1
|
Kalinova R, Mladenova K, Petrova S, Doumanov J, Dimitrov I. Solvent-Free Synthesis of Multifunctional Block Copolymer and Formation of DNA and Drug Nanocarriers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2936. [PMID: 37999289 PMCID: PMC10675335 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined multifunctional polymers is of great importance for the development of complex materials for biomedical applications. In the current work, novel and multi-amino-functional diblock copolymer for potential gene and drug delivery applications was successfully synthesized. A highly efficient one-step and quantitative modification of an alkyne-functional polycarbonate-based precursor was performed, yielding double hydrophilic block copolymer with densely grafted primary amine side groups. The obtained positively charged block copolymer co-associated with DNA, forming stable and biocompatible nanosized polyplexes. Furthermore, polyion complex (PIC) micelles with tunable surface charge and decorated with cell targeting moieties were obtained as a result of direct mixing in aqueous media of the multi-amino-functional block copolymer and a previously synthesized oppositely charged block copolymer bearing disaccharide end-group. The obtained well-defined nanosized PIC-micelles were loaded with the hydrophobic drug curcumin. Both types of nanoaggregates (polyplexes and PIC-micelles) were physico-chemically characterized. Moreover, initial in vitro evaluations were performed to assess the nanocarriers' potential for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Kalinova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician Georgi Bonchev St., bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kirilka Mladenova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (S.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Svetla Petrova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (S.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Jordan Doumanov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (S.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Ivaylo Dimitrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician Georgi Bonchev St., bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalinova R, Grancharov G, Doumanov J, Mladenova K, Petrova S, Dimitrov I. Green Synthesis and the Evaluation of a Functional Amphiphilic Block Copolymer as a Micellar Curcumin Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10588. [PMID: 37445767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer micelles represent one of the most attractive drug delivery systems due to their design flexibility based on a variety of macromolecular synthetic methods. The environmentally safe chemistry in which the use or generation of hazardous materials is minimized has an increasing impact on polymer-based drug delivery nanosystems. In this work, a solvent-free green synthetic procedure was applied for the preparation of an amphiphilic diblock copolymer consisting of biodegradable hydrophobic poly(acetylene-functional carbonate) and biocompatible hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) blocks. The cyclic functional carbonate monomer 5-methyl-5-propargyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one (MPC) was polymerized in bulk using methoxy PEG-5K as a macroinitiator by applying the metal-free organocatalyzed controlled ring-opening polymerization at a relatively low temperature of 60 °C. The functional amphiphilic block copolymer self-associated in aqueous media into stable micelles with an average diameter of 44 nm. The copolymer micelles were physico-chemically characterized and loaded with the plant-derived anticancer drug curcumin. Preliminary in vitro evaluations indicate that the functional copolymer micelles are non-toxic and promising candidates for further investigation as nanocarriers for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Kalinova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev St., bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgy Grancharov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev St., bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jordan Doumanov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kirilka Mladenova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Petrova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Dimitrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev St., bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Recent Advances in the Application of ATRP in the Synthesis of Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051234. [PMID: 36904474 PMCID: PMC10007417 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) have enabled the precise design and preparation of nanostructured polymeric materials for a variety of biomedical applications. This paper briefly summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of bio-therapeutics for drug delivery based on linear and branched block copolymers and bioconjugates using ATRP, which have been tested in drug delivery systems (DDSs) over the past decade. An important trend is the rapid development of a number of smart DDSs that can release bioactive materials in response to certain external stimuli, either physical (e.g., light, ultrasound, or temperature) or chemical factors (e.g., changes in pH values and/or environmental redox potential). The use of ATRPs in the synthesis of polymeric bioconjugates containing drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as systems applied in combination therapies, has also received considerable attention.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaur J, Gulati M, Corrie L, Awasthi A, Jha NK, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, MacLoughlin R, Oliver BG, Dua K, Singh SK. Role of nucleic acid-based polymeric micelles in treating lung diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1951-1960. [PMID: 36606499 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of lung diseases is increasing year by year and existing drug therapies only provide symptomatic relief rather than targeting the actual cause. Nucleic acids can be used as an alternative therapeutic approach owing to their potential to reform a homeostatic balance by upregulating protective genes or downregulating damaging genes. However, their inherent properties, such as poor stability, ineffective cellular uptake, negative charge and so on, hinder their clinical utility. Such limitations can be overcome by exploiting the functional chemistry of polymeric micelles (PMs) for site-specific delivery, transfection efficiency and improved stability. With this objective, the present work describes the advancements made in designing nucleic acid-based PMs for treating lung diseases followed by approaches requiring consideration for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.,Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot No.32-34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science & Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Limited, Galway Business Park, Galway, H91 HE94, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Leinster, D02 YN77, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Leinster, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaur J, Gulati M, Zacconi F, Dureja H, Loebenberg R, Ansari MS, AlOmeir O, Alam A, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, Jha NK, Pinto TDJA, Morris A, Choonara YE, Adams J, Dua K, Singh SK. Biomedical Applications of polymeric micelles in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: Current success and future approaches. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:771-793. [PMID: 35695697 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2087629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disease and multifactorial, harming patients worldwide. Extensive research has been carried out in the search for novel drug delivery systems offering reliable control of glucose levels for diabetics, aiming at efficient management of DM. AREAS COVERED Polymeric micelles (PMs) as smart drug delivery nanocarriers are discussed, focusing on oral drug delivery applications for the management of hyperglycemia. The most recent approaches used for the preparation of smart PMs employ molecular features of amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs), such as stimulus sensitivity, ligand conjugation, and as a more specific example the ability to inhibit islet amyloidosis. EXPERT OPINION PMs provide a unique platform for self-regulated or spatiotemporal drug delivery, mimicking the working mode of pancreatic islets to maintain glucose homeostasis for prolonged periods. This unique characteristic is achieved by tailoring the functional chemistry of ABCs considering the physicochemical traits of PMs, including sensing capabilities, hydrophobicity, etc. In addition, the application of ABCs for the inhibition of conformational changes in islet amyloid polypeptide garnered attention as one of the root causes of DM. However, research in this field is limited and further studies at the clinical level are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de ChileDepartamento de Química Org´anica, Facultad de Química y , Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile, Macul, Chile
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta AB, Canada
| | - Md Salahuddin Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy Aldawadmi, Shaqra University Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman AlOmeir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy Aldawadmi, Shaqra University Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Kharj, KSA
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Andrew Morris
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jon Adams
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Functional Polyion Complex Micelles for Potential Targeted Hydrophobic Drug Delivery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072178. [PMID: 35408579 PMCID: PMC9000450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyion complex (PIC) micelles have gained an increasing interest, mainly as promising nano-vehicles for the delivery of various hydrophilic charged (macro)molecules such as DNA or drugs to the body. The aim of the present study is to construct novel functional PIC micelles bearing cell targeting ligands on the surface and to evaluate the possibility of a hydrophobic drug encapsulation. Initially, a pair of functional oppositely charged peptide-based hybrid diblock copolymers were synthesized and characterized. The copolymers spontaneously co-assembled in water into nanosized PIC micelles comprising a core of a polyelectrolyte complex between poly(L-aspartic acid) and poly(L-lysine) and a biocompatible mixed shell of disaccharide-modified poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Depending on the molar ratio between the oppositely charged groups, PIC micelles varying in surface charge were obtained and loaded with the natural hydrophobic drug curcumin. PIC micelles’ drug loading efficiency, in vitro drug release profiles and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The preliminary results indicate that PIC micelles can be successfully used as carriers of hydrophobic drugs, thus expanding their potential application in nanomedicine.
Collapse
|
7
|
Triblock Copolymer Micelles with Tunable Surface Charge as Drug Nanocarriers: Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Characterization. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030434. [PMID: 35159779 PMCID: PMC8840746 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles have gained increasing interest as efficient drug delivery systems for cancer treatment and diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to construct and to evaluate novel polymeric nanosized drug carriers with tunable surface charges. Initially, amphiphilic triblock copolymers with predetermined molar mass characteristics were synthesized by applying controlled polymerization techniques. The copolymers self-assembled in aqueous media into core–shell spherical micelles, comprising a biodegradable hydrophobic poly(D,L-lactide) core, positively charged middle layer of poly((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate), and an outer shell of neutral hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate), with various densities of the short polyether side chains. The block copolymer micelles with average diameters of about 70 nm and surface charges varying from strongly positive to neutral were characterized and loaded with the model, natural, hydrophobic drug curcumin. Characteristics such as drug loading efficiency, in-vitro drug release profiles, and stability under physiological conditions were evaluated and discussed in terms of nanocarriers’ composition. As a result, the most promising candidates for potential application in nanomedicine were identified.
Collapse
|
8
|
Babikova D, Kalinova R, Momekova D, Ugrinova I, Momekov G, Dimitrov I. Multifunctional Polymer Nanocarrier for Efficient Targeted Cellular and Subcellular Anticancer Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2271-2283. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrina Babikova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Kalinova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Momekova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Street, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iva Ugrinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Momekov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Street, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Dimitrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dutta B, Barick KC, Verma G, Aswal VK, Freilich I, Danino D, Singh BG, Priyadarsini KI, Hassan PA. PEG coated vesicles from mixtures of Pluronic P123 and l-α-phosphatidylcholine: structure, rheology and curcumin encapsulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26821-26832. [PMID: 28949348 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05303g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PEG coated vesicles are important vehicles for the passive targeting of anticancer drugs. With a view to prepare PEG decorated vesicles using co-assembly of block copolymers and lipids, here we investigated the microstructure of aggregates formed in mixtures comprising lipids (l-α-phosphatidylcholine) and block copolymers (Pluronic P123), in the polymer rich regime. DLS and SANS studies show that the structure of the aggregates can be tuned from micelles to rod-like micelles or vesicles by changing the lipid to polymer composition. Rheological studies on gels formed by mixtures of polymer and lipid suggest incorporation of the lipid into the polymer matrix. The encapsulation efficiencies of polymer incorporated liposomes for curcumin and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) are evaluated at different drug to carrier ratios. The pH dependent sustained release of both the drugs from the PEGylated liposomes suggests their application in the development of cost effective formulations for anticancer drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijaideep Dutta
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang X, Xiong J, Qiu P, Chen M, He D, He X, Wang K, Tang J. Synthesis of a core/satellite-like multifunctional nanocarrier for pH- and NIR-triggered intracellular chemothermal therapy and tumor imaging. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27802g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A core/satellite-like multifunctional system was developed for synergistic chemothermal therapy and tumor imaging based on the AuNRs capped mesoporous silica nanocarrier with UCNP core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Jun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Pengchao Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Mian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Dinggeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| | - Jinlu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
| |
Collapse
|