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Xu H, Yang A, Pang Y, Pei H. Advances and challenges in the technologies for cyanobacterial cells removal in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142338. [PMID: 38754486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria in reservoirs pose a serious threat to drinking water safety due to the intracellular metabolites, such as toxins and unpleasant tastes & odours. Effective removal of harmful cyanobacteria with little to no cell damage is very important to ensure the safety of drinking water. This review first introduced development history of cyanobacterial removal technologies in drinking water treatment. Then, impacts of oxidation, coagulation and pre-oxidation enhanced coagulation processes on cyanobacterial removal and integrity of the cells were comprehensively evaluated and discussed. Oxidation can remove cyanobacteria, but high doses of oxidants can result in significant cell lysis and release of intracellular metabolites, especially when using chlorine or ozone. Although there is practically no cell damage during coagulation, the removal efficiency is low in many cases. Pre-oxidation may improve cyanobacterial removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes, and moderate pre-oxidation with little to no cell lysis is very important. Mechanisms of interface interaction between pre-oxidants and cyanobacteria should be defined in future to ensure moderate pre-oxidation of algal cells. Fate of cyanobacterial cells in sludge is also reviewed because more and more waterworks return sludge supernatant to the inlet of plant. Damage to cyanobacterial cells in sludge depends mainly upon coagulant type and dosage, algal species, and cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be treated before cell lysis. Efficient techniques for harmless disposal of cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be developed in future. This paper will help to better understand the cyanobacterial removal processes and provide improved perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Aonan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China.
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Yang X, Wang S, Pi K, Ge H, Zhang S, Gerson AR. Coagulation as an effective method for cyanobacterial bloom control: A review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11002. [PMID: 38403998 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Eutrophication, the over-enrichment with nutrients, for example, nitrogen and phosphorus, of ponds, reservoirs and lakes, is an urgent water quality issue. The most notorious symptom of eutrophication is a massive proliferation of cyanobacteria, which cause aquatic organism death, impair ecosystem and harm human health. The method considered to be most effective to counteract eutrophication is to reduce external nutrient inputs. However, merely controlling external nutrient load is insufficient to mitigate eutrophication. Consequently, a rapid diminishing of cyanobacterial blooms is relied on in-lake intervention, which may encompass a great variety of different approaches. Coagulation/flocculation is the most used and important water purification unit. Since cyanobacterial cells generally carry negative charges, coagulants are added to water to neutralize the negative charges on the surface of cyanobacteria, causing them to destabilize and precipitate. Most of cyanobacteria and their metabolites can be removed simultaneously. However, when cyanobacterial density is high, sticky secretions distribute outside cells because of the small size of cyanobacteria. The sticky secretions are easily to form complex colloids with coagulants, making it difficult for cyanobacteria to destabilize and resulting in unsatisfactory treatment effects of coagulation on cyanobacteria. Therefore, various coagulants and coagulation methods were developed. In this paper, the focus is on the coagulation of cyanobacteria as a promising tool to manage eutrophication. Basic principles, applications, pros and cons of chemical, physical and biological coagulation are reviewed. In addition, the application of coagulation in water treatment is discussed. It is the aim of this review article to provide a significant reference for large-scale governance of cyanobacterial blooms. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Flocculation was a promising tool for controlling cyanobacteria blooms. Basic principles of four kinds of flocculation methods were elucidated. Flocculant was important in the flocculation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yang
- Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulian Wang
- Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kewu Pi
- Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Technology and Equipment for Water Environment Pollution Monitoring, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Ge
- Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrea R Gerson
- Blue Minerals Consultancy, Wattle Grove, Tasmania, Australia
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Li N, Chen F, Xu S, Zhu S, Bu L, Deng L, Shi Z, Zhou S. Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by manganese activated sodium percarbonate: Performance and role of the in-situ formed MnO 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140054. [PMID: 37669718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that pre-oxidation of manganese salts such as potassium permanganate and potassium manganate can remove algae in water, while existing problems such as excessive oxidation and appearance of chromaticity. In this study, our objective was to induce a Fenton-like reaction by activating sodium percarbonate (SPC) with divalent manganese (Mn(II)) to pre-oxidize algae-contaminated water. The optimal dosage of Mn(II)/SPC was determined by assessing the zeta potential of the algae and the residual Mn(II) in the solution. Moreover, we conducted a characterization of the cells post-reaction and assessed the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The disinfection by-products (DBPs) (sodium hypochlorite disinfection)of the algae-containing water subsequent to Mn(II)/SPC treatment were measured. Experiments show that Mn(II)/SPC pre-oxidation at optimal dosage acquired 88% removal of algae and less damage to the cell membrane. Moreover, the Mn(II) acted not only as a catalyst but also formed MnO2 which adsorbed onto the cell surface and facilitated sedimentation. Furthermore, this technology exhibits the capability to effectively manage algal organic matters present in water, thereby mitigating the formation of nitrogen-containing DBPs. These results highlight the potential of Mn(II)/SPC treatment for treating water contaminated with algae, thus ensuring the safety and quality of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Fan Chen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shunkai Xu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Lin Deng
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhou Shi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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Jalili F, Moradinejad S, Zamyadi A, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Evidence-Based Framework to Manage Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Water and Sludge from Drinking Water Treatment Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060410. [PMID: 35737071 PMCID: PMC9228313 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater bodies and, consequently, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) sources are increasingly facing toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Even though conventional treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration can control cyanobacteria and cell-bound cyanotoxins, these processes may encounter challenges such as inefficient removal of dissolved metabolites and cyanobacterial cell breakthrough. Furthermore, conventional treatment processes may lead to the accumulation of cyanobacteria cells and cyanotoxins in sludge. Pre-oxidation can enhance coagulation efficiency as it provides the first barrier against cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and it decreases cell accumulation in DWTP sludge. This critical review aims to: (i) evaluate the state of the science of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin management throughout DWTPs, as well as their associated sludge, and (ii) develop a decision framework to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in DWTPs and sludge. The review identified that lab-cultured-based pre-oxidation studies may not represent the real bloom pre-oxidation efficacy. Moreover, the application of a common exposure unit CT (residual concentration × contact time) provides a proper understanding of cyanobacteria pre-oxidation efficiency. Recently, reported challenges on cyanobacterial survival and growth in sludge alongside the cell lysis and cyanotoxin release raised health and technical concerns with regards to sludge storage and sludge supernatant recycling to the head of DWTPs. According to the review, oxidation has not been identified as a feasible option to handle cyanobacterial-laden sludge due to low cell and cyanotoxin removal efficacy. Based on the reviewed literature, a decision framework is proposed to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and their associated sludge in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jalili
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Saber Moradinejad
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
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Zhai Q, Song L, Ji X, Yu Y, Ye J, Xu W, Hou M. Research progress of advanced oxidation technology for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40449-40461. [PMID: 35347626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19792-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cyanobacteria blooms have continued to erupt frequently, seriously jeopardizing the safety of drinking water and human health. The safe, quick, and economical removal of cyanobacteria from water bodies, especially the dominant species of cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, has captured a lot of scientists' attention. The application of advanced oxidation technology in water treatment is very promising, but it has not yet been used in production. To further promote the application of the advanced oxidation method in water treatment, this article combines the results of advanced research in China and abroad to review this emergent technology. Briefly, advanced oxidation process methods employ various mechanisms to remove the dominant species of cyanobacteria blooms Microcystis aeruginosa. This provides a theoretical reference and support for the efficient removal of harmful cyanobacteria from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Zhai
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Song
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Ji
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yueshu Yu
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- School of Railway Transportation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
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6
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Oxidation to Control Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Treatment Plants: Challenges at the Laboratory and Full-Scale Plants. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of oxidation on mitigation of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment sludge was investigated at the laboratory and treatment plant scales. Two common oxidants, KMnO4 (5 and 10 mg/L) and H2O2 (10 and 20 mg/L) were applied under controlled steady-state conditions. Non-oxidized and oxidized sludge was left to stagnate in the dark for 7 to 38 days. Controlled laboratory trials show that KMnO4 and H2O2 decreased cell counts up to 62% and 77%, respectively. The maximum total MC level reduction achieved after oxidation was 41% and 98% using 20 mg/L H2O2 and 10 mg/L KMnO4, respectively. Stagnation caused cell growth up to 2.6-fold in 8 out of 22 oxidized samples. Microcystin (MC) producer orders as Chroococcales and Synechococcales were persistent while Nostocales was sensitive to combined oxidation and stagnation stresses. In parallel, two on-site shock oxidation treatments were performed in the DWTP’s sludge holding tank using 10 mg/L KMnO4. On-site shock oxidation decreased taxonomic cell counts by up to 43% within 24 h. Stagnation preceded by on-site shock oxidation could increase total cell counts by up to 55% as compared to oxidation alone. The increase of cell counts and mcyD gene copy numbers during stagnation revealed the impact of oxidation/stagnation on cyanobacterial cell growth. These findings show the limitations of sludge oxidation as a strategy to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in sludge and suggest that alternative approaches to prevent the accumulation and mitigation of cyanobacteria in sludge should be considered.
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Tian X, Li Y, Xu H, Pang Y, Zhang J, Pei H. Fe 2+ activating sodium percarbonate (SPC) to enhance removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins with pre-oxidation and in situ coagulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125206. [PMID: 33516101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms has become a concern for drinking water safety. Common pre-oxidation, which was widely considered to enhance the followed coagulation, can cause the rupture of algae cell, leading to the undesirable release of intracellular organic matter. In this study, the Fe2+ activating sodium percarbonate (SPC/Fe2+) process for pre-oxidation and in situ coagulation was proved to effectively remove Microcystis aeruginosa without damaging cell integrity at optimal combined doses of SPC (0.2 mM) and Fe2+ (0.2 mM). Moreover, the SPC/Fe2+ process can not only control the release of MCs, but also reduce extracellular MCs from 5.22 μg/L to 1.50 μg/L, due to their moderate oxidation. Meanwhile, the SPC/Fe2+ treatment produces low levels of residual Fe after settling. During sludge ageing, owing to oxidation damage on cells arising from the SPC/Fe2+ treatment, cells continually suffered severe damage and lysed on day 4, leading to large release of intracellular organic matter and MCs, correspondingly. As a result, it is worth noting that the M. aeruginosa cells in stored sludge should be treated or disposed of early. These findings support the development of a green and cost-effective technology to handle cyanobacteria-containing water based on SPC/Fe2+ for ensuring water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China.
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8
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Song Q, Niu X, Zhang D, Song X, Li Y, Ma J, Lai S, Yang Z, Zhou S. The behaviors of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins during the Fe 2+/persulfate (PS) preoxidation-coagulation and flocs storage period. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109549. [PMID: 32325291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria blooms driven by anthropogenic eutrophication has become a major threat to aquaculture ecosystems worldwide. In this study, the behavior of M. aeruginosa cells during flocs storage period of 6 days was first investigated after pre-oxidation and coagulation of Fe2+/PS. Fe2+/PS achieved a superior removal efficiency of 90.7% for OD680 and 90.4% for chl-a. The contents of extracellular MCs in the pre-oxidation and coagulation system were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those in the control. A significant (P < 0.05) difference in intracellular protein between the control and the coagulated systems was observed. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) was employed to investigate the variations in extracellular organic matter (EOM) during flocs storage. The results indicated the presence of four peaks, representing protein-like substances, intermediate dissolved microbial metabolites, fulvic and humic-like compounds in the Fe2+/PS process. And the intensities of four peaks were all decreased in the Fe2+/PS system compared to those in the control. A low level of accumulated residual Fe of 0.28 mg/L was observed without posing potential environmental risk. The results showed that the M. aeruginosa cells were under stressful conditions after 3-d storage due to the decomposition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and the insufficient supply of nutrients. However, SEM results indicated that no significant alteration in cell morphology was observed. Therefore, with high removal of M. aeruginosa, low MCs concentrations, and trivial cell damage, the Fe2+/PS preoxidation-coagulation was proved to be an environmental-friendly method for cyanobacteria removal without yielding serious secondary pollution. This work will contribute to better understanding and managing the cyanobacteria-laden aquaculture water after pre-oxidation and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, 210093, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Xiaofei Song
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yankun Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinling Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Wang Y, Hou T, Yang Z, Zhao L, Wu W, Yang W, Graham NJD. Nitrogen-Free Cationic Starch Flocculants: Flocculation Performance, Antibacterial Ability, and UF Membrane Fouling Control. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2910-2919. [PMID: 35025338 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In light of growing concerns about the formation of nitrogen-based disinfection byproducts (N-DBP) and the possible contribution from the use of quaternary-ammonium-containing flocculants, there is growing interest in the alternative use of quaternary phosphonium salts, which have been reported to have a lower DBP formation potential, stronger cationic properties, lower cytotoxicity, and greater stability. In this study, the performance of N-free quaternary-phosphonium-modified starch flocculants (S-BTP), synthesized through a facile one-step method using commercially available raw materials, in the treatment of bacteria-laden waters (E. coli as the model bacteria) was assessed in both jar tests and a bench-scale continuous-flow flocculation-sedimentation-ultrafiltration process. In jar tests, the effects of the cationic degree of substitution (DS) and dosage of the flocculant, solution pH, and presence of model contaminants on treatment performance were studied. One particular flocculant (S-BTP3), with a DS of 19.3%, displayed high removal efficiencies of E. coli, turbidity, and UV254 from water, comparable with those of ammonium-based analogues and conventional alum, via a combination of charge attraction, polymer bridging, and antibacterial effects. S-BTP3 also possessed better bactericidal properties (99.4% of E. coli killed) than alum (41.4% killed) and did not cause the release of intracellular substances into the treated water. In the continuous-flow flocculation-sedimentation-UF tests, S-BTP3 was superior to alum in the flocculation and antibacterial performance, and in mitigating UF membrane fouling. The results have clearly demonstrated the multiple benefits of the use of N-free cationic starch flocculants in water treatment as an alternative to conventional chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Tianyang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Co. Ltd, Nanjing 210036, P.R. China
| | - Weiben Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW72AZ, U.K
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10
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Zhao Z, Sun W, Ray AK, Mao T, Ray MB. Coagulation and disinfection by-products formation potential of extracellular and intracellular matter of algae and cyanobacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125669. [PMID: 31881385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation and flocculation can remove particulate algal cells effectively; however, they are not very effective for removing dissolved algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water plants. In this work, optimum coagulation conditions using alum for both extracellular and intracellular organic matter of six different algal and cyanobacterial species were determined. Different coagulation conditions such as alum dosage, pH, and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were tested. Hydrophobicity, hydrophilicty, and transphilicity of the cellular materials were determined using resin fractionation method. The removal of DOC by coagulation correlated well with the hydrophobicity of the AOM. The disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) of various fractions of AOM was determined after coagulation. Although, higher removal occurred for hydrophobic AOM during coagulation, specific DBPFP, which varied from 10 to 147 μg/mg-C was higher for hydrophobic AOM. Of all the six species, highest DBPFP occurred for Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an abundant marine diatom species, but is increasingly found in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Ajay K Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Ted Mao
- Trojan Technologies, London, Ontario, N5V 4T7, Canada
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Liu L, Zhang S, Dai W, Bi X, Zhang D. Comparing effects of berberine on the growth and photosynthetic activities of Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:1155-1162. [PMID: 31799959 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Berberine is a potent algicidal allelochemical of Microcystis aeruginosa. To optimize its application in the control of Microcystis blooms, the effects of berberine on the growth and photosynthetic activities of M. aeruginosa and a non-target green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, were compared. The results showed that the algicidal activity of berberine on M. aeruginosa was light dependent. Berberine had no algicidal effects on C. pyrenoidosa with or without light exposure. Under light-dark conditions, berberine significantly decreased the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in M. aeruginosa while no significant berberine-induced changes were observed under constant darkness. Significant reductions of photosystem II (PSII) and whole chain electron transport activities in M. aeruginosa exposed to berberine suggested that PSII was the important target site attacked by berberine. Contrary to M. aeruginosa, no berberine-induced inhibition in photosynthesis activities were observed in C. pyrenoidosa. The differences in photosynthetic apparatuses of these two algae might be responsible for their different sensitivities to berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; These authors contribute equally to this work
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; These authors contribute equally to this work
| | - Wei Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Xiangdong Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Dajuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
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Ma C, Xu H, Zhang L, Pei H, Jin Y. Use of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices coupled with parallel factor analysis to monitor C- and N-DBPs formation in drinking water recovered from cyanobacteria-laden sludge dewatering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:609-618. [PMID: 29870937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the first time that correlations between the spectroscopic properties of algal organic matter (AOM) and cyanobacteria-related C- and N-disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation have been presented. Three types of coagulants, aluminium chloride (AC), chitosan (CTS) and a composite chitosan-aluminium chloride (CTSAC), were selected to assess and compare the performance of coagulation to control DBPs formation in dewatering water (DW). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) indicated that four components dominated the EEM of the DW samples. Examination of C-, N-DPBs formation and attendant changes in the AOM parameters allows the establishment of strong linear relationships between yields of the trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and trichloronitromethane and the relative changes in the fluorescence compounds. Stronger linear correlations were found between trihalomethanes and tryptophan-like substance C1 (r = 0.918), between haloacetonitriles and C1 (r = 0.934), and between trichloronitromethane and amino acid-like substance C2 (r = 0.915) than other AOM parameters, suggesting that tryptophan-like substance and amino acid-like substance in AOM play major roles in generating cyanobacteria-related DBPs upon chlorination. Furthermore, because the CTSAC composite was effective in removing fluorophores and caused little cell lysis during the first 4 days of sludge storage, the production of C-, N-DBPs in the DW was lower than those in the AC or CTS systems for the same storage period. This indicates the feasibility of surrogate monitoring of the production of cyanobacteria-related C-, N-DBPs via online measurements of water EEM fluorescence. CTSAC composite coagulant is thus recommended, and the sludge should be disposed of within 4 days to obtain DW with lower DBPs formation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213031, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Hou J, Yang Z, Wang P, Wang C, Yang Y, Wang X. Changes in Microcystis aeruginosa cell integrity and variation in microcystin-LR and proteins during Tanfloc flocculation and floc storage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:264-273. [PMID: 29353776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of Tanfloc on Microcystis aeruginosa cell integrity, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), and proteins during flocculation and floc storage. The effects of Tanfloc addition, stirring, and floc storage time were considered to minimize cell damage and the release of MC-LR and proteins. Optimal flocculation conditions (Tanfloc dosage 10.42 mg L-1, rapid agitation for 0.36 min at 568.88 rpm and slow agitation for 14.14 min at 12.1 rpm) were obtained using the response surface methodology. Up to 98.9% of the M. aeruginosa cells were removed intact at low Tanfloc dosage. During floc storage, Tanfloc initially protected the cells. After 8 d, large-scale cell lysis occurred because Tanfloc had substantially decomposed. Nevertheless, Tanfloc also extended the extracellular MC-LR and protein release time to 8 d. This delay ensured adequate time to decontaminate sludge containing the algae, thereby reducing the risk of secondary pollution. In addition, the low cost of Tanfloc facilitates its widespread application in the management of harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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