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Udomsom S, Kanthasap K, Paengnakorn P, Jantrawut P, Kumphune S, Auephanwiriyakul S, Mankong U, Theera-Umpon N, Baipaywad P. Itaconic Acid Cross-Linked Biomolecule Immobilization Approach on Amine-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13636-13643. [PMID: 38559953 PMCID: PMC10975634 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecule immobilization on nanomaterials is attractive for biosensors since it enables the capture of a higher concentration of bioreceptor units while also serving as a transduction element. The technique could enhance the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the analytical measurements of biomolecules. However, it was found that the limitation in chemically binding biomolecules on nanoparticle surfaces could only cross-link between the C-terminal and N-terminal. Here, we report the facile one-step synthesis of amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles (AFSNPs). (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was used as a precursor to modify the functional surface of nanoparticles via the Stöber process. The biomolecules were immobilized to the AFSNPs through itaconic acid, a novel cross-linker that binds between the N-terminal and N-terminal and potentially improves proteins and nucleic acid immobilization onto the nanoparticle surface. The newly developed immobilization approach on AFSNPs for biomolecular detection enhanced the efficiency of ELISA, resulting in increased sensitivity. It might also be easily used to identify different pathogens for clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruk Udomsom
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kritsana Kanthasap
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pathinan Paengnakorn
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sansanee Auephanwiriyakul
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department
of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ukrit Mankong
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Theera-Umpon
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Phornsawat Baipaywad
- Biomedical
Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
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2
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Wang K, Li JQ, He S, Lu J, Wang D, Wang JX, Chen JF. Redox/Near-Infrared Dual-Responsive Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles for Pesticide Smart Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18466-18475. [PMID: 38054693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Extremely inefficient utilization of pesticides has prompted a study of low-cost, sustainable, and smart application systems. Herein, as a promising pesticide nanocarrier, hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMONs) were first synthesized by using inexpensive CaCO3 nanoparticles as the hollow templates. A redox/near-infrared light dual-triggered pesticide release system was further achieved via loading avermectin (AVM) into the HMONs and coating a layer of polydopamine (PDA). The as-prepared AVM@HMONs@PDA displays a favorable pesticide load capability (24.8 wt %), outstanding photothermal performance, and high adhesion to leaves. In addition, with glutathione (GSH), the AVM cumulative release from AVM@HMONs@PDA was 3.5 times higher than that without GSH. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, the half-life of AVM@HMONs@PDA was prolonged by 17.0-fold compared to that of the AVM technical. At day 21 after treatment in the insecticidal activity, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) values displayed that the toxicity of AVM@HMONs@PDA for Panonychus citri (McGregor) was enhanced 4.0-fold compared with the commercial emulsifiable concentrate. In the field trial, at day 28 after spraying, AVM@HMONs@PDA was significantly more control effective than AVM-EC in controlling the P. citri (McGregor), even at a 50% reduced dosage. Moreover, HMONs@PDA was safe for crops. This research presents a novel preparation approach for HMONs, and it also offers a promising nanoplatform for the precise release of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia-Qing Li
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shun He
- The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Dey N, Santhiya D, Das A. Bio‐Inspired Synthesis of Hollow Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles Using Calcium Carbonate as Solid Template. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namit Dey
- Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi 110042 India
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi 110042 India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur Delhi 110042 India
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Muramoto N, Sugiyama T, Matsuno T, Wada H, Kuroda K, Shimojima A. Preparation of periodic mesoporous organosilica with large mesopores using silica colloidal crystals as templates. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21155-21164. [PMID: 32724951 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03837g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organosiloxane-based mesoporous materials with periodically ordered pores (periodic mesoporous organosilica, PMO) have many applications due to their various organic functions, high surface areas, and large pore volumes. Conventional methods using surfactant templates (soft templates) are limited in terms of the diversity of organosilane precursors and precise control over the pore size in a relatively large mesopore region (10-50 nm). This paper demonstrates the preparation of PMOs with precisely controlled pore sizes (>10 nm in diameter) and various organosiloxane frameworks, using colloidal crystals of monodisperse silica nanospheres as a template. An inverse opal structure with interconnected spherical mesopores was obtained through polycondensation of hydrolyzed organoalkoxysilanes [(EtO)3Si-R-Si(OEt)3, R = C2H4, CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH, and C6H4; PhSi(OEt)3], within the voids of silica colloidal crystals, followed by the preferential dissolution of silica under well-controlled basic conditions. The pore size varied depending on the size of the silica nanospheres. The versatility of this method will allow for the wide tuning of the physical and chemical properties of organosiloxane-based mesoporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Muramoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan. and Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan. and Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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Teng Z, Li W, Tang Y, Elzatahry A, Lu G, Zhao D. Mesoporous Organosilica Hollow Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1707612. [PMID: 30285290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hollow periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with molecularly homogeneous organic functional groups in the inorganic pore walls are attracting more and more attention due to the high surface areas, tunable pore sizes, low densities, large cavities in the center, permeable thin shells, and versatile organic-inorganic hybrid frameworks, which make them promising in a variety of applications including adsorption, catalysis, drug delivery, and nanotheranostics. Herein, recent advances in the synthesis of hollow PMO nanoparticles with various organic moieties are summarized, and the mechanism and new insights of synthesis approaches, including hard-core templating methods, liquid-interface assembly methods, and the interfacial reassembly and transformation strategy are discussed in-depth. Meanwhile, the design principles, properties, and synthetic strategies for some smart hollow architectures such as multishelled hollow PMOs, yolk-shell structured PMOs, and nonspherical hollow PMOs are discussed. Moreover, the typical applications of hollow PMO nanomaterials as nanoreactors for chemical transformations and nanoplatforms for biomedicine are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of hollow PMOs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Teng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Tang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, and iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
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Rahmani S, Akrout A, Budimir J, Aggad D, Daurat M, Godefroy A, Nguyen C, Largot H, Gary-Bobo M, Raehm L, Durand JO, Charnay C. Hollow Organosilica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saher Rahmani
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Alia Akrout
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Jelena Budimir
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Dina Aggad
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, UM-; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15; Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Morgane Daurat
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, UM-; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15; Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
- NanoMedSyn; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier
| | - Anastasia Godefroy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, UM-; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15; Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
- NanoMedSyn; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier
| | - Christophe Nguyen
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, UM-; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15; Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Hanene Largot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, UM-; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15; Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Laurence Raehm
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
| | - Clarence Charnay
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM cc 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France)
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Croissant JG, Zink JI, Raehm L, Durand JO. Two-Photon-Excited Silica and Organosilica Nanoparticles for Spatiotemporal Cancer Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701248. [PMID: 29345434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coherent two-photon-excited (TPE) therapy in the near-infrared (NIR) provides safer cancer treatments than current therapies lacking spatial and temporal selectivities because it is characterized by a 3D spatial resolution of 1 µm3 and very low scattering. In this review, the principle of TPE and its significance in combination with organosilica nanoparticles (NPs) are introduced and then studies involving the design of pioneering TPE-NIR organosilica nanomaterials are discussed for bioimaging, drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy. Organosilica nanoparticles and their rich and well-established chemistry, tunable composition, porosity, size, and morphology provide ideal platforms for minimal side-effect therapies via TPE-NIR. Mesoporous silica and organosilica nanoparticles endowed with high surface areas can be functionalized to carry hydrophobic and biologically unstable two-photon absorbers for drug delivery and diagnosis. Currently, most light-actuated clinical therapeutic applications with NPs involve photodynamic therapy by singlet oxygen generation, but low photosensitizing efficiencies, tumor resistance, and lack of spatial resolution limit their applicability. On the contrary, higher photosensitizing yields, versatile therapies, and a unique spatial resolution are available with engineered two-photon-sensitive organosilica particles that selectively impact tumors while healthy tissues remain untouched. Patients suffering pathologies such as retinoblastoma, breast, and skin cancers will greatly benefit from TPE-NIR ultrasensitive diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G. Croissant
- Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of New Mexico; 210 University Blvd NE Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials; Advanced Materials Laboratory; University of New Mexico; MSC04 2790, 1001 University Blvd SE, Suite 103 Albuquerque NM 87106 USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Los Angeles; 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Laurence Raehm
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier; UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Université de Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier; UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Université de Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
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Koike N, Chaikittisilp W, Iyoki K, Yanaba Y, Yoshikawa T, Elangovan SP, Itabashi K, Okubo T. Organic-free synthesis of zincoaluminosilicate zeolites from homogeneous gels prepared by a co-precipitation method. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10837-10846. [PMID: 28762409 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites containing Zn in their frameworks are promising materials for ion-exchange and catalysis because of their unique ion-exchange capabilities and characteristic Lewis acidity. However, expensive organic compounds often required in their synthesis can prevent their practical uses. Here, a facile organic-free synthesis route for new zincoaluminosilicate zeolites having MOR topology, in which both Zn and Al are substituted in the framework, is demonstrated for the first time. The use of homogeneous zincoaluminosilicate gels prepared by a co-precipitation technique as raw materials is vital for the successful incorporation of both Zn and Al into the zeolite frameworks as revealed by several characterization techniques including solid-state NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and ion-exchange experiments. The obtained zincoaluminosilicate zeolites had high Zn contents comparable to those in the initial zincoaluminosilicate gels. In contrast, the uses of conventional sources of Si, Al, and Zn resulted in zeolites with very low contents of framework Zn or zeolites with extra-framework zinc oxide-species. FT-IR measurements using probe molecules and ion-exchange experiments suggested that there are two different environments of Zn in the zeolite frameworks. The obtained zincoaluminosilicate zeolites showed a higher ion-exchange efficiency for divalent cations such as nickel compared to the aluminosilicate analog. It is expected that the present co-precipitation technique is efficient for the incorporation of Zn (and other metals) into a variety of zeolite frameworks. To show its extended applicable scope, the synthesis of zincoaluminosilicate *BEA zeolite is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsume Koike
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Keoh SH, Chaikittisilp W, Endo A, Shimojima A, Okubo T. Two-Stage Crystallization of Meso- and Macroporous MFI and MEL Zeolites Using Tributylamine-Derived Diquaternary Ammonium Cations as Organic Structure-Directing Agents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sye Hoe Keoh
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Watcharop Chaikittisilp
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Akira Endo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
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