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Polis M, Stolarczyk A, Glosz K, Jarosz T. Quo Vadis, Nanothermite? A Review of Recent Progress. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093215. [PMID: 35591548 PMCID: PMC9105280 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the groups of pyrotechnic compositions is thermite compositions, so-called thermites, which consist of an oxidant, usually in the form of a metal oxide or salt, and a free metal, which is the fuel. A characteristic feature of termite combustion reactions, apart from their extremely high exothermicity, is that they proceed, for the most part, in liquid and solid phases. Nanothermites are compositions, which include at least one component whose particles size is on the order of nanometers. The properties of nanothermites, such as high linear burning velocities, high reaction heats, high sensitivity to stimuli, low ignition temperature, ability to create hybrid compositions with other high-energy materials allow for a wide range of applications. Among the applications of nanothermites, one should mention igniters, detonators, microdetonators, micromotors, detectors, elements of detonation chain or elements allowing self-destruction of systems (e.g., microchips). The aim of this work is to discuss the preparation methods, research methods, direction of the future development, eventual challenges or problems and to highlight the applications and emerging novel avenues of use of these compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Polis
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Explosive Techniques Research Group, 42-693 Krupski Młyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Karolina Glosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.S.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (T.J.)
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Hu Y, Lu J, Feng H. Surface modification and functionalization of powder materials by atomic layer deposition: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11918-11942. [PMID: 35423751 PMCID: PMC8697040 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00326g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Powder materials are a class of industrial materials with many important applications. In some circumstances, surface modification and functionalization of these materials are essential for achieving or enhancing their expected performances. However, effective and precise surface modification of powder materials remains a challenge due to a series of problems such as high surface area, diffusion limitation, and particle agglomeration. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a cutting-edge thin film coating technology traditionally used in the semiconductor industry. ALD enables layer by layer thin film growth by alternating saturated surface reactions between the gaseous precursors and the substrate. The self-limiting nature of ALD surface reaction offers angstrom level thickness control as well as exceptional film conformality on complex structures. With these advantages, ALD has become a powerful tool to effectively fabricate powder materials for applications in many areas other than microelectronics. This review focuses on the unique capability of ALD in surface engineering of powder materials, including recent advances in the design of ALD reactors for powder fabrication, and applications of ALD in areas such as stabilization of particles, catalysts, energetic materials, batteries, wave absorbing materials and medicine. We intend to show the versatility and efficacy of ALD in fabricating various kinds of powder materials, and help the readers gain insights into the principles, methods, and unique effects of powder fabrication by ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Hu
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 168 E. Zhangba Road Xi'an 710065 Shanxi PR China
- Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 168 E. Zhangba Road Xi'an 710065 Shanxi PR China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 168 E. Zhangba Road Xi'an 710065 Shanxi PR China
| | - Hao Feng
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 168 E. Zhangba Road Xi'an 710065 Shanxi PR China
- Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 168 E. Zhangba Road Xi'an 710065 Shanxi PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 168 E. Zhangba Road Xi'an 710065 Shanxi PR China
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Ma X, Li Y, Hussain I, Shen R, Yang G, Zhang K. Core-Shell Structured Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Fundamental Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001291. [PMID: 32557860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials, including explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants, are widely used in mining, demolition, automobile airbags, fireworks, ordnance, and space technology. Nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) have a high reaction rate and high energy density, which are both adjustable to a large extent. Structural control over nEMs to achieve improved performance and multifunctionality leads to a fascinating research area, namely, nanostructured energetic materials. Among them, core-shell structured nEMs have gained considerable attention due to their improved material properties and combined multiple functionalities. Various nEMs with core-shell structures have been developed through diverse synthesis routes, among which core-shell structured nEMs associated with explosives and metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) are extensively studied due to their good tunability and wide applications, as well as excellent energetic (e.g., enhanced heat release and combustion) and/or mechanical properties. Herein, the preparation methods and fundamental properties of the abovementioned kinds of core-shell structured nEMs are summarized and the reasons behind the satisfactory performance clarified, based on which suggestions regarding possible future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
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Wang Q, Ma Y, Wang Y, Bao H, Li A, Xu P, Li X, Yang W. Facile fabrication of highly exothermic CuO@Al nanothermites via self-assembly approach. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:055601. [PMID: 31622966 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4ed0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CuO@Al nanothermites with Al shell and CuO core were successfully fabricated via a simple self-assembly route. The composition and morphology of CuO@Al nanothermites were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy in detail. When the equivalence ratio was 1.0, the heat output of CuO@Al nanothermites reached 1252 J g-1, which was significantly larger than that of the Al/CuO prepared by ultrasonic mixing. The greatest heat output of CuO@Al nanothermites reached 1860 J g-1, demonstrating outstanding exothermic properties, which ascribed to their unique core-shell structure. This study provides a new strategy about the design and advancement of highly exothermic nanothermites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Qin L, Gong T, Li J, Yan N, Hui L, Feng H. Tuning ignition and energy release properties of Zirconium powder by atomic layer deposited metal oxide coatings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120655. [PMID: 31202063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-fine powders of reactive metals are promising fuels/additives for propellants. However, the metal surfaces make these materials very unstable in ambient atmosphere. This study explored the method of applying thin films of inorganic materials onto the surface of Zr powder and investigated the effects of different surface coatings on the energy release and ignition process of Zr. Thin films of Al2O3 and ZnO were deposited on a commercial micron-scale Zr powder by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Growth kinetics of ALD films on the Zr particles were studied using various tools. Chemical and structural characterizations revealed that the Zr particles were completely encapsulated by uniform Al2O3 or ZnO films. The thicknesses of the encapsulation layers could be precisely controlled. ALD Al2O3 coatings exhibited a unique surface-sealing effect, which inhibited the low temperature oxidation of Zr in ambient air. Laser and electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition tests revealed that ALD Al2O3 coatings extended the ignition delay and reduced the ESD sensitivity of the Zr powder. In comparison, ALD ZnO coatings could not form effective gas diffusion barriers, therefore they could not change the oxidation process of Zr and only showed modest effects on ignition and ESD sensitivity of the Zr powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qin
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China; Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Ting Gong
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China; Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Ning Yan
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China; Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Longfei Hui
- Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Hao Feng
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China; Laboratory of Material Surface Engineering and Nanofabrication, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shanxi, PR China.
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Comet M, Martin C, Schnell F, Spitzer D. Nanothermites: A short Review. Factsheet for Experimenters, Present and Future Challenges. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Comet
- NS3E Laboratorty – UMR 3208 ISL/CNRS/UNISTRAFrench-German research Institute of Saint-Louis 15 rue du Général Cassagnou, BP 34 68301 SAINT LOUIS CEDEX
| | - Cédric Martin
- NS3E Laboratorty – UMR 3208 ISL/CNRS/UNISTRAFrench-German research Institute of Saint-Louis 15 rue du Général Cassagnou, BP 34 68301 SAINT LOUIS CEDEX
| | - Fabien Schnell
- NS3E Laboratorty – UMR 3208 ISL/CNRS/UNISTRAFrench-German research Institute of Saint-Louis 15 rue du Général Cassagnou, BP 34 68301 SAINT LOUIS CEDEX
| | - Denis Spitzer
- NS3E Laboratorty – UMR 3208 ISL/CNRS/UNISTRAFrench-German research Institute of Saint-Louis 15 rue du Général Cassagnou, BP 34 68301 SAINT LOUIS CEDEX
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He W, Liu PJ, He GQ, Gozin M, Yan QL. Highly Reactive Metastable Intermixed Composites (MICs): Preparation and Characterization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706293. [PMID: 29862580 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly reactive metastable intermixed composites (MICs) have attracted much attention in the past decades. The MIC family of materials mainly includes traditional metal-based nanothermites, novel core-shell-structured, 3D ordered macroporous-structured, and ternary nanocomposites. By applying special fabrication approaches, highly reactive MICs with uniformly dispersed reactants, "layer-by-layer" or "core-shell" structures, can be prepared. Thus, the combustion performance can be greatly improved, and the ignition characteristics and safety can be precisely controlled by using a certain preparation strategy. Here, the preparation and characterization of the MICs that have been developed during the past few decades are summarized. Traditional preparation methods for MICs generally include physical mixing, high-energy ball milling, sol-gel synthesis, and vapor deposition, while the novel methods include self-assembly, electrophoretic deposition, and electrospinning. Various preparation procedures and the ignition and combustion performance of different MIC reactive systems are compared and discussed. In particular, the advantages of novel structured MICs in terms of safety and combustion efficiency are clarified, based on which suggestions regarding the possible future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Thermo-Structure and Internal Flow Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
| | - Pei-Jin Liu
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Thermo-Structure and Internal Flow Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
| | - Guo-Qiang He
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Thermo-Structure and Internal Flow Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
| | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Qi-Long Yan
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Thermo-Structure and Internal Flow Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
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Zheng Z, Zhang W, Yu C, Zheng G, Ma K, Qin Z, Ye J, Chao Y. Integration of the 3DOM Al/Co3O4 nanothermite film with a semiconductor bridge to realize a high-output micro-energetic igniter. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2552-2560. [PMID: 35541495 PMCID: PMC9077334 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microigniters play an important role for the reliable initiation of micro explosive devices. However, the microigniter is still limited by the low out-put energy to realize high reliability and safety. Integration of energetic materials with microigniters is an effective method to enhance the ignition ability. In this work, a Al/Co3O4 nanothermite film with a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous structure was prepared by the deposition of nanoscale Al layers using magnetron sputtering on Co3O4 skeletons that are synthesized using an inverse template method. Both the uniform structure and nanoscale contact between the Al layers and the Co3O4 skeletons lead to an excellent exothermicity. In order to investigate the ignition properties, a micro-energetic igniter has been fabricated by the integration of the Al/Co3O4 nanothermite film with a semiconductor bridge microigniter. The thermite reactions between the nanoscale Al layer and the Co3O4 skeleton extensively promote the intensity of the spark, the length in duration and the size of the area, which greatly enhance the ignition reliability of the micro-energetic igniter. Moreover, this novel design enables the micro-energetic igniter to fire the pyrotechnic Zr/Pb3O4 in a gap of 3.7 mm by capacitor discharge stimulation and to keep the intrinsic instantaneity high and firing energy low. The realization of gap ignition will surely improve the safety level of initiating systems and have a significant impact on the design and application of explosive devices. A micro-energetic igniter integrated with a 3DOM Al/Co3O4 nanothermite film is able to generate larger spark and realize gap ignition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
- The 43rd Research Institute of CETC
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Zhichun Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Yimin Chao
- School of Chemistry
- University of East Anglia
- UK
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Zhang T, Zhao N, Li J, Gong H, An T, Zhao F, Ma H. Thermal behavior of nitrocellulose-based superthermites: effects of nano-Fe2O3 with three morphologies. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Superthermites with three Fe2O3 morphologies (rod-like, polyhedral, and olivary) were synthesized. The morphological effects of Al/Fe2O3 on the thermal decomposition property of nitrocellulose (NC) were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Ningning Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Jiachen Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Hujun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Ting An
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
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