experimental results support the validity of this approach. For most monovalent anions of practical relevance, the potential difference between this approach and from a traditional activity coefficient calculation is less than 0.5 mV. The concept is validated with an all-solid-state nitrate sensor as well as a commercial fluoride-selective electrode, giving Nernstian responses in different ionic strength backgrounds against concentration without the need for correcting activity coefficients or liquid junction potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Liu P, Liu N, Liu C, Jia Y, Zhou G, Sun Y. Crystal structure of 2-(( tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-5-methylisophthalaldehyde, C 15H 22O 3Si. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2018-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C15H22O3Si, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.0187(5) Å, b = 11.9948(5) Å, c = 13.6259(7) Å, β = 102.521(5)°, V = 1598.51(14) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0485, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1273, T = 293 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524037 , P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 , P.R. China
| | - Cuiling Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 , P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 , P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 , P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Guangdong Preschool Normal College in Maoming , Maoming, Guangdong 525200 , P.R. China
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Zheng HY, Lian X, Qin SJ, Yan B. Novel "Turn-On" Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selectively Sensing Fluoride in Aqueous Solution Based on Tb 3+-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12513-12519. [PMID: 31457984 PMCID: PMC6645131 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Zr-based metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF) which has free carbonyl groups is synthesized successfully through mix-ligand strategy. Subsequently, Tb3+ is encapsulated into a Zr-MOF by postcoordinated modification. The Tb3+@Zr-MOF exhibits the characteristic emission of Tb3+ because of efficient sensitization through antenna effects. The Tb3+@Zr-MOF is further developed as a novel "turn-on" fluorescent probe to detect fluoride ions in aqueous solution. The results show that Tb3+@Zr-MOF exhibits excellent selectivity, high stability, low detection limits, and good anti-interference for sensitizing fluoride ions. In addition, the possible sensing mechanism that the induced luminescence properties may be attributed to Lewis acid-base interactions is discussed.
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Determination of the antioxidant propyl gallate in meat by using a screen-printed electrode modified with CoSe 2 nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:520. [PMID: 30367266 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A voltammetric sensor is described for the quantitation of propyl gallate (PG). A screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was modified with reduced graphene sheets that were decorated with cobalt diselenide nanoparticles (CoSe2@rGO). The material was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The modified SPCE displays excellent electrocatalytic ability towards PG. Differential pulse voltammetry, with a peak voltage at 0.34 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) has a sensitivity of 12.84 μA·μM-1·cm-2 and a detection limit as low as 16 nM. The method is reproducible, selective, and practical. This method was applied to the determination of PG in spiked meat samples, and the result showed an adequate recovery. Graphical abstract Schematic of a new method for fast and sensitive electrochemical determination of the food additive propyl gallate in meat.
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Khan A, Wang L, Yu H, Haroon M, Ullah RS, Nazir A, Elshaarani T, Usman M, Fahad S, Haq F. Research advances in the synthesis and applications of ferrocene-based electro and photo responsive materials. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Raja Summe Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Tarig Elshaarani
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Shah Fahad
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Fazal Haq
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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11
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Ishii A, Shibata M, Ebina R, Nakata N. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Dibenzobarrelene-Incorporated 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-pentadienes and a 5-Sila Derivative Having High Fluorescence Efficiency. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku 338-8570 Saitama Japan
| | - Mari Shibata
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku 338-8570 Saitama Japan
| | - Ryota Ebina
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku 338-8570 Saitama Japan
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku 338-8570 Saitama Japan
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12
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Iron (III) oxide hydroxide based novel electrode for the electrochemical detection of trace level fluoride present in water. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Li B, Zhu X, Guo Y, Ren YP, Jia ZD, Wei JN, Fu DX, Xu Y, Hao XQ. Synthesis and properties of m
-ferrocenylbenzoylthiadiazole derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Ren
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Dong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Na Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Xia Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 Henan People's Republic of China
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Synthesis of robust electrochemical substrate and fabrication of immobilization free biosensors for rapid sensing of salicylate and β-hydroxybutyrate in whole blood. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 990:78-83. [PMID: 29029745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical latent redox probe, SAF 5 was designed, synthesized and characterized. A rapid and sensitive solution-based assay was demonstrated for salicylate hydroxylase (SHL). In presence of NADH at aerobic conditions, SHL catalyzed the decarboxylative hydroxylation of SAF and released a redox reporter amino ferrocene (AF 6). The release of AF 6 was monitored at interference free potential region (-50 mV vs. Ag|AgCl) using differential pulse voltammetry as signal read-out. The current signal generated by this process is highly specific, and insensitive to other biological interfering compounds. Next, the SAF incorporated SHL assay was extended to fabricate immobilization-free biosensors for rapid sensing of salicylic acid (SA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) in whole blood. The described method rapidly detects SA in a linear range of 35-560 μM with detection limit of 5.0 μM. For β-HB determination, the linear range was 10-600 μM and detection limit was 2.0 μM. Besides, the assay protocols are simple, fast, reliable, selective, sensitive and advantageous over existing methods. The whole blood assay did not required cumbersome steps such as, enzyme immobilization, pre-treatments and holds great practical potential in clinical diagnosis.
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Wang Y, Wang X, Meng Q, Jia H, Zhang R, Zhu P, Song R, Feng H, Zhang Z. A gadolinium(III)-coumarin complex based MRI/Fluorescence bimodal probe for the detection of fluoride ion in aqueous medium. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Manibalan K, Mani V, Chang PC, Huang CH, Huang ST, Marchlewicz K, Neethirajan S. Electrochemical latent redox ratiometric probes for real-time tracking and quantification of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production in living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 96:233-238. [PMID: 28500947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was discovered as a third gasotransmitter in biological systems and recent years have seen a growing interest to understand its physiological and pathological functions. However, one major limiting factor is the lack of robust sensors to quantitatively track its production in real-time. We described a facile electrochemical assay based on latent redox probe approach for highly specific and sensitive quantification in living cells. Two chemical probes, Azido Benzyl ferrocene carbamate (ABFC) and N-alkyl Azido Benzyl ferrocene carbamate (NABFC) composed of azide trigger group were designed. H2S molecules specifically triggered the release of reporters from probes and the current response was monitored using graphene oxide film modified electrode as transducer. The detection limits are 0.32µM (ABFC) and 0.076µM (NABFC) which are comparable to those of current sensitive methods. The probes are successful in the determination of H2S spiked in whole human blood, fetal bovine serum, and E. coli. The continuous monitoring and quantification of endogenous H2S production in E. coli were successfully accomplished. This work lays first step stone towards real-time electrochemical quantification of endogenous H2S in living cells, thus hold great promise in the analytical aspects of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Manibalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Veerappan Mani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pu-Chieh Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC; Institue of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC; Institue of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Tung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC; Institue of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kasper Marchlewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC; Faculty of Chemisty, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suresh Neethirajan
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5 2W1
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