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Li H, Tong W, Yan Z, Li L, Wang S, Huo J, Yang L, Han J, Ren X, Li W. Enhanced Thermal Decomposition and Safety of Spherical CL-20@MOF-199 Composites via Micro-Nanostructured Self-Assembly Regulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41850-41860. [PMID: 37611067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of high burning rate, high energy output, and low pressure exponent have always been the focus of development in the field of composite solid rocket propellants. In this paper, a metal-organic framework (MOF-199) compound is introduced to prepare micro-nanospherical CL-20@MOF-199 composites via the spray-drying self-assembly technique to reach the above goals. MOF-199, which acts as an attractive combustion catalyst and a safety regulator, is uniformly coated on the surface of CL-20 with close interface contact between particles, effectively accelerating the thermal decomposition of CL-20 and ensuring safety performance. The average noncovalent interaction (aNCI) analysis illustrates that there are strong C-H···O hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interaction between CL-20 and MOF-199 molecules, greatly enhancing the effect of interparticle assembly. The effects of different contents of MOF-199 on the thermal, safety, and energy properties of CL-20 were discussed. The thermal analysis demonstrates that MOF-199 has a significant thermal catalytic effect on CL-20, with an advanced peak temperature of thermal decomposition of 14.2 °C and a reduced activation energy barrier of 34.2 kJ·mol-1, mainly benefitting from more exposed catalytic active sites and close interface contact. In addition, CL-20@MOF-199 composites exhibit decreased mechanical sensitivity (IS: 21-40 cm, FS: 80-240 N) and excellent energy performance. This work clearly demonstrates that MOF-199 is both a superior combustion catalyst and a good safety buffer for CL-20, and it opens new potential for further applications of CL-20 in composite solid propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junda Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jimin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoting Ren
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology, Xiangyang 441003, Hubei China
| | - Wei Li
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology, Xiangyang 441003, Hubei China
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2
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Theoretical insights into the roles of intermolecular interactions in BTATz-based solvate cocrystals. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Cedillo-Cruz A, Martínez-Otero D, Barroso-Flores J, Cuevas-Yañez E. α-(1,2,3-Triazolyl)-acetophenone: Synthesis and theoretical studies of crystal and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cocrystal structures. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Christopher IL, Michalchuk AAL, Pulham CR, Morrison CA. Towards Computational Screening for New Energetic Molecules: Calculation of Heat of Formation and Determination of Bond Strengths by Local Mode Analysis. Front Chem 2021; 9:726357. [PMID: 34354982 PMCID: PMC8329490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.726357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliable determination of gas-phase and solid-state heats of formation are important considerations in energetic materials research. Herein, the ability of PM7 to calculate the gas-phase heats of formation for CNHO-only and inorganic compounds has been critically evaluated, and for the former, comparisons drawn with isodesmic equations and atom equivalence methods. Routes to obtain solid-state heats of formation for a range of single-component molecular solids, salts, and co-crystals were also evaluated. Finally, local vibrational mode analysis has been used to calculate bond length/force constant curves for seven different chemical bonds occurring in CHNO-containing molecules, which allow for rapid identification of the weakest bond, opening up great potential to rationalise decomposition pathways. Both metrics are important tools in rationalising the design of new energetic materials through computational screening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen L Christopher
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin R Pulham
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Ren J, Zhang W, Zhang T, Li Z, Zeng Q, Zhang T. A simple and efficient strategy for constructing nitrogen-rich isomeric salts and cocrystal through pK calculation. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Perera MD, Sinha AS, Aakeröy CB. Enhancing chemical stability of tetranitro biimidazole-based energetic materials through co-crystallization. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization technology was employed as a way of solving two problems hampering the usefulness of 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′biimidazole (TNBI) as a viable energetic material, namely hygroscopicity and corrosiveness (high acidity). Co-crystal screening was carried out with 15 co-formers containing nitrogen or oxygen as the primary hydrogen-bond acceptor site. Formation of co-crystals was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and DSC, and suitable co-crystals were then analysed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In each case, the formation of a co-crystal was driven by the formation of multiple N–H···N or N–H···O hydrogen bonds between TNBI and the co-former. The N-oxide based acceptors produce better energetic materials due to a more optimal oxygen balance. Hygroscopicity evaluations and corrosion tests revealed that the unavailability of N–H protons in the co-crystals of TNBI reduce hygroscopicity and suppress the chemical acidity of the free parent compound thereby making it substantially easier to handle, store, and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manomi D. Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
| | - Abhijeet S. Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
| | - Christer B. Aakeröy
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
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7
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Comparative investigation on the thermostability, sensitivity, and mechanical performance of RDX/HMX energetic cocrystal and its mixture. J Mol Model 2020; 26:176. [PMID: 32535754 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method were applied to explore the impact of temperature (220-380 K) on the thermostability, sensitivity, and mechanical performance of RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane)/HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) energetic cocrystal and mixture models. The mechanical property, the maximum trigger bond length ([Formula: see text]), binding energy, and cohesive energy density (CED) of the pure RDX, β-HMX crystal, the cocrystal, and mixture models were acquired and compared. The results manifest that temperature has an important impact on the binding capacity between the components of the cocrystal and mixture. The binding energies decrease as the temperature rises, and the cocrystal has larger values than those of mixture. For all the models, the [Formula: see text] increases and the CEDs decrease with the rising temperature, implying that the sensitivity of the explosives increases, while the [Formula: see text] values of the cocrystal are smaller than those of HMX and the CED values are between those of RDX and β-HMX, indicating that the sensitivity has been enhanced through co-crystallization. As the temperature increases, the shear modulus (G), bulk modulus (K), and tensile modulus (E) values of all models have an evident downtrend. Simultaneously, G, K, and E values of the cocrystal model are less than those of RDX and β-HMX, while the K/G ratio and Cauchy pressure (C12-C44) are larger, signifying that co-crystallization can weaken the brittleness and enhance the ductility of the pure crystals. Compared with the mixture, the cocrystal has better ductility and stability.
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Key Words
- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane (RDX)/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) energetic cocrystal
- Mechanical performance
- Molecular dynamics simulation
- Sensitivity
- Thermostability
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9
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Şen N, Nazir H, Atҫeken N, Hope KS, Acar N, Atakol O. Synthesis, characterisation and energetic performance of insensitive energetic salts formed between picric acid and 2,3-diaminotoluene, 2,4-diaminotoluene. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Theoretical calculation into the structures, stability, sensitivity, and mechanical properties of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12 hexaazai-sowurtzitane (CL-20)/1-amino-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazoliumnitrate (1-AMTN) cocrystal and its mixture. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Theoretical calculation into the effect of molar ratio on the structures, stability, mechanical properties and detonation performance of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane/ 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane cocrystal. J Mol Model 2019; 25:299. [PMID: 31482441 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted to research the effect of molar ratio on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and detonation performance of HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane)/RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyco-hexane) cocrystal explosive at ambient condition. The binding energy, mechanical properties, and the detonation parameters of the pure β-HMX, RDX crystal, and the cocrystal models were got and contrasted. The results demonstrate that molar ratio has a great influence on the properties of the cocrystal system. The binding energy of the cocrystals has the maximum values at the 1:1 molar ratio, indicating that the stability of HMX/RDX(1:1) cocrystal is the best and HMX and RDX may prefer to cocrystallizing at 1:1 molar ratio. What's more, the tensile modulus (E) and shear modulus (G) of the HMX/RDX(1:1) cocrystals have the minimum value, while the C12-C44 and K/G have the maximum value, implying that the cocrystal at 1:1 molar ratio has the best mechanical properties. Simultaneously, the E, K, and G of the cocrystals are all smaller than those of β-HMX's and generally larger than those RDX's, while the Cauchy pressure (C12-C44) and K/G ratio were greater, demonstrating that cocrystallizing can improve the brittleness and enhance the ductility. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) decrease with the rising RDX content, while the properties are still superior to the pure RDX crystal; thus, the energy properties of the cocrystal are still excellent. In a word, HMX/RDX cocrystal at 1:1 molar ratio has the best thermal stability, mechanical properties, and the excellent energetic performance.
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12
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High pressure behavior of crystal [2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-dinitramide: A DFT investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:87-93. [PMID: 31031220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) computation was carried out to investigate the crystal, molecular and electronic structures of high energy crystal [2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-dinitramide (BODN) with the pressure 0-120 GPa. The relaxed crystal structure by the GGA/PBE-TS functional matches well with the experimental data at ambient pressure condition. With the intensifying of pressure, the lattice parameters, volumes, bond lengths, H-bond energies, atomic charges, bond populations, band gaps and density of states of crystal BODN change gently. Under the pressure of 48, 104, and 107 GPa, three pressure-induced transformations occurred. The intramolecular six membered rings pose strong affect in stabilizing systems in the pressure range 0-120 GPa. Between O1 and H2 atoms, the H-bond interaction transforms into covalent interaction under the circumstance of 48 GPa. At 104 GPa, structural transformation occurs with the distortion of the intramolecular six membered ring. In addition, O1⋅⋅⋅H2 and O2⋅⋅⋅H1 have the largest H-bond energies in comparison with the others. When the pressure reaches 107 GPa, the H-bond O1⋅⋅⋅H2 is formed again with the deformation and non-coplanarity of two oxadiazoles in crystal BODN. The electrons can be moved easily based on the density of states and energy bands under high pressure. Helpful information will be conveyed by this work in the field of further analysis connected the pressure effect on molecular transformations.
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Xu Y, Li D, Lin Q, Wang P, Lu M. From BTO2− to HBTO− insensitive energetic salt: a route to boost energy. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A promising strategy was utilized to boost the detonation performance of insensitive energetic salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Dongxue Li
- China National Quality Supervision Testing Center for Industrial Explosive Materials
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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14
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Zhao GZ, Yang DF. Periodic DFT study of structural transformations of cocrystal NTO/TZTN under high pressure. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32241-32251. [PMID: 35547497 PMCID: PMC9086225 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05029e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations were performed to study the geometrical and electronic structures of energetic cocrystal NTO/TZTN under pressures ranging from 0 to 80 GPa. The optimized crystal structure by the GGA/PW91 (Perdew-Wang-91) and dispersion corrections corresponds well with the experimental values under ambient pressure. With the pressure increasing, the lattice constants, unit cell volumes, interatomic distances, H-bond energies, atomic charges, and bond populations of cocrystal NTO/TZTN change gradually. At pressures of 4, 8, and 23 GPa, three structural transformations occurred, shown by the results. The cyclization plays an important role in stabilizing the systems. The increasing pressure contributes to the increase of interaction force gradually. At 4 GPa, a new hydrogen bond O3⋯H5 is formed. At 8 GPa, the formation of eight membered rings is because of the existence of a covalent bond O1-H3 between two NTO molecules. In addition, a covalent interaction is formed between N2 and H4 atoms with the biggest H-bond energy compared to the others. As the pressure reaches 23 GPa, another new hydrogen bond forms between N8 and H5 atoms, which contributes to the formation of a five membered ring between NTO and TZTN. The electrons can move freely according to the results of the density of states between the valence and conduction bands when the pressure is high. This work will provide useful information in understanding the high-pressure effect on the structural transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University Linfen 041004 China
| | - Dong-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University Linfen 041004 China
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Abraham BM, Ghule VD, Vaitheeswaran G. A comparative study of the structure, stability and energetic performance of 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate based energetic ionic salts: future high energy density materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29693-29707. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06635c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The structure–property–performance interrelationship of energetic ionic salts based on 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate was thoroughly investigated using ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Moses Abraham
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500046
- India
| | - Vikas D. Ghule
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Kurukshetra
- India
| | - G. Vaitheeswaran
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500046
- India
- School of Physics
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16
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Liu N, Duan B, Lu X, Mo H, Xu M, Zhang Q, Wang B. Preparation of CL-20/DNDAP cocrystals by a rapid and continuous spray drying method: an alternative to cocrystal formation. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A CL-20/DNDAP cocrystal explosive prepared by a spray drying method exhibited a small particle size with a narrow size distribution and good comprehensive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Binghui Duan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Hongchang Mo
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Xu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
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17
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Song X, Wang Y, Zhao S, Li F. Mechanochemical fabrication and properties of CL-20/RDX nano co/mixed crystals. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34126-34135. [PMID: 35548843 PMCID: PMC9086737 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By milling 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) together, a nano CL-20/RDX co/mixed crystal explosive with a mean particle size of 141.6 nm is prepared from the raw materials, and the co/mixed crystals are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal-infrared spectrometry online (DSC-IR) technology; furthermore, the impact, friction and thermal sensitivity of the samples are tested. The results show that after milling, the morphology of the co/mixed crystal explosive is near-spherical, and the particle size reveals a normal distribution. The milled sample showed the same molecular structure and surface elements as the raw materials, but the XRD test shows that CL-20/RDX has a new crystal phase and the Raman and IR spectra gave a supplementary confirmation for the existence of a cocrystal phase in the milled sample. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition of CL-20/RDX is 206.49 kJ mol−1 higher than that of raw RDX. DSC-IR analysis showed that the thermolysis of CL-20/RDX produces a large amount of CO2 and N2O and a small amount of H2O, NO2 and NO. The mechanical sensitivity of CL-20/RDX is very low. In impact sensitivity tests with a 5 kg hammer, the special height (H50) is 51.43 cm, which is higher than the values of 36.43 cm for raw CL-20 and 9.78 cm for raw RDX. In the friction sensitivity tests, the explosion probability (P) is 56%; however, the thermal sensitivity of CL-20/RDX is higher than that of the raw materials, with its 5 s burst point being only 243.51 °C. A nano CL-20/RDX co/mixed crystal explosive with mean size of 141.6 nm is prepared by mechanical milling method. Its structure is characterized and thermal decomposition is investigated. Additionally, its impact, friction and thermal sensitivities are tested.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Song
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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Tao J, Jin B, Chu S, Peng R, Shang Y, Tan B. Novel insensitive energetic-cocrystal-based BTO with good comprehensive properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1784-1790. [PMID: 35542582 PMCID: PMC9077048 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining a layer construction strategy with cocrystallization techniques, we designed and prepared a structurally unusual 1H,1′H-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (BTO) based energetic cocrystal, which we also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and powder-crystal X-ray diffraction. The obtained cocrystal crystallizes in a triclinic system, P-1 space group, with a density of 1.72 g cm−3. The properties including the thermal stability, sensitivity and detonation performance of the cocrystal were analyzed in detail. In addition, the thermal decomposition behavior of the cocrystal was studied by differential calorimetry and thermogravimetry tandem infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the cocrystal exhibits strong resistance to thermal decomposition up to 535.6 K. The cocrystal also demonstrates a sensitivity of >50 J. Moreover, its formation enthalpy was estimated to be 2312.0 kJ mol−1, whereas its detonation velocity and detonation pressure were predicted to be 8.213 km s−1 and 29.1 GPa, respectively, by applying K–J equations. Therefore, as expected, the obtained cocrystal shows a good comprehensive performance, which proves that a high degree of layer-by-layer stacking is essential for the structural density, thermal stability and sensitivity. Combining a layer construction strategy with cocrystallization techniques, we designed and prepared an unusual energetic cocrystal, which confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Shijin Chu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Bisheng Tan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621010
- China
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19
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Duan B, Shu Y, Liu N, Wang B, Lu X, Lu Y. Direct insight into the formation driving force, sensitivity and detonation performance of the observed CL-20-based energetic cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidated the underlying mechanism of the dramatic and divergent physicochemical properties of CL-20-based energetic cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Duan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Shu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Xianming Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Yingying Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
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20
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Snyder CJ, Chavez DE, Imler GH, Byrd EFC, Leonard PW, Parrish DA. Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Explosive Cocrystals containing 3,5‐Dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl‐substituted‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazines. Chemistry 2017; 23:16466-16471. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland 21005-5069 USA
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21
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Zhang ZB, Xu CX, Yin X, Zhang JG. Hydrazine 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate: a promising high density energetic salt with good properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:19045-19052. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The salt HA·BTO has proved to be a good insensitive explosive alternative, and has promising application as an RDX replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
| | - Cai-Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
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