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Lee J, Soltis I, Tillery SA, Lee SH, Kim H, Yeo WH. Long-term stable pH sensor array with synergistic bilayer structure for 2D real-time mapping in cell culture monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116223. [PMID: 38518561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Pursuing accurate, swift, and durable pH sensors is important across numerous fields, encompassing healthcare, environmental surveillance, and agriculture. In particular, the emphasis on real-time pH monitoring during cell cultivation has become increasingly pronounced in the current scientific environment-a crucial element being diligently researched to ensure optimal cell production. Both polyaniline (PANi) and iridium oxide (IrOx) show their worth in pH sensing, yet they come with challenges. Single-PANi-layered pH sensors often grapple with diminished sensitivity and lagging responses, while electrodeposited IrOx structures exhibit poor adhesion, leading to their separation from metallic substrates-a trait undesirable for a consistently stable, long-term pH sensor. This paper introduces a bi-layered PANi-IrOx pH sensor, strategically leveraging the advantages of both materials. The results presented here underscore the sensitivity enhancement of binary-phased framework, faster response time, and more robust structure than prior work. Through this synergistic strategy, we demonstrate the potential of integrating different phases to overcome the inherent constraints of individual materials, setting the stage for advanced pH-sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ira Soltis
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sayre A Tillery
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hodam Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Raj M K, Priyadarshani J, Karan P, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya S, Chakraborty S. Bio-inspired microfluidics: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051503. [PMID: 37781135 PMCID: PMC10539033 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomicrofluidics, a subdomain of microfluidics, has been inspired by several ideas from nature. However, while the basic inspiration for the same may be drawn from the living world, the translation of all relevant essential functionalities to an artificially engineered framework does not remain trivial. Here, we review the recent progress in bio-inspired microfluidic systems via harnessing the integration of experimental and simulation tools delving into the interface of engineering and biology. Development of "on-chip" technologies as well as their multifarious applications is subsequently discussed, accompanying the relevant advancements in materials and fabrication technology. Pointers toward new directions in research, including an amalgamated fusion of data-driven modeling (such as artificial intelligence and machine learning) and physics-based paradigm, to come up with a human physiological replica on a synthetic bio-chip with due accounting of personalized features, are suggested. These are likely to facilitate physiologically replicating disease modeling on an artificially engineered biochip as well as advance drug development and screening in an expedited route with the minimization of animal and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Raj M
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Jyotsana Priyadarshani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section (BMe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, 3001 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pratyaksh Karan
- Géosciences Rennes Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Saumyadwip Bandyopadhyay
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Soumya Bhattacharya
- Achira Labs Private Limited, 66b, 13th Cross Rd., Dollar Layout, 3–Phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Paul Shylendra S, Wajrak M, Alameh K. Fabrication and Optimization of Nafion as a Protective Membrane for TiN-Based pH Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2331. [PMID: 36850929 PMCID: PMC9965570 DOI: 10.3390/s23042331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a solid-state modified pH sensor with RF magnetron sputtering technology was developed. The sensor consists of an active electrode consisting of a titanium nitride (TiN) film with a protective membrane of Nafion and a reference glass electrode of Ag/AgCl. The sensitivity of the pH sensor was investigated. Results show a sensor with excellent characteristics: sensitivity of 58.6 mV/pH for pH values from 2 to 12, very short response time of approximately 12 s in neutral pH solutions, and stability of less than 0.9 mV in 10 min duration. Further improvement in the performance of the TiN sensor was studied by application of a Nafion protective membrane. Nafion improves the sensor sensitivity close to Nernstian by maintaining a linear response. This paves the way to implement TiN with Nafion protection to block any interference species during real time applications in biosensing and medical diagnostic pH sensors.
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Shylendra SP, Wajrak M, Alameh K, Kang JJ. Nafion Modified Titanium Nitride pH Sensor for Future Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:699. [PMID: 36679497 PMCID: PMC9865854 DOI: 10.3390/s23020699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
pH sensors are increasingly being utilized in the biomedical field and have been implicated in health applications that aim to improve the monitoring and treatment of patients. In this work, a previously developed Titanium Nitride (TiN) solid-state pH sensor is further enhanced, with the potential to be used for pH regulation inside the human body and for other biomedical, industrial, and environmental applications. One of the main limitations of existing solid-state pH sensors is their reduced performance in high redox mediums. The potential shift E0 value of the previously developed TiN pH electrode in the presence of oxidizing or reducing agents is 30 mV. To minimize this redox shift, a Nafion-modified TiN electrode was developed, tested, and evaluated in various mediums. The Nafion-modified electrode has been shown to shift the E0 value by only 2 mV, providing increased accuracy in highly redox samples while maintaining acceptable reaction times. Overcoming the redox interference for pH measurement enables several advantages of the Nafion-modified TiN electrode over the standard pH glass electrode, implicating its use in medical diagnosis, real-time health monitoring, and further development of miniaturized smart sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Wajrak
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Kamal Alameh
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - James Jin Kang
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- International College, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Lincon A, Das S, DasGupta S. Capturing protein denaturation using electrical impedance technique. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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O Kare SP, Das D, Chaudhury K, Das S. Hand-drawn electrode based disposable paper chip for artificial sweat analysis using impedance spectroscopy. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:42. [PMID: 34468895 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low cost, disposable paper based electrical sensor to examine the analyte concentration in an extremely small volume of sample solution is essential for environmental and healthcare applications. For the development of paper based devices, sophisticated instruments are essential to pattern electrode on the top surface of the paper. In most cases, such fabricated device results in direct contact with the analyte solution on the surface of the electrode during electrical detection and leads to high electrical double layer capacitance. In this work, we have focused to reduce the double layer capacitance by fabricating hand drawn electrode paper sensor utilising the reverse side of the paper. This design acts as a sample storage and facilitate impedimetric sensing of ionic concentration of analyte solution using a few microlitre. Droplet formation at the bottom of the paper in the confined area is visually monitored to reduce sample wastage. The interaction between two different electrode materials (graphite and silver) on the paper substrate with the different volume and concentration of the electrolyte is analysed to improve the robustness and sensitivity of the measurement. Simultaneously, we observed a reduction in the electrical double layer effect on the low sample volumes. The proposed paper based sensor shows the enhanced impedance stability on silver electrode patterned paper chip than graphite electrode paper chip to detect the different ionic concentration of artificial sweat sample. Finally, it demonstrates that paper chip has great potential as a disposable diagnostics sensor in healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prakasam O Kare
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Debanjan Das
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, DSP M IIIT, Naya Raipur, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- Clinical Biomarker Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Soumen Das
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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Chakraborty S, Das S, Das C, Chandra S, Sharma KD, Karmakar A, Chattoapadhyay S. On-chip estimation of hematocrit level for diagnosing anemic conditions by Impedimetric techniques. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:38. [PMID: 32430696 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An on-chip device has been fabricated on Si platform for precise estimation of the hematocrit (Hct) level of human blood with rapid turn out. Impedance/capacitance spectroscopy and current-voltage (I-V) measurements have been employed to observe the variation of electrical parameters of erythrocyte suspensions with varying Hct level. Experimentally obtained values of capacitance, impedance and conductance with Hct level suggests a linear variation. Current-time measurement has also been performed to ensure the susceptibility of red blood cells under a fixed external electric field for certain duration of time. The online real time sample analyzes have also been performed by the device connected with an embedded electronic circuit interfaced with a laptop through appropriate software. This has enabled the development of a novel Si-chip based compact point-of-care (POC) diagnosis system for Hct level estimation by measuring the dielectric/capacitive variation of an erythrocyte cell suspension. The relevant performance parameters of such a compact system including range, resolution, limit of detection and throughput have also been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Chakraborty
- Department of Electronic Science, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Sreyasi Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Chirantan Das
- Department of Electronic Science, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Soumyak Chandra
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Kaushik Das Sharma
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Anupam Karmakar
- Department of Electronic Science, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Sanatan Chattoapadhyay
- Department of Electronic Science, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
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Awasthi P, Das S. Reduced electrode polarization at electrode and analyte interface in impedance spectroscopy using carbon paste and paper. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:124103. [PMID: 31893860 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The double layer present at the interface of an electrode and an analyte causes electrode polarization (EP) in impedance spectroscopy, which hinders acquiring the actual impedance of biological samples at a lower frequency region. In this work, a novel carbon paste (CP) electrode material prepared by mixing the pencil graphite powder with transparent glue has been reported to reduce the EP by depositing its two coplanar electrodes on a chromatography paper substrate. Furthermore, two other devices having silver paste and pencil electrodes on the chromatography paper have been fabricated, analyzed for the EP, and compared with the CP electrode. The EP is quantified by fitting the impedance data to an equivalent electrical circuit having double layer capacitance as a constant phase element, and the CP electrode shows the lowest EP among the electrodes. The cyclic voltammetry analysis reveals blocking electrode property of the CP, which diminishes dc current flow at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Furthermore, the chromatography paper is found to increase the effective surface area of the deposited electrode by enhancing its surface roughness, which helps reduce the EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Awasthi
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Soumen Das
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Dynamic pH Sensor with Embedded Calibration Scheme by Advanced CMOS FinFET Technology. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19071585. [PMID: 30986913 PMCID: PMC6480048 DOI: 10.3390/s19071585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a novel pH sensor using efficient laterally coupled structure enabled by Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Fin Field-Effect Transistor (FinFET) processes. This new sensor features adjustable sensitivity, wide sensing range, multi-pad sensing capability and compatibility to advanced CMOS technologies. With a self-balanced readout scheme and proposed corresponding circuit, the proposed sensor is found to be easily embedded into integrated circuits (ICs) and expanded into sensors array. To ensure the robustness of this new device, the transient response and noise analysis are performed. In addition, an embedded calibration operation scheme is implemented to prevent the proposed sensing device from the background offset from process variation, providing reliable and stable sensing results.
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