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Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on zirconium oxide-decorated gold nanoflakes nanocomposite 2,4-dichlorophenol detection. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Tchoffo R, Ngassa GBP, Doungmo G, Kamdem AT, Tonlé IK, Ngameni E. Surface functionalization of natural hydroxyapatite by polymerization of β-cyclodextrin: application as electrode material for the electrochemical detection of Pb(II). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:222-235. [PMID: 34342829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A composite material prepared by polymerization of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the surface of natural hydroxyapatite using citric acid as cross linker, was employed as electrode material for the detection of Pb(II). Hydroxyapatite was obtained from bovine bones, following a three-step procedure including pre-calcination, chemical treatment with (NH4)2HPO4, and calcination. The structure and morphology of the pristine hydroxyapatite (NHAPP0.5) and its functionalized counterpart (NHAPp0.5-CA-β-CD) were examined using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Upon deposition as thin film on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the ion exchange ability of NHAPp0.5-CA-β-CD was exploited to elaborate a sensitive sensor for the detection of lead. The electroanalytical procedure was based on the chemical accumulation of Pb(II) ions under open-circuit conditions, followed by the detection of the preconcentrated species using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The reproducibility of the proposed method, based on a series of 8 measurements in a solution containing 2 μM Pb(II) gave a coefficient of variation of 1.27%. Significant parameters that can affect the stripping response of Pb(II) were optimized, leading to a linear calibration curve for lead in the concentration range of 2 × 10-8 mol L-1 - 20 × 10-8 mol L-1 (R2 = 0.998). The detection limit (3S/m) and the sensitivity of the proposed sensor were 5.06 × 10-10 mol L-1 and 100.80 μA.μM-1, respectively. The interfering effect of several ions expected to affect the determination of lead was evaluated, and the proposed sensor was successfully applied in the determination of Pb(II) ions in spring water, well water, river water and tap water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Tchoffo
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Guy B P Ngassa
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Giscard Doungmo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straβe 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arnaud T Kamdem
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ignas K Tonlé
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Chemistry of Materials and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Emmanuel Ngameni
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Bouyahya A, Sembo-Backonly BS, Favrelle-Huret A, Balieu S, Guillen F, Mesnage V, Karakasyan-Dia C, Lahcini M, Le Cerf D, Gouhier G. New ternary water-soluble support from self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin-ionic liquid and an anionic polymer for a dialysis device. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:271-283. [PMID: 34523096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new hybrid material resulting from an innovative supramolecular tripartite association between an ionic liquid covalently immobilized on primary β-cyclodextrins rim and an anionic water-soluble polymer. Two hydrophilic ternary complexes based on native and permethylated β-cyclodextrins substituted with an ionic liquid and immobilized on poly(styrene sulfonate) (CD-IL+PSS- and CD(OMe)IL+PSS-) were obtained by simple dialysis with a cyclodextrin maximal grafting rate of 25% and 20% on the polymer, respectively. These polyelectrolytes are based on electrostatic interactions between the opposite charges of the imidazolium cation of the ionic liquid and the poly(styrene sulfonate) anion. The inclusion properties of the free cavities of the cyclodextrins and the synergic effect of the polymeric matrix were studied with three reference guests such as phenolphthalein, p-nitrophenol, and 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid using UV-visible, fluorescent, and NMR spectroscopies. The support has been applied successfully in dialysis device to extract and concentrated aromatic model molecule. This simple and flexible synthetic strategy opens the way to new hybrid materials useful for fast and low-cost ecofriendly extraction techniques relevant for green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Bouyahya
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014, FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P 549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Berthe-Sandra Sembo-Backonly
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014, FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Audrey Favrelle-Huret
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014, FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Balieu
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014, FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Frédéric Guillen
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014, FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, SPCMIB UMR CNRS 5068, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Mesnage
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Carole Karakasyan-Dia
- Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mohammed Lahcini
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P 549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Didier Le Cerf
- Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Géraldine Gouhier
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014, FR 3038, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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Huang H, Lei L, Bai J, Zhang L, Song D, Zhao J, Li J, Li Y. Efficient elimination and detection of phenolic compounds in juice using laccase mimicking nanozymes. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Maistrenko VN, Zil’berg RA. Enantioselective Voltammetric Sensors on the Basis of Chiral Materials. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Nguyen MB, Hong Nhung VT, Thu VT, Ngoc Nga DT, Pham Truong TN, Giang HT, Hai Yen PT, Phong PH, Vu TA, Thu Ha VT. An electrochemical sensor based on copper-based metal-organic framework-reduced graphene oxide composites for determination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in water. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42212-42220. [PMID: 35516768 PMCID: PMC9057864 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we reported the fabrication of a novel electrochemical sensing platform to detect 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by using a copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate-graphene oxide (Cu-BTC/GO) composite. The sensor was prepared by drop-casting Cu-BTC/GO suspension onto the electrode surface followed by electrochemical reduction, leading to the generation of an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide network (ErGO). By combining the large specific area of the Cu-BTC matrix with the electrical percolation from the graphene network, the number of accessible reaction sites was strongly increased, which consequently improved the detection performance. The electrochemical characteristics of the composite were revealed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For the detection of 2,4-DCP, differential pulse voltammetry was used to emphasize the faradaic reaction related to the oxidation of the analyte. The results displayed a low detection limit (83 × 10-9 M) and a linear range from 1.5 × 10-6 M to 24 × 10-6 M alongside high reproducibility (RSD = 2.5% for eight independent sensors) and good stability. Importantly, the prepared sensors were sufficiently selective against interference from other pollutants in the same electrochemical window. Notably, the presented sensors have already proven their ability in detecting 2,4-DCP in real field samples with high accuracy (recovery range = 97.17-104.15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh B Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry (IoC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Hong Nhung
- Institute of Chemistry (IoC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Thu
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Dau Thi Ngoc Nga
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | | | - Hoang Truong Giang
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Hai Yen
- Institute of Chemistry (IoC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Phong
- Institute of Chemistry (IoC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tuan A Vu
- Institute of Chemistry (IoC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Thu Ha
- Institute of Chemistry (IoC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
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Katowah DF, Mohammed GI, Al-Eryani DA, Sobahi TR, Hussein MA. Rapid and sensitive electrochemical sensor of cross-linked polyaniline/oxidized carbon nanomaterials core-shell nanocomposites for determination of 2,4-dichlorophenol. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234815. [PMID: 32584837 PMCID: PMC7316237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposites (NCs) of crosslinked polyaniline (CPA)-coated oxidized carbon nanomaterials (OXCNMs) were fabricated as a very sensitive and simple electrochemical sensor to be utilized in 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCPH) detection. CPA/OXCNMs NCs were prepared by chemical copolymerization of polyaniline with triphenylamine and p-phenylenediamine in the presence of OXCNMs. The CPA/GO-OXSWCNTNCs exhibited a higher affinity for the oxidation of chlorophenols compared to the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), CPA/GCE, and other NCs. Cyclic voltammetry was performed to investigate and assess the electrocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCPH on the modified GCE. The compound yielded a well-defined voltammetric response in a Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5) at 0.54 V (vs. silver chloride electrode). Quantitative determination of 2,4-DCPH was performed by differential pulse voltammetry under optimal conditions in the concentration range of 0.05 to 1.2 nmol L-1, and a linear calibration graph was obtained. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was found to be 4.2 nmol L-1. In addition, the results demonstrated that the CPA/GO-OXSWCNTs/GCE sensor exhibited a strong anti-interference ability, reproducibility, and stability. The prepared CPA/GO-OXSWCNTs/GCE sensor was used to rapidly detect 2,4-DCPH with a high degree of sensitivity in fish farm water with proven levels of satisfactory recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina F. Katowah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gharam I. Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dyab A. Al-Eryani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Tariq R. Sobahi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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8
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Rasdi FLM, Rahim NY, Hasim FW, Prabu S, Jumbri K, Manan NSA, Mohamad S. Influence of degree of substitution on the host-guest inclusion complex between ionic liquid substituted β-cyclodextrins with 2,4-dichlorophenol: An electrochemical, NMR and molecular docking studies. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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El-Kosasy AM, Kamel AH, Hussin LA, Ayad MF, Fares NV. Mimicking new receptors based on molecular imprinting and their application to potentiometric assessment of 2,4-dichlorophenol as a food taint. Food Chem 2018; 250:188-196. [PMID: 29412910 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Innovative host-tailored polymers were prepared, characterized and used as recognition elements in potentiometric transducers for the selective quantification of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP).The polymer beads were synthesized using DCP as a template molecule, acrylamide (AM),methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) as functional monomers and divinylbenzene (DVB) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linkers. The sensors were fabricated by the inclusion of MIPs in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. Response characteristics of the proposed sensors revealed anionic slopes of -59.2, -49.7 and -80.6 mV/decade with detection limits of 5.6 × 10-5,5.9 × 10-5 and 13.2 × 10-5 mol/L for MIP/AM/DVB, MIP/MAA/DVB and MIP/EMA/EGDMA membrane based sensors, respectively. Good selectivity was observed over common inorganic/organic anions. Validation of the assay method according to IUPAC recommendations was justified ensuring the synthesis of good reliable novel sensors for DCP determination. The method was successfully applied for routine analysis of food taint in fish and fish farms water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M El-Kosasy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman H Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - L A Hussin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miriam F Ayad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N V Fares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Sipa K, Brycht M, Leniart A, Urbaniak P, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Pałecz B, Skrzypek S. β-Cyclodextrins incorporated multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode for the voltammetric determination of the pesticide dichlorophen. Talanta 2017; 176:625-634. [PMID: 28917800 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a glassy carbon electrode modified with β-cyclodextrins and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (β-CDs/MWCNTs/GCE) was constructed and applied for the square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SWAdSV) determination of the pesticide dichlorophen (Dcp). For the first time, this compound was electrochemically investigated. The voltammetric measurements were conducted in phosphate buffer (PBS) at pH 6.5 as a supporting electrolyte, and SWAdSV technique parameters were optimized. A linear calibration curve in the wide concentration range from 5.0 × 10-8molL-1 to 2.9 × 10-6molL-1 was obtained. Excellent analytical performance in terms of limit of detection (LOD) of 1.4 × 10-8molL-1 was achieved. The utility of the proposed method was verified by the quantitative analysis of Dcp in Pilica River water samples with satisfactory results. The characterization of modified electrodes was conducted by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Moreover, in this work, the dissociation constants (pKa) of Dcp using potentiometric pH titration were estimated. The stoichiometry of the Dcp-β-CDs inclusion complex formed in solution was determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, and a binding constant (β2) was estimated from NMR titration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sipa
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariola Brycht
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Leniart
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Urbaniak
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie University, Faculty of Chemistry, M. Skłodowska-Curie sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pałecz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland.
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Hui BY, Raoov M, Zain NNM, Mohamad S, Osman H. Combination of Cyclodextrin and Ionic Liquid in Analytical Chemistry: Current and Future Perspectives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:454-467. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1320936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Yih Hui
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muggundha Raoov
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Osman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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