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Ma X, Fernández FM. Advances in mass spectrometry imaging for spatial cancer metabolomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:235-268. [PMID: 36065601 PMCID: PMC9986357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a central technique in cancer research. The ability to analyze various types of biomolecules in complex biological matrices makes it well suited for understanding biochemical alterations associated with disease progression. Different biological samples, including serum, urine, saliva, and tissues have been successfully analyzed using mass spectrometry. In particular, spatial metabolomics using MS imaging (MSI) allows the direct visualization of metabolite distributions in tissues, thus enabling in-depth understanding of cancer-associated biochemical changes within specific structures. In recent years, MSI studies have been increasingly used to uncover metabolic reprogramming associated with cancer development, enabling the discovery of key biomarkers with potential for cancer diagnostics. In this review, we aim to cover the basic principles of MSI experiments for the nonspecialists, including fundamentals, the sample preparation process, the evolution of the mass spectrometry techniques used, and data analysis strategies. We also review MSI advances associated with cancer research in the last 5 years, including spatial lipidomics and glycomics, the adoption of three-dimensional and multimodal imaging MSI approaches, and the implementation of artificial intelligence/machine learning in MSI-based cancer studies. The adoption of MSI in clinical research and for single-cell metabolomics is also discussed. Spatially resolved studies on other small molecule metabolites such as amino acids, polyamines, and nucleotides/nucleosides will not be discussed in the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Liang Q, Mondal P, Li Q, Maqbool T, Zhao C, Jiang D, Szulczewski GJ, Wijeratne GB. Nitro Indole Derivatives as Novel Dual-Polarity Matrices for MALDI Mass Spectrometry and Imaging with Broad Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1668-1677. [PMID: 38226847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
A new matrix framework is presented in this study for the improved ionization efficiency of complex mixtures by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry/imaging. Five nitro indole (NI) derivatives [3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-indole (3,4-MNI), 3-methyl-6-nitro-1H-indole (3,6-MNI), 2,3-dimethyl-4-nitro-1H-indole (2,3,4-DMNI), 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-1H-indole (2,3,6-DMNI), and 4-nitro-1H-indole (4-NI)] were synthesized and shown to produce both positive and negative ions with a broad class of analytes as MALDI matrices. NI matrices were compared to several common matrices, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), alpha-cyano-4-hydroxylcinnamic acid (CHCA), sinapinic acid (SA), 1,5-diaminonaphthelene (1,5-DAN), and 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), for the analysis of lipid, peptide, protein, glycan, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) compounds. 3,4-MNI demonstrated the best performance among the NI matrices. This matrix resulted in reduced ion suppression and better detection sensitivity for complex mixtures, for example, egg lipids/milk proteins/PFOS in tap water, while 2,3,6-DMNI was the best matrix for blueberry tissue imaging. Several important aspects of this work are reported: (1) dual-polarity ion production with NI matrices and complex mixtures; (2) quantitative analysis of PFOS with a LOQ of 0.5 ppb in tap water and 0.05 ppb in MQ water (without solid phase extraction enrichment), with accuracy and precision within 5%; (3) MALDI imaging with 2,3,6-DMNI as a matrix for plant metabolite/lipid identification with ionization enhancement in the negative ion mode m/z 600-900 region; and (4) development of a thin film deposition under/above tissue method for MALDI imaging with a vacuum sublimation matrix on a high-vacuum MALDI instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Tahir Maqbool
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Daqian Jiang
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Greg J Szulczewski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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3
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Leopold J, Prabutzki P, Engel KM, Schiller J. A Five-Year Update on Matrix Compounds for MALDI-MS Analysis of Lipids. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030546. [PMID: 36979481 PMCID: PMC10046246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) is a widely used soft-ionization technique of modern mass spectrometry (MS). MALDI enables the analysis of nearly all chemical compounds—including polar and apolar (phospho)lipids—with a minimum extent of fragmentation. MALDI has some particular advantages (such as the possibility to acquire spatially-resolved spectra) and is competitive with the simultaneously developed ESI (electrospray ionization) MS. Although there are still some methodological aspects that need to be elucidated in more detail, it is obvious that the careful selection of an appropriate matrix plays the most important role in (lipid) analysis. Some lipid classes can be detected exclusively if the optimum matrix is used, and the matrix determines the sensitivity by which a particular lipid is detected within a mixture. Since the matrix is, thus, crucial for optimum results, we provide here an update on the progress in the field since our original review in this journal in 2018. Thus, only the development during the last five years is considered, and lipids are sorted according to increasing complexity, starting with free fatty acids and ending with cardiolipins and phosphoinositides.
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Engel KM, Prabutzki P, Leopold J, Nimptsch A, Lemmnitzer K, Vos DRN, Hopf C, Schiller J. A new update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101145. [PMID: 34995672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable tool in modern lipid research since it is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities and provides spectra without major analyte fragmentation. We will discuss some methodological aspects, the related ion-forming processes and the MALDI MS characteristics of the different lipid classes (with the focus on glycerophospholipids) and the progress, which was achieved during the last ten years. Particular attention will be given to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS since this is widely considered as the most serious drawback of the method. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely understood, it will be explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial (besides the careful evaluation of the positive and negative ion mass spectra) in order to be able to detect all lipid classes of interest. Two developments will be highlighted: spatially resolved Imaging MS is nowadays well established and the distribution of lipids in tissues merits increasing interest because lipids are readily detectable and represent ubiquitous compounds. It will also be shown that a combination of MALDI MS with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) enables a fast spatially resolved screening of an entire TLC plate which makes the method competitive with LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Patricia Prabutzki
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Ariane Nimptsch
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Katharina Lemmnitzer
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - D R Naomi Vos
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany.
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Borisov RS, Matveeva MD, Zaikin VG. Reactive Matrices for Analytical Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1027-1043. [PMID: 34969337 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a special focus is placed on the usage of reactive matrices for analytical matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Since 2003, when the term "reactive matrices" was suggested and the dignity of compounds, possessing dualistic properties as matrices and derivatization agents was demonstrated, corresponding approach has found application in various fields and, in particular, in bioanalysis (metabolomics, lipidomics, etc.). The main advantage of this methodology is that it reduces sample treatment time, simplifies the procedure of sample handling, improves the sensitivity of analysis, enhances the molecular identification and profiling. Within the framework of this review, the main attention is paid to "true" reactive matrices that interact with analyte molecules through an exchange or addition reactions. A special section discusses practical application of reactive matrices in the determination of the distribution of targeted and non-targeted organic substances on the surface of biological tissue sections by MALDI-MS imaging. In this critical review, a controversial proposal is made to consider protonating and deprotonating matrices as reactive, because they can undergo a chemical reaction such as proton transfer that occurs in both target solution and MALDI plume. In this respect, special attention is paid to "proton sponge" matrices that have found a wide application in the analysis of various acidic compounds by MALDI-MS in the negative mode. Historical data on the formation of ions and the fate of matrices in MALDI are considered at the beginning of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya D Matveeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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6
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Hu W, Han Y, Sheng Y, Wang Y, Pan Q, Nie H. Mass spectrometry imaging for direct visualization of components in plants tissues. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3462-3476. [PMID: 34245221 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is considered the most informative technique for components identification and has been widely adopted in plant sciences. However, the spatial distribution of compounds in the plant, which is vital for the exploration of plant physiological mechanisms, is missed in MS analysis. In recent years, mass spectrometry imaging has brought a great breakthrough in plant analysis because it can determine both the molecular compositions and spatial distributions, which is conducive to understand functions and regulation pathways of specific components in plants. Mass spectrometry imaging analysis of plant tissue is toward high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, and even single-cell analysis. Despite many challenges and technical barriers, such as difficulties of sample pretreatment caused by morphological diversity of plant tissues, obstacles for high spatial resolution imaging, and so on, lots of researches have contributed to remarkable progress, including improvement in tissue preparation, matrix innovation, and ionization mode development. This review focuses on the advances of mass spectrometry imaging analysis of plants in the last 5 years, including commonly used ionization techniques, technical advances, and recent applications of mass spectrometry imaging in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yehua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yiqi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Honggang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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7
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Qiao Z, Lissel F. MALDI Matrices for the Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Compounds: Rational Design, Challenges and Perspectives. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:868-878. [PMID: 33657276 PMCID: PMC8251880 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds is of great interest to detect small pharmaceutical drugs rapidly and sensitively, or to trace and understand metabolic pathways. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) plays a central role in the analysis of high molecular weight (bio)molecules. However, its application for LMW compounds is restricted by spectral interferences in the low m/z region, which are produced by conventional organic matrices. Several strategies regarding sample preparation have been investigated to overcome this problem. A different rationale is centred on developing new matrices which not only meet the fundamental requirements of good absorption and high ionization efficiency, but are also vacuum stable and "MALDI silent", i. e., do not give matrix-related signals in the LMW area. This review gives an overview on the rational design strategies used to develop matrix systems for the analysis of LMW compounds, focusing on (i) the modification of well-known matrices, (ii) the search for high molecular weight matrices, (iii) the development of binary, hybrid and nanomaterial-based matrices, (iv) the advance of reactive matrices and (v) the progress made regarding matrices for negative or dual polarity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiao
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden (Germany) Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryDresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden (Germany) Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryDresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 401062DresdenGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
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8
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Krivosheina MS, Borisov RS, Zhilyaev DI, Matveeva MD, Zaikin VG. New suitable deprotonating matrices for the analysis of carboxylic acids and some acidic compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8954. [PMID: 32979299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct non-derivatization analysis of organic acids and acidic compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) in positive ion mode is not always possible due to the low ionization efficiency of analytes. Some new efficient deprotonating matrices were suggested that allowed the production of negative ions from acidic compounds during MALDI-MS experiments. METHODS Various tested carboxyl-containing compounds as well as compounds with acidic properties were mixed with the suggested deprotonating matrices [4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMABA), N,N-dimethylamino-p-phenylenediamine or 3-aminoquinoline] and applied on a standard MALDI target followed by recording MALDI mass spectra in negative ion mode. RESULTS All the tested acidic compounds mixed with the suggested deprotonating matrices produced abundant [M - H]- ions under MALDI conditions. DMABA produced the strongest signals reflecting greater sensitivity of analysis. CONCLUSIONS The suggested deprotonating matrices are commercially available compounds and are good alternatives to well-known matrices of this kind and, in particular, the often used 9-aminoacridine. DMABA is the best of the tested potential matrices and is suitable for the detection of low molecular weight carboxyl-containing compounds, substituted phenols, and mixtures of naphthenic acids by (-)MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya S Krivosheina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- People's Friendship University of Russia, ul. Miklukho-Maklay 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry I Zhilyaev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- People's Friendship University of Russia, ul. Miklukho-Maklay 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya D Matveeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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9
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Zhou Q, Fülöp A, Hopf C. Recent developments of novel matrices and on-tissue chemical derivatization reagents for MALDI-MSI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2599-2617. [PMID: 33215311 PMCID: PMC8007514 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a fast-growing technique for visualization of the spatial distribution of the small molecular and macromolecular biomolecules in tissue sections. Challenges in MALDI-MSI, such as poor sensitivity for some classes of molecules or limited specificity, for instance resulting from the presence of isobaric molecules or limited resolving power of the instrument, have encouraged the MSI scientific community to improve MALDI-MSI sample preparation workflows with innovations in chemistry. Recent developments of novel small organic MALDI matrices play a part in the improvement of image quality and the expansion of the application areas of MALDI-MSI. This includes rationally designed/synthesized as well as commercially available small organic molecules whose superior matrix properties in comparison with common matrices have only recently been discovered. Furthermore, on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) processes get more focused attention, because of their advantages for localization of poorly ionizable metabolites and their‚ in several cases‚ more specific imaging of metabolites in tissue sections. This review will provide an overview about the latest developments of novel small organic matrices and on-tissue chemical derivatization reagents for MALDI-MSI. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqin Zhou
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annabelle Fülöp
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
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10
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Li B, Sun R, Gordon A, Ge J, Zhang Y, Li P, Yang H. 3-Aminophthalhydrazide (Luminol) As a Matrix for Dual-Polarity MALDI MS Imaging. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8221-8228. [PMID: 31149814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many aspects of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) technique, the discovery of new MALDI matrixes has been a major task for the improvement of ionization efficiency, signal intensity, and molecular coverage. In this work, five analog compounds, including phthalhydrazide, 3-aminophthalhydrazide (3-APH or luminol) and its sodium salt, 4-aminophthalhydrazide (4-APH), and 3-nitrophthalhydrazide (3-NPH) were evaluated as potential matrixes for MALDI Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MSI of metabolites in mouse brain tissue. The five candidate MALDI matrixes were mainly evaluated according to the solid-state ultraviolet absorption, the ion yields and species, and the dual-polarity detection. Among the five candidate matrixes, 3-APH and its sodium salt enabled the detection of endogenous metabolites better than the three other candidates in dual polarities. The best results were observed with 3-APH. Compared with commonly used MALDI matrixes such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 9-aminoacridine, 3-APH exhibited superior performance in dual polarity MALDI MSI, higher sensitivity, broader molecular coverage, and lower background noise. The use of 3-APH led to on-tissue MALDI FTICR MSI of 159 and 207 mouse brain metabolites in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Among these metabolites, nucleotides, fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and saccharolipids are included. 3-APH was further used for MALDI FTICR MSI of metabolic responses to ischemia-induced disturbances in mouse brain subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), thus revealing the alteration of 105 metabolites in the ipsilateral hemispheres. This further emphasizes the great potential of 3-APH as a matrix for the localization of biomarkers in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
| | - Ruiyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
| | - Andrew Gordon
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
| | - Junyue Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210009 , China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211198 , China
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11
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Podolskaya EP, Gladchuk AS, Keltsieva OA, Dubakova PS, Silyavka ES, Lukasheva E, Zhukov V, Lapina N, Makhmadalieva MR, Gzgzyan AM, Sukhodolov NG, Krasnov KA, Selyutin AA, Frolov A. Thin Film Chemical Deposition Techniques as a Tool for Fingerprinting of Free Fatty Acids by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1636-1643. [PMID: 30532949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic fingerprinting is a powerful analytical technique, giving access to high-throughput identification and relative quantification of multiple metabolites. Because of short analysis times, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is the preferred instrumental platform for fingerprinting, although its power in analysis of free fatty acids (FFAs) is limited. However, these metabolites are the biomarkers of human pathologies and indicators of food quality. Hence, a high-throughput method for their fingerprinting is required. Therefore, here we propose a MALDI-TOF-MS method for identification and relative quantification of FFAs in biological samples of different origins. Our approach relies on formation of monomolecular Langmuir films (LFs) at the interphase of aqueous barium acetate solution, supplemented with low amounts of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and hexane extracts of biological samples. This resulted in detection limits of 10-13-10-14 mol and overall method linear dynamic range of at least 4 orders of magnitude with accuracy and precision within 2 and 17%, respectively. The method precision was verified with eight sample series of different taxonomies, which indicates a universal applicability of our approach. Thereby, 31 and 22 FFA signals were annotated by exact mass and identified by tandem MS, respectively. Among 20 FFAs identified in Fucus algae, 14 could be confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P Podolskaya
- Institute of Toxicology , Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia , St. Petersburg , Russia 192019.,Institute of Analytical Instrumentation , Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg , Russia 198095
| | - Alexey S Gladchuk
- Institute of Toxicology , Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia , St. Petersburg , Russia 192019.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University , St. Petersburg , Russia 195251
| | - Olga A Keltsieva
- Institute of Toxicology , Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia , St. Petersburg , Russia 192019.,Institute of Analytical Instrumentation , Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg , Russia 198095
| | - Polina S Dubakova
- Institute of Toxicology , Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia , St. Petersburg , Russia 192019.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University , St. Petersburg , Russia 195251
| | | | | | - Vladimir Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology , St. Petersburg , Russia 196608
| | - Natalia Lapina
- Institute of Toxicology , Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia , St. Petersburg , Russia 192019
| | - Manizha R Makhmadalieva
- Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott , St. Petersburg , Russia 199034
| | - Alexander M Gzgzyan
- Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott , St. Petersburg , Russia 199034
| | - Nikolai G Sukhodolov
- Institute of Analytical Instrumentation , Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg , Russia 198095
| | - Konstantin A Krasnov
- Institute of Toxicology , Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia , St. Petersburg , Russia 192019
| | | | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Halle/Saale , Germany 06120
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Leopold J, Popkova Y, Engel KM, Schiller J. Recent Developments of Useful MALDI Matrices for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipids. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040173. [PMID: 30551655 PMCID: PMC6316665 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the most successful “soft” ionization methods in the field of mass spectrometry and enables the analysis of a broad range of molecules, including lipids. Although the details of the ionization process are still unknown, the importance of the matrix is commonly accepted. Both, the development of and the search for useful matrices was, and still is, an empirical process, since properties like vacuum stability, high absorption at the laser wavelength, etc. have to be fulfilled by a compound to become a useful matrix. This review provides a survey of successfully used MALDI matrices for the lipid analyses of complex biological samples. The advantages and drawbacks of the established organic matrix molecules (cinnamic or benzoic acid derivatives), liquid crystalline matrices, and mixtures of common matrices will be discussed. Furthermore, we will deal with nanocrystalline matrices, which are most suitable to analyze small molecules, such as free fatty acids. It will be shown that the analysis of mixtures and the quantitative analysis of small molecules can be easily performed if the matrix is carefully selected. Finally, some basic principles of how useful matrix compounds can be “designed” de novo will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leopold
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yulia Popkova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kathrin M Engel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Calvano CD, Monopoli A, Cataldi TRI, Palmisano F. MALDI matrices for low molecular weight compounds: an endless story? Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4015-4038. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Ling L, Li Y, Wang S, Guo L, Xiao C, Chen X, Guo X. DBDA as a Novel Matrix for the Analyses of Small Molecules and Quantification of Fatty Acids by Negative Ion MALDI-TOF MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:704-710. [PMID: 29349714 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix interference ions in low mass range has always been a concern when using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to analyze small molecules (<500 Da). In this work, a novel matrix, N1,N4-dibenzylidenebenzene-1,4-diamine (DBDA) was synthesized for the analyses of small molecules by negative ion MALDI-TOF MS. Notably, only neat ions ([M-H]-) of fatty acids without matrix interference appeared in the mass spectra and the limit of detection (LOD) reached 0.3 fmol. DBDA also has great performance towards other small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotide. Furthermore, with this novel matrix, the free fatty acids in serum were quantitatively analyzed based on the correlation curves with correlation coefficient of 0.99. In addition, UV-Vis experiments and molecular orbital calculations were performed to explore mechanism about DBDA used as matrix in the negative ion mode. The present work shows that the DBDA matrix is a highly sensitive matrix with few interference ions for analysis of small molecules. Meanwhile, DBDA is able to precisely quantify the fatty acids in real biological samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Liming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xinhua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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15
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Calvano CD, Cataldi TRI, Kögel JF, Monopoli A, Palmisano F, Sundermeyer J. Structural Characterization of Neutral Saccharides by Negative Ion MALDI Mass Spectrometry Using a Superbasic Proton Sponge as Deprotonating Matrix. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1666-1675. [PMID: 28466430 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The superbasic proton sponge 1,8-bis(tripyrrolidinylphosphazenyl)naphthalene (TPPN) has been successfully employed for the structural characterization of neutral saccharides, cyclodextrins, and saccharide alditols by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS). Owing to its inherently high basicity, TPPN is capable of deprotonating neutral carbohydrates (M) providing an efficient and simple way to produce gas-phase [M - H]- ions. Highly informative negative ions MS/MS spectra showing several diagnostic fragment ions were obtained, mainly A-type cross-ring and C-type glycosidic cleavages. Indeed, cross-ring cleavages of monosaccharides with formation of 0,2A, 0,3A, 2,4A, 2,5A, 3,5A, and 0,3X product ions dominate the MS/MS spectra. A significant difference between reducing (e.g., lactose, maltose) and non-reducing disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, trehalose) was observed. Though disaccharides with the anomeric positions blocked give rise to deprotonated molecules, [M - H]-, at m/z 341.1, reducing ones exhibited a peak at m/z 340.1, most likely as radical anion, [M - H•- H]-•. The superiority of TPPN was clearly demonstrated by comparison with well recognized matrices, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone (positive ion mode) and nor-harman (negative ion mode). MALDI MS/MS experiments on isotopically labeled sugars have greatly supported the interpretation of plausible fragmentation pathways. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Julius F Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- FB Biologie/Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. im NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Antonio Monopoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Jorge Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Hansen RL, Lee YJ. High-Spatial Resolution Mass Spectrometry Imaging: Toward Single Cell Metabolomics in Plant Tissues. CHEM REC 2017; 18:65-77. [PMID: 28685965 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool that has advanced our understanding of complex biological processes by enabling unprecedented details of metabolic biology to be uncovered. Through the use of high-spatial resolution MSI, metabolite localizations can be obtained with high precision. Here we describe our recent progress to enhance the spatial resolution of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI from ∼50 μm with the commercial configuration to ∼5 μm. Additionally, we describe our efforts to develop a 'multiplex MSI' data acquisition method to allow more chemical information to be obtained on a single tissue in a single instrument run, and the development of new matrices to improve the ionization efficiency for a variety of small molecule metabolites. In combination, these contributions, along with the efforts of others, will bring MSI experiments closer to achieving metabolomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 35 A Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Road Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 35 A Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Road Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
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