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Redhwan TZ, Ali Y, Howlader MMR, Haddara YM. Electrochemical Sensing of Lead in Drinking Water Using Copper Foil Bonded with Polymer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1424. [PMID: 36772462 PMCID: PMC9920348 DOI: 10.3390/s23031424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Levels of lead (Pb) in tap water that are well below established guidelines are now considered harmful, so the detection of sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) Pb levels is crucial. In this work, we developed a two-step, facile, and inexpensive fabrication approach that involves direct bonding of copper (Cu) and liquid crystal polymer (LCP) followed by polyester resin printing for masking onto Cu/LCP to fabricate Cu thin-film-based Pb sensors. The oxygen plasma-treated surfaces resulted in strongly bonded Cu/LCP with a high peel strength of 500 N/m due to the highly hydrophilic nature of both surfaces. The bonded specimen can withstand wet etching of the electrode and can address delamination of the electrode for prolonged use in application environments. The Cu-foil-based electrochemical sensor showed sensitivity of ~11 nA/ppb/cm2 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 ppb (0.2 µg/L) Pb ions in water. The sensor required only 30 s and a 100 µL sample to detect Pb. To date, this is the most rapid detection of Pb performed using an all-Cu-based sensor. The selectivity test of Cu to Pb with interferences from cadmium and zinc showed that their peaks were separated by a few hundred millivolts. This approach has strong potential towards realizing low-cost, highly reliable integrated water quality monitoring systems.
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Park E, Lim S. Dynamic phase control with printing and fluidic materials' interaction by inkjet printing an RF sensor directly on a stereolithographic 3D printed microfluidic structure. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4364-4378. [PMID: 34585708 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereolithographic (SL) three-dimensional (3D) printing of microfluidic channels and inkjet printing of radio frequency (RF) electronics are promising lab-on-a-chip technologies. However, the effective integration of the two techniques has been challenging since the fabricated parts need to be combined via an additional bonding process, such as plasma bonding. This study proposes combining RF electronics with SL printed microfluidic structures by directly inkjet printing onto a 3D printed mould. This allows the inkjet printing of RF electronics with high conductivity (8 × 106 S m-1) and high resolution (50 μm) as a surface modification of the 3D printed mould. This process combines the three-dimensional printing of microfluidic parts and the inkjet printing of RF sensors into a single process. The proposed approach increases the interaction between a printed RF part and a fluid material by adjusting the distance between them, and it can be applied to various resins and 3D printing methods. Furthermore, the proposed fabrication process was applied to a dynamic phase advanced and delayed transmission line (TL) operating at 3.8 GHz as a fluidic sensor. Consequently, using the same pattern, a higher phase shift range per microliter of 10° was obtained than the 1° for conventional phase shift TLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiyong Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Alam AU, Clyne D, Jin H, Hu NX, Deen MJ. Fully Integrated, Simple, and Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensor Array for in Situ Water Quality Monitoring. ACS Sens 2020; 5:412-422. [PMID: 32028771 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, accurate and inexpensive monitoring of water quality parameters is indispensable for continued water safety, especially in resource-limited areas. Most conventional sensing systems either can only monitor one parameter at a time or lack user-friendly on-site monitoring capabilities. A fully integrated electrochemical sensor array is an excellent solution to this barrier. Electrochemical sensing methods involve transduction of water quality parameters where chemical interactions are converted to electrical signals. The challenge remains in designing low-cost, easy-to-use, and highly sensitive sensor array that can continuously monitor major water quality parameters such as pH, free chlorine, temperature along with emerging pharmaceutical contaminants, and heavy metal without the use of expensive laboratory-based techniques and trained personnel. Here, we overcame this challenge through realizing a fully integrated electrochemical sensing system that offers simultaneous monitoring of pH (57.5 mV/pH), free chlorine (186 nA/ppm), and temperature (16.9 mV/°C) and on-demand monitoring of acetaminophen and 17β-estradiol (<10 nM) and heavy metal (<10 ppb), bridging the technological gap between signal transduction, processing, wireless transmission, and smartphone interfacing. This was achieved by merging nanomaterials and carbon nanotube-based sensors fabricated on microscopic glass slides controlled by a custom-designed readout circuit, a potentiostat, and an Android app. The sensing system can be easily modified and programmed to integrate other sensors, a capability that can be exploited to monitor a range of water quality parameters. We demonstrate the integrated system for monitoring tap, swimming pool, and lake water. This system opens the possibility for a wide range of low-cost and ubiquitous environmental monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif U. Alam
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Dennis Clyne
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Hao Jin
- Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Nan-Xing Hu
- Advanced Materials Lab, Xerox Research Centre of Canada, 2660 Speakman Dr, Mississauga, ON L5K 2L1, Canada
| | - M. Jamal Deen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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4
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Thermocompression bonding of conductive polymers for electrical connections in organic electronics. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ohkubo Y, Nakagawa T, Endo K, Yamamura K. Influence of air contamination during heat-assisted plasma treatment on adhesion properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). RSC Adv 2019; 9:22900-22906. [PMID: 35514469 PMCID: PMC9067102 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma surface treatment is typically not effective on fluoropolymers containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). It is reported that heat-assisted plasma (HAP) treatment at high temperatures (above 200 °C) under atmospheric pressure helium (He) plasma improves the adhesion properties of PTFE. In this study, we investigated the influence of the air concentration during HAP treatment on the adhesion properties of PTFE. Air concentration was controlled via ambient air inflow amount, in other words, base pressure. The PTFE samples HAP-treated in different air concentrations were thermally compressed with an unvulcanized isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR). Then, the PTFE/IIR adhesion strength was measured via T-peel test. We show that, when PTFE was HAP-treated in 0.01% air, its PTFE/IIR adhesion strength was over 2 N mm-1; the IIR underwent cohesion failure. However, the PTFE/IIR adhesion strength drastically decreased in the presence of air contamination. The relationships between air concentration during HAP treatment, adhesion properties of PTFE, surface chemical composition, surface morphology, and surface hardness were investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Zhang R, Chu G, Vasilyev G, Martin P, Camposeo A, Persano L, Pisignano D, Zussman E. Hybrid Nanocomposites for 3D Optics: Using Interpolymer Complexes with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19324-19330. [PMID: 31058491 PMCID: PMC6543505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of optical paths by three-dimensional (3D) integrated optics with customized stacked building blocks has gained considerable attention. Herein, we present functional thin films with assembly ability for 3D integrated optics based on nanocomposites made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) embedded in hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) interpolymer complexes (IPCs). We selected H-bonded IPC poly(ethylene oxide) and neutralized poly(acrylic acid) to render films assembly ability without undesired interplay with charge distribution in CNCs. The CNCs can form a stable chiral nematic liquid crystalline phase with long-range orientational order and helical organization. The resulting nanocomposites are characterized with a high elastic modulus of 8.8 GPa and an adhesion strength of 1.35 MPa through reversible intermolecular interactions at the contact interface upon exposure to acidic vapor. Instead, simply stacked into 3D optics, these functional thin films serve as a facile material for providing a conceptually simple approach to assemble 3D integrated optics with different liquid crystalline orderings to manipulate the light polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Guang Chu
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Patrick Martin
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Andrea Camposeo
- NEST,
Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luana Persano
- NEST,
Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscience-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eyal Zussman
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Haddara YM, Howlader MMR. Integration of Heterogeneous Materials for Wearable Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E60. [PMID: 30966123 PMCID: PMC6415181 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable sensors are of interest for several application areas, most importantly for their potential to allow for the design of personal continuous health monitoring systems. For wearable sensors, flexibility is required and imperceptibility is desired. Wearable sensors must be robust to strain, motion, and environmental exposure. A number of different strategies have been utilized to achieve flexibility, imperceptibility, and robustness. All of these approaches require the integration of materials having a range of chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties. We have given a concise review of the range of materials that must be incorporated in wearable sensors regardless of the strategies adopted to achieve wearability. We first describe recent advances in the range of wearable sensing materials and their processing requirements and then discuss the potential routes to the integration of these heterogeneous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser M Haddara
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Matiar M R Howlader
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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