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Othman HO, Anwer ET, Ali DS, Hassan RO, Mahmood EE, Ahmed RA, Muhammad RF, Smaoui S. Recent advances in carbon quantum dots for gene delivery: A comprehensive review. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38454776 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a revolutionary technology in healthcare that provides novel therapeutic options and has immense potential in addressing genetic illnesses, malignancies, and viral infections. Nevertheless, other obstacles still need to be addressed regarding safety, ethical implications, and technological enhancement. Nanotechnology and gene therapy fields have shown significant promise in transforming medical treatments by improving accuracy, effectiveness, and personalization. This review assesses the possible uses of gene therapy, its obstacles, and future research areas, specifically emphasizing the creative combination of gene therapy and nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is essential for gene delivery as it allows for the development of nano-scale carriers, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which may effectively transport therapeutic genes into specific cells. CQDs exhibit distinctive physicochemical characteristics such as small size, excellent stability, and minimal toxicity, which render them highly favorable for gene therapy applications. The objective of this study is to review and describe the current advancements in the utilization of CQDs for gene delivery. Additionally, it intends to assess existing research, explore novel applications, and identify future opportunities and obstacles. This study offers a thorough summary of the current state and future possibilities of using CQDs for gene delivery. Combining recent research findings highlights the potential of CQDs to revolutionize gene therapy and its delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazha Omar Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Esra Tariq Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Diyar Salahuddin Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Rebwar Omar Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Radiological Imaging Technology, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Elnaz Ehsan Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Rayan Abubakir Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial and Enzymatic Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Wang H, Yang S, Chen L, Li Y, He P, Wang G, Dong H, Ma P, Ding G. Tumor diagnosis using carbon-based quantum dots: Detection based on the hallmarks of cancer. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:174-222. [PMID: 38034499 PMCID: PMC10684566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have been shown to have promising application value in tumor diagnosis. Their use, however, is severely hindered by the complicated nature of the nanostructures in the CQDs. Furthermore, it seems impossible to formulate the mechanisms involved using the inadequate theoretical frameworks that are currently available for CQDs. In this review, we re-consider the structure-property relationships of CQDs and summarize the current state of development of CQDs-based tumor diagnosis based on biological theories that are fully developed. The advantages and deficiencies of recent research on CQDs-based tumor diagnosis are thus explained in terms of the manifestation of nine essential changes in cell physiology. This review makes significant progress in addressing related problems encountered with other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Siwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Liangfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
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Yazdani S, Mozaffarian M, Pazuki G, Hadidi N, Villate-Beitia I, Zárate J, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Emerging Materials for Gene Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38399344 PMCID: PMC10891563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapeutics are promising for treating diseases at the genetic level, with some already validated for clinical use. Recently, nanostructures have emerged for the targeted delivery of genetic material. Nanomaterials, exhibiting advantageous properties such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, facile functionalization, substantial loading capacity, and tunable physicochemical characteristics, are recognized as non-viral vectors in gene therapy applications. Despite progress, current non-viral vectors exhibit notably low gene delivery efficiency. Progress in nanotechnology is essential to overcome extracellular and intracellular barriers in gene delivery. Specific nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), nanodiamonds (NDs), and similar carbon-based structures can accommodate diverse genetic materials such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small interference RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). To address challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency, advancements in the features of carbon-based nanostructures (CBNs) are imperative. This overview delves into three types of CBNs employed as vectors in drug/gene delivery systems, encompassing their synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications. Ultimately, we present insights into the opportunities and challenges within the captivating realm of gene delivery using CBNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yazdani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Mehrdad Mozaffarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Gholamreza Pazuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research and EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran P.O. Box 131694-3551, Iran;
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jon Zárate
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Meher MK, Unnikrishnan BS, Tripathi DK, Packirisamy G, Poluri KM. Baicalin functionalized PEI-heparin carbon dots as cancer theranostic agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126846. [PMID: 37717866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of cancer and its significantly rising risks with age have garnered the attention of nanotechnology for prompt detection and effective therapy with minimal or no adverse effects. In the current study, heparin (HP) polymer derived heteroatom (N, S-) co-doped CDs were synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis method to efficiently deliver natural anticancer compound baicalin (BA). Heparin carbon dots (HCDs) were passivated with polyethylenimine (PEI) to improve its fluorescence quantum yield. The surface passivation of CDs by polycationic PEI polymer not only facilitated loading of BA, but also played a crucial role in the pH-responsive drug delivery. The sustained release of BA (up to 80 %) in mildly acidic pH (5.5 and 6.5) conditions endorsed its drug delivery potential for cancer-specific microenvironments. BA-loaded PHCDs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity as compared to BA/PHCDs indicating the effectiveness of the nanoformulation, Furthermore, the flow cytometry analysis confirmed that BA-PHCDs treated cells were arrested in the G2/M phase of cell cycle and had a higher potential for apoptosis. Bioimaging study demonstrated the excellent cell penetration efficiency of PHCDs with complete cytoplasmic localization. All this evidence comprehensively demonstrates the potency of BA-loaded PHCDs as a nanotheranostic agent for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Meher
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B S Unnikrishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Thakur S, Saini RV, Thakur N, Sharma R, Das J, Slama P, Tuli HS, Haque S, Niyazi HA, Moulay M, Harakeh S, Saini AK. Chitosan-PEI passivated carbon dots for plasmid DNA and miRNA-153 delivery in cancer cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21824. [PMID: 38034707 PMCID: PMC10682126 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
These days carbon dots have been developed for multiple biomedical applications. In the current study, the transfection potential of synthesized carbon dots from single biopolymers such as chitosan, PEI-2kDa, and PEI-25kDa (CS-CDs, PEI2-CDs, and PEI25-CDs) and by combining two biopolymers (CP2-CDs and CP25-CDs) through a bottom-up approach have been investigated. The characterization studies revealed successful synthesis of fluorescent, positively charged carbon dots <20 nm in size. Synthesized carbon dots formed a stable complex with plasmid DNA (EGFP-N1) and miRNA-153 that protected DNA/miRNA from serum-induced degradation. In-vitro cytotoxicity analysis revealed minimal cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines (A549 and MDA-MB-231). In-vitro transfection of EGFP-N1 plasmid DNA with PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs and CP25-CDs demonstrated that these CDs could strongly transfect A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The highest EGFP-N1 plasmid transfection efficiency was observed with PEI2-CDs at a weight ratio of 32:1. PEI25-CDs polyplex showed maximum transfection at a weight ratio of 8:1 in A549 at a weight ratio of 16:1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. CP25-CDs exhibited the highest transfection at a weight ratio of 16:1 in both cell lines. The in-vitro transfection of target miRNA, i.e., miR-153 in A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells with PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs, and CP25-CDs suggested successful transfer of miR-153 into cells which induced significant cell death in both cell lines. Importantly, CS-CDs and CP2-CDs could be tolerated by cells up to 200 μg/mL concentration, while PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs, and CP25-CDs showed non-cytotoxic behavior at low concentrations (25 μg/mL). Together, these results suggest that a combination of carbon dots synthesized from chitosan and PEI (CP25-CDs) could be a novel vector for transfection nucleic acids that can be utilized in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Thakur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Reena V. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, 133207, India
| | - Neelam Thakur
- School of Advance Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Joydeep Das
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, 133207, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hatoon A. Niyazi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Moulay
- Embryonic Stem Cells Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center. King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adesh K. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, 133207, India
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Huang YC, Lai JZ, Luo CL, Chuang CC, Lin TC, Wang PH, Chien FC. A Fluorescent Vector of Carbon Dot to Deliver Rab13 and Rab14 Plasmids for Promoting Neurite Outgrowth. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3739-3749. [PMID: 37679053 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The complex processes of neuron differentiation and neuron repair are critical for treating nervous system injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurite outgrowth plays a crucial role in these processes by enabling the formation of connections between neurons and the generation of neuroplasticity to restore the function of the nervous system. In this study, we fabricated functionalized carbon dots (CDs) with distinctive photoluminescence and low cytotoxicity for use as fluorescence imaging probes and nanocarriers to deliver plasmid DNAs to neurons effectively for inducing neurite outgrowth. CDs were prepared through a reflux process in nitric acid solution, and their surface was then modified using polyethylenimine (PEI) to obtain positively charged CDs for increasing the absorption of plasmid DNAs and the efficiency of cell uptake. Experimental results indicated that the fabricated CDs maintained a low cytotoxicity and exhibited a high neuron uptake of up to 97%. An improvement in the plasmid DNA ingestion of neurons resulted in enhanced expression of Rab13-Q67L and Rab14 proteins, which considerably promoted neurite sprouting and elongation. After the fabricated PEI-modified CDs were used to deliver the Rab13-Q67L and Rab14 plasmids, more than 56% of the neurons had a neurite length that was greater than twice the size of their soma. Thus, DNA delivery through functionalized CDs has a high potential for use in gene therapy for neuronal injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chin Huang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Zong Lai
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Luo
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chuang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chau Lin
- Photonic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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Jin Y, Yu W, Zhang W, Wang C, Liu Y, Yuan WE, Feng Y. A novel fluorinated polyethyleneimine with microRNA-942-5p-sponges polyplex gene delivery system for non-small-cell lung cancer therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:287-298. [PMID: 37301153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery for non-small-cell lung cancer treatment has been a challenge due to low nucleic acid binding ability, cell-wall barrier, and high cytotoxicity. Cationic polymers, such as the traditional "golden standard" polyethyleneimine (PEI) 25 kDa have emerged as a promising carrier for non-coding RNA delivery. However, the high cytotoxicity associated with its high molecular weight has limited its application in gene delivery. To address this limitation, herein, we designed a novel delivery system using fluorine-modified polyethyleneimine (PEI) 1.8 kDa for microRNA-942-5p-sponges non-coding RNA delivery. Compared to PEI 25 kDa, this novel gene delivery system demonstrated an approximately six-fold enhancement in endocytosis capability and maintain a higher cell viability. In vivo studies also showed good biosafety and anti-tumor effects, attribute to the positive charge of PEI and the hydrophobic and oleophobic properties of the fluorine-modified group. This study provides an effective gene delivery system for non-small-cell lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China., National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China., National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China., National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China., National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China., National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
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Lee B, Stokes GA, Valimukhametova A, Nguyen S, Gonzalez-Rodriguez R, Bhaloo A, Coffer J, Naumov AV. Automated Approach to In Vitro Image-Guided Photothermal Therapy with Top-Down and Bottom-Up-Synthesized Graphene Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:805. [PMID: 36903683 PMCID: PMC10005083 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials have been the subject of interest for photothermal therapy due to their high light-to-heat conversion efficiency. Based on recent studies, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are expected to possess advantageous photothermal properties and facilitate fluorescence image-tracking in the visible and near-infrared (NIR), while surpassing other graphene-based materials in their biocompatibility. Several GQD structures including reduced graphene quantum dots (RGQDs) derived from reduced graphene oxide via top-down oxidation and hyaluronic acid graphene quantum dots (HGQDs) hydrothermally bottom-up synthesized from molecular hyaluronic acid were employed to test these capabilities in the present work. These GQDs possess substantial NIR absorption and fluorescence throughout the visible and NIR beneficial for in vivo imaging while being biocompatible at up to 1.7 mg/mL concentrations. In aqueous suspensions, RGQDs and HGQDs irradiated with a low power (0.9 W/cm2) 808 nm NIR laser facilitate a temperature increase up to 47.0 °C, which is sufficient for cancer tumor ablation. In vitro photothermal experiments sampling multiple conditions directly in the 96-well plate were performed using an automated simultaneous irradiation/measurement system developed on the basis of a 3D printer. In this study, HGQDs and RGQDs facilitated the heating of HeLa cancer cells up to 54.5 °C, leading to the drastic inhibition of cell viability from over 80% down to 22.9%. GQD's fluorescence in the visible and NIR traces their successful internalization into HeLa cells maximized at 20 h suggesting both extracellular and intracellular photothermal treatment capabilities. The combination of the photothermal and imaging modalities tested in vitro makes the GQDs developed in this work prospective agents for cancer theragnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Gretel A. Stokes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Alina Valimukhametova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Steven Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | | | - Adam Bhaloo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Jeffery Coffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Anton V. Naumov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
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Liu S, Zhang M, Yu H, Sun X, Li Q, Yang M, Qiu X, Su H, Gong A, Du F. Immunoinducible Carbon Dot-Incorporated Hydrogels as a Photothermal-Derived Antigen Depot to Trigger a Robust Antitumor Immune Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7700-7712. [PMID: 36719405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic tumor cell death (ICD) induced by photothermal therapy (PTT) fails to elicit a robust antitumor immune response partially due to its inherent immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor antigen presentation. To address these issues, we developed an immunoinducible carbon dot-incorporated hydrogel (iCD@Gel) through a dynamic covalent Schiff base reaction using mannose-modified aluminum-doped carbon dots (M/A-CDs) as a cross-linking agent. The M/A-CDs possessed superior photothermal conversion efficiency and served as nanocarriers to load cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) for inducing the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) via mannose receptor-mediated targeting delivery. Upon intratumoral injection, the as-prepared iCD@Gel induced ICD, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were released via photothermal ablation under 808 nm NIR irradiation. Subsequently, the iCD@Gel synergized with the DAMPs to significantly promote the maturation and antigen cross-presentation ability of DCs. This work provides a promising strategy to develop carbon dot-based therapeutic hydrogels for photothermal therapy and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212002, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Qianzhe Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Hang Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
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10
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Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Food Industry By-Products for Cell Imaging. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020090. [PMID: 36826889 PMCID: PMC9963507 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, following a circular economy approach, we present the synthesis of luminescent carbon dots via the thermal treatment of chestnut and peanut shells, which are abundant carbon-rich food industry by-products. As-synthesized carbon dots have excellent water dispersibility thanks to their negative surface groups, good luminescence, and photo-stability. The excitation-emission behaviour as well as the surface functionalization of these carbon dots can be tuned by changing the carbon source (chestnuts or peanuts) and the dispersing medium (water or ammonium hydroxide solution). Preliminary in vitro biological data proved that the samples are not cytotoxic to fibroblasts and can act as luminescent probes for cellular imaging. In addition, these carbon dots have a pH-dependent luminescence and may, therefore, serve as cellular pH sensors. This work paves the way towards the development of more sustainable carbon dot production for biomedical applications.
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11
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Wu Y, Zhu J, Li Q, Yang M, Sun X, Zheng G, Du F, Zhang M. Fabrication of manganese-coordinated polyphenol carbon dots for photothermal therapy and immune activation. Cancer Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-022-00136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy (PTT) is capable of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) and eradicating local tumor via hyperthermia. However, it can hardly prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis owing to inadequate immune activation.
Results
To this end, manganese-coordinated polyphenol carbon dots (MP-CDs) were synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization and metal–polyphenol coordination. This prepared MP-CDs had ultra-small particle size of 5 nm, excellent optical performance, good dispersibility in water and favorable biocompatibility. Under 808 nm near-infrared laser irradiation, the MP-CDs with high photothermal conversion efficiency could kill tumor cells and induce the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from tumor cells. Notably, the MP-CDs can promote the maturation and antigen presentation ability of dendritic cells (DCs) via manganese-mediated immune activation.
Conclusion
The present work offers a versatile strategy to integrate functional metal into CDs via metal–polyphenol coordination for photothermal/immune therapy.
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12
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Tao J, Zou H, Liao X, Lu X, Cao J, Pan J, Li C, Zheng Y. Fabrication of FA/HA-functionalized carbon dots for human breast cancer cell targeted imaging. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103099. [PMID: 36055626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by one-step hydrothermal method and then modified into folic acid functionalized carbon dots (FA-CDs) and hyaluronic acid functionalized carbon dots (HA-CDs) with targeted function to study their application in breast cancer cells imaging. The microstructure of the CDs observed through TEM showed the CDs with a scale of 2.69 nm. FT-IR and XPS showed the changes of bonds and functional groups that confirmed the transformation of COOH and NH2 to amide bonds. FA-CDs and HA-CDs had good water solubility and cytocompatibility, which laid a foundation for their application in human breast cancer cells imaging. At the same time, FA-CDs and HA-CDs had strong fluorescence excitation, and the optimal emission wavelength was about 450 nm. In fluorescence imaging of cells, carbon dots had bright green fluorescence in both breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) and normal cells (EC cells). After targeted endocytosis, FA-CDs and HA-CDs could emit bright green fluorescence in cancer cells but could not in normal cells, which proved that the synthesized FA-CDs and HA-CDs had targeting properties. FA-CDs and HA-CDs could be used to accurately identify breast cancer cells and normal cells as cancer diagnosis material, which had the potential application in early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Tao
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Liao
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Lu
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Pan
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaorong Li
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Department of Physics, and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Wang L, Gu D, Su Y, Ji D, Yang Y, Chen K, Pan H, Pan W. Easy Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Carbon Dots Using the One-Pot Green Method for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2423. [PMID: 36365242 PMCID: PMC9696114 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were used for the synthesis of novel targeted nanocarrier carbon dots (CDC-H) with photo-luminescence using a one-step hydrothermal method. Doxorubicin (DOX), a common chemotherapeutic agent, was loaded with the CDC-H through electrostatic interactions to form DOX-CDC-H complexes as a targeted antitumor drug delivery system. The synthesized CDC-H show a particle size of approximately 6 nm and a high fluorescence quantum yield of 11.64%. The physical and chemical character properties of CDC-H and DOX-CDC-H complexes were investigated using various techniques. The results show that CDC-H have stable luminescent properties and exhibit excellent water solubility. The in vitro release study showed that DOX-CDC-H exhibited pH-dependent release for 24 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was applied to investigate the potential of CDC-H for cell imaging and the cellular uptake of DOX-CDC-H in different cells (NIH-3T3 and 4T1 cells), and the results confirmed the target cell imaging and cellular uptake of DOX-CDC-H by specifically binding the CD44 receptors on the surface of tumor cells. The r MTT results suggest that the DOX-CDC-H complex may induce apoptosis in 4T1 cells, reducing the cytotoxicity of free DOX-induced apoptosis. In vivo antitumor experiments of DOX-CDC-H exhibited enhanced tumor cancer therapy. CDC-H have potential applications in bioimaging and antitumor drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Donghao Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yupei Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongxu Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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14
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Li P, Xue S, Sun L, Zong X, An L, Qu D, Wang X, Sun Z. Formation and fluorescent mechanism of red emissive carbon dots from o-phenylenediamine and catechol system. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:298. [PMID: 36229434 PMCID: PMC9561683 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) as the advancing fluorescent carbon nanomaterial have superior potential and prospective. However, the ambiguous photoluminescence (PL) mechanism and intricate structure-function relationship become the greatest hindrances in the development and applications of CDs. Herein, red emissive CDs were synthesized in high yield from o-phenylenediamine (oPD) and catechol (CAT). The PL mechanism of the CDs is considered as the molecular state fluorophores because 5,14-dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b] phenazine (DHQP) is separated and exhibits the same PL properties and behavior as the CDs. These include the peak position and shape of the PL emission and PL excitation and the emission dependence on pH and solvent polarity. Both of them display close PL lifetime decays. Based on these, we deduce that DHQP is the fluorophore of the red emissive CDs and the PL mechanism of CDs is similar to DHQP. During the PL emission of CDs, the electron of the molecule state can transfer to CDs. The formation process of DHQP is further confirmed by the reaction intermediates (phthalazine, dimers) and oPD. These findings provide insights into the PL mechanism of this type of CDs and may guide the further development of tunable CDs for tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xupeng Zong
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China.
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15
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Carneiro SV, Oliveira JJP, Rodrigues VSF, Fechine LMUD, Antunes RA, Neto MLA, de Moura TA, César CL, de Carvalho HF, Paschoal AR, Freire RM, Fechine PBA. Doped Carbon Quantum Dots/PVA Nanocomposite as a Platform to Sense Nitrite Ions in Meat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43597-43611. [PMID: 36103380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sensor device based on doped-carbon quantum dots is proposed herein for detection of nitrite in meat products by fluorescence quenching. For the sensing platform, carbon quantum dots doped with boron and functionalized with nitrogen (B,N-Cdot) were synthesized with an excellent 44.3% quantum yield via a one-step hydrothermal route using citric acid, boric acid, and branched polyethylenimine as carbon, boron, and nitrogen sources, respectively. After investigation of their chemical structure and fluorescent properties, the B,N-Cdot at aqueous suspensions showed high selectivity for NO2- in a linear range from 20 to 50 mmol L-1 under optimum conditions at pH 7.4 and a 340 nm excitation. Furthermore, the prepared B,N-Cdots successfully detected NO2- in a real meat sample with recovery of 91.4-104% within the analyzed range. In this manner, a B,N-Cdot/PVA nanocomposite film with blue emission under excitation at 360 nm was prepared, and a first assay detection of NO2- in meat products was tested using a smartphone application. The potential application of the newly developed sensing device containing a highly fluorescent probe should aid in the development of a rapid and inexpensive strategy for NO2- detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Veloso Carneiro
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Group (GQMat), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Joelson Pires Oliveira
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Group (GQMat), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vivian Stephanie Ferreira Rodrigues
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Group (GQMat), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lillian Maria Uchoa Dutra Fechine
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Group (GQMat), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renato Altobelli Antunes
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Lourenço Alves Neto
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, IFGW - Unicamp Cid. Universitária, 13083863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves de Moura
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lenz César
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, IFGW - Unicamp Cid. Universitária, 13083863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes Faustino de Carvalho
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, IFGW - Unicamp Cid. Universitária, 13083863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology - IB - CP, 6109 UNICAMP Cid. Universitária, 13083863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rocha Paschoal
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Melo Freire
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environment, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Centro Regional La Platina, Santiago 8820000, Chile
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Group (GQMat), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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16
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Liu S, Zhong Z, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Fu C, Xu X. Targeted therapy for the treatment of gliomas with multifunctional orange emissive carbon dots. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:894-903. [PMID: 36131815 PMCID: PMC9418263 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00722j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As a nano-material, carbon dots have been extensively studied and applied in many ways. Herein, iron-doped orange emissive carbon dots (ICDs) were easily synthesized using the hydrothermal method and coupled with Trf and glucose oxidase (GOD) simply by virtue of the abundant functional groups on their surface. The resulting carbon dots were named IGTCDs. The obtained IGTCDs possessed targeting, therapeutic and imaging functions, achieving the enzymolysis of glucose, the decomposition of H2O2 and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) sequentially in gliomas as a multifunctional nano-catalyst, and achieving an efficient glioma targeted killing effect. On the basis of the ideal biocompatibility of the IGTCDs with a cell survival rate of over 85%, even at a high concentration (500 μg ml-1), the IGTCDs, which were coupled substances present within the organism, glucose oxidase and transferrins, showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of tumor cells, and the survival rate of the C6 cells was only 28.10% at 300 μg ml-1. The highly efficient anti-tumor effect was further demonstrated in the treatment of mice suffering from glioma, and the tumor inhibition rate was increased to 56.21-98.32%. This safe and effective multifunctional tumor inhibitor could be conveniently synthesized in large quantities, verifying the feasibility of the anti-tumor therapy based on the tumor microenvironment (TME), creating a novel method for the application of carbon dots in tumor treatment and providing a novel, reasonable and effective method for the treatment of cancer and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Liu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhuoling Zhong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yanqu Zhou
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Chunmei Fu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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17
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Behi M, Gholami L, Naficy S, Palomba S, Dehghani F. Carbon dots: a novel platform for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:353-376. [PMID: 36132691 PMCID: PMC9419304 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a recently synthesised class of carbon-based nanostructures known as zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, which have drawn a great deal of attention owing to their distinctive features, which encompass optical properties (e.g., photoluminescence), ease of passivation, low cost, simple synthetic route, accessibility of precursors and other properties. These newly synthesised nano-sized materials can replace traditional semiconductor quantum dots, which exhibit significant toxicity drawbacks and higher cost. It is demonstrated that their involvement in diverse areas of chemical and bio-sensing, bio-imaging, drug delivery, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and light-emitting devices consider them as flawless and potential candidates for biomedical application. In this review, we provide a classification of CDs within their extended families, an overview of the different methods of CDs preparation, especially from natural sources, i.e., environmentally friendly and their unique photoluminescence properties, thoroughly describing the peculiar aspects of their applications in the biomedical field, where we think they will thrive as the next generation of quantum emitters. We believe that this review covers a niche that was not reviewed by other similar publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Behi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Leila Gholami
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science Mashhad Iran
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Stefano Palomba
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
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18
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Qi C, Wang H, Yang A, Wang X, Xu J. Facile Fabrication of Highly Fluorescent N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Using an Ultrasonic-Assisted Hydrothermal Method: Optical Properties and Cell Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32904-32916. [PMID: 34901641 PMCID: PMC8655932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent N-doped carbon nanodots (CNDs) are a type of environmentally friendly nanomaterial that is promising for application in cell imaging and optoelectronics. In this paper, a natural amino acid (l-glutamic acid) was used as a precursor, and two different morphological and structured N-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized via a one-step ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method at 230 and 250 °C. Various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize the morphology, structure, optical properties, and stability of the CQDs. The results showed that N-CQDs-1 are new CNDs composed of amorphous carbon with a large amount of pyroglutamic acid, and N-CQDs-2 are composed of pure amorphous carbon. The CQDs exhibit excellent optical properties, such as 40.5% quantum yield, strong photobleaching resistance, and superior photostability. Combining the fluorescence lifetimes and radiative and non-radiative decay constants, the photoluminescence mechanism of the CQDs was qualitatively explained. The two CQDs were used for BV2 cell imaging and showed good results, implying the ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal approach as a facile method to obtain structure- and morphology-controllable N-doped CQDs with prospect for application in cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qi
- College
of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huaidong Wang
- College
of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ailing Yang
- College
of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- College
of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College
of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
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19
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Wang L, Pan H, Gu D, Li P, Su Y, Pan W. A composite System Combining Self-Targeted Carbon Dots and Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Challenging Ocular Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1391-1400. [PMID: 34563534 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We developed a composite system combining self-targeted carbon dots and thermosensitive in situ hydrogels for ocular drug delivery of diclofenac sodium (DS). DS-CDC-HP nanoparticles were prepared by loading DS on the surface of CDC-HP via electrostatic interactions. An orthogonal experimental design was selected to screen the optimal thermosensitive hydrogel matrices and then DS-CDC-HP nanoparticles were embedded to form the composite system. The physicochemical properties and release behavior of this system were characterized, and in vivo fluorescence imaging was carried out. Corneal penetrability and in vitro cellular studies (cytotoxicity, cell imaging and cell uptake) were performed to test the feasibility and potential of this ocular delivery system. Finally, the optimal gel matrix consisting of Poloxamer 407: Poloxamer 188: HPMC E50 was 21:1:1 (w/v %), and the gelation temperature before adding artificial tear fluid was 26.67°C and 34.29°C, respectively. This system has the characteristics of biphasic drug release. In addition, the corneal penetrability and in vivo fluorescence study indicated that corneal transmittance was enhanced and drug retention time was extended. Cellular studies revealed that the DS-CDC-HP-Gel has good cytocompatibility and CD44 targeting. In summary, this composite system combines carbon dots with hydrogels, offering new potential for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Donghao Gu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pingfei Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yupei Su
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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20
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Bayda S, Amadio E, Cailotto S, Frión-Herrera Y, Perosa A, Rizzolio F. Carbon dots for cancer nanomedicine: a bright future. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5183-5221. [PMID: 36132627 PMCID: PMC9419712 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the main causes of death in the world. Early diagnosis and effective cancer therapies are required to treat this pathology. Traditional therapeutic approaches are limited by lack of specificity and systemic toxicity. In this scenario, nanomaterials could overcome many limitations of conventional approaches by reducing side effects, increasing tumor accumulation and improving the efficacy of drugs. In the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials (i.e., fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots) have attracted significant attention of researchers in various scientific fields including biomedicine due to their unique physical/chemical properties and biological compatibility and are among the most promising materials that have already changed and will keep changing human life. Recently, because of their functionalization and stability, carbon nanomaterials have been explored as a novel tool for the delivery of therapeutic cancer drugs. In this review, we present an overview of the development of carbon dot nanomaterials in the nanomedicine field by focusing on their synthesis, and structural and optical properties as well as their imaging, therapy and cargo delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bayda
- Faculty of Sciences, Jinan University Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Emanuele Amadio
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice Italy
| | - Simone Cailotto
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice Italy
| | - Yahima Frión-Herrera
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice Italy
| | - Alvise Perosa
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice Italy
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute 33081 Aviano Italy
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21
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Wang L, Pan H, Gu D, Sun H, Chen K, Tan G, Pan W. A Novel Carbon Dots/Thermo-Sensitive In Situ Gel for a Composite Ocular Drug Delivery System: Characterization, Ex-Vivo Imaging, and In Vivo Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189934. [PMID: 34576093 PMCID: PMC8464813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a potential composite ocular drug delivery system for the topical administration of diclofenac sodium (DS). The novel carbon dot CDC-HP was synthesized by the pyrolysis of hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan through a one-step hydrothermal method and then embedded in a thermosensitive in situ gel of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 through swelling loading. The physicochemical characteristics of these carbon dots were investigated. The results of the in vitro release test showed that this composite ocular drug delivery system (DS-CDC-HP-Gel) exhibited sustained release for 12 h. The study of the ex vivo fluorescence distribution in ocular tissues showed that it could be used for bioimaging and tracing in ocular tissues and prolong precorneal retention. Elimination profiles in tears corresponded to the study of ex vivo fluorescence imaging. The area under the curve of DS in the aqueous humor in the DS-CDC-HP-Gel group was 3.45-fold that in the DS eye drops group, indicating a longer precorneal retention time. DS-CDC-HP with a positive charge and combined with a thermosensitive in situ gel might strengthen adherence to the corneal surface and prolong the ocular surface retention time to improve the bioavailability. This composite ocular delivery system possesses potential applications in ocular imaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.W.); (D.G.); (H.S.); (K.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Hao Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China;
| | - Donghao Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.W.); (D.G.); (H.S.); (K.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Haowei Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.W.); (D.G.); (H.S.); (K.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.W.); (D.G.); (H.S.); (K.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Guoxin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.W.); (D.G.); (H.S.); (K.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Weisan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.W.); (D.G.); (H.S.); (K.C.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: or
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22
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Wang B, Song H, Qu X, Chang J, Yang B, Lu S. Carbon dots as a new class of nanomedicines: Opportunities and challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nayak S, Das P. Covalent Conjugation of Carbon Dots with Plasmid and DNA Condensation Thereafter: Realistic Insights into the Condensate Morphology, Energetics, and Photophysics. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21425-21435. [PMID: 34471745 PMCID: PMC8387987 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of carbon quantum dots (CDs) as trackable nanocarriers for plasmid and gene as hybrid DNA condensates has gained momentum, as evident from the significant recent research efforts. However, the in-depth morphology of the condensates, the energetics of the condensation process, and the photophysical aspects of the CD are not well understood and often disregarded. Herein, for the first time, we covalently attached linearized pUC19 with citric acid and cysteamine-derived CD through the reaction of the surface amine groups of CDs with the 5'-phospho-methyl imidazolide derivative of the plasmid to obtain a 1:1 CD-pUC19 covalent conjugate. The CD-pUC19 conjugates were further transformed into DNA condensates with spermine that displayed a toroidal morphology with a diameter of ∼200 nm involving ∼2-5 CD-pUC19 conjugates in a single condensate. While the interaction of pristine CD to spermine was exothermic, the binding of the CD-pUC19 conjugate with spermine was endothermic and primarily entropy-driven. The condensed plasmid displayed severe conformational stress and deviation from the B-form due to the compact packing of the DNA but better transfection ability than the pristine CD. The CDs in the condensates tend to come close to each other at the core that results in their shielding from excitation. However, this does not prevent them from emanating reactive oxygen species on visible light exposure that compromises the decondensation process and cell viability at higher exposure times, calling for utmost caution in establishing them as nonviral transfecting agents universally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, 801106 Bihar, India
| | - Prolay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, 801106 Bihar, India
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24
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Kundu S, Ghosh M, Sarkar N. State of the Art and Perspectives on the Biofunctionalization of Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters and Carbon Quantum Dots for Targeted Imaging and Drug Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9281-9301. [PMID: 34297580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interface of nanobio science and cancer nanomedicine is one of the most important current frontiers in research, being full of opportunities and challenges. Ultrasmall fluorescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising fluorescent nanomaterials due to their unique physicochemical and optical properties, facile surface functionalization, good photostability, biocompatibility, and aqueous dispersity. These characteristics make them advantageous over conventional fluorophores such as organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) for the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Recently, researchers have focused on the biofunctionalization strategy of the MNCs and CQDs which can tailor their physicochemical and biological properties and, in turn, can empower these biofunctionalized nanoprobes for diverse applications including imaging, drug delivery, theranostics, and other biomedical applications. In this invited feature article, we first discuss some fundamental structural and physicochemical characteristics of the fluorescent biocompatible quantum-sized nanomaterials which have some outstanding features for the development of multiplexed imaging probes, delivery vehicles, and cancer nanomedicine. We then demonstrate the diverse surface engineering of these fluorescent nanomaterials with reactive target specific functional groups which can help to construct multifunctional nanoprobes with improved targeting capabilities having minimal toxicity. The promising future of the biofunctionalized fluorescent quantum-sized nanomaterials in the field of bioanalytical and biomedical research is elaborately demonstrated, showing selected recent works with relevant applications. This invited feature article finally ends with a short discussion of the current challenges and future prospects of the development of these bioconjugated/biofunctionalized nanomaterials to provide insight into this burgeoning field of MNC- and CQD-based diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
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Ge G, Li L, Wang D, Chen M, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Wu X, Guo C. Carbon dots: synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6553-6575. [PMID: 34328147 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a new type of carbon nanomaterial that have unique physical and chemical properties, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and easy surface functionalization, making them widely used in biological imaging, environmental monitoring, chemical analysis, targeted drug delivery, disease diagnosis, therapy, etc. In this review, our content is mainly divided into four parts. In the first part, we focused on the preparation methods of CDs, including arc discharge, laser ablation, electrochemical oxidation, chemical oxidation, combustion, hydrothermal/solvent thermal, microwave, template, method etc. Next, we summarized methods of CD modification, including heteroatom doping and surface functionalization. Then, we discussed the optical properties of CDs (ultraviolet absorption, photoluminescence, up-conversion fluorescence, etc.). Lastly, we reviewed the common applications of CDs in biomedicine from the aspects of in vivo and in vitro imaging, sensors, drug delivery, cancer theranostics, etc. Furthermore, we also discussed the existing problems and the future development direction of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guili Ge
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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26
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Cai R, Xiao L, Qiu J, Zhao L, Li Z, Ju H, Sun M, Zhu W, Wang Z, Du F. Fabrication of cerium doped carbon dots with highly radical scavenging activity alleviates ferroptosis-induced oxidative damage. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:395605. [PMID: 34161927 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0dd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis as an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation process causes sevely oxidative damage of cell, but lack of highly efficient and recycable antioxidant agents. To this end, cerium doped carbon dots (Ce-doped CDs) with radical scavenging activity were synthesized using a simple microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization. The resultant Ce-doped CDs exhibited an ultra-small size of only approximately 2.6 nm, excellent dispersion in water as well as optical performance. Taking advantage of inherent ultra-small size, Ce-doped CDs were endowed with high Ce3+/Ce4+ratio, which significantly enhanced their radical scavenging activity. Meanwhile, the Ce-doped CDs with superior biocompatibility could enter cells quickly and then localized in the cytoplasm. As we expected, the Ce-doped CDs strongly protected cells from oxidative damage of erastin-mediated ferroptosis. These findings suggest that the as-prepared Ce-doped CDs have the potential to be antioxidant drugs against for ferroptosis-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Xiao
- Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Qiu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixiang Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Du
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
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27
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Havrdová M, Urbančič I, Bartoň Tománková K, Malina L, Štrancar J, Bourlinos AB. Self-Targeting of Carbon Dots into the Cell Nucleus: Diverse Mechanisms of Toxicity in NIH/3T3 and L929 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115608. [PMID: 34070594 PMCID: PMC8198156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the nanomaterials intracellular trafficking and distribution and investigate their targeting into the nuclear area in the living cells. In our previous study, we firstly observed penetration of nonmodified positively charged carbon dots decorated with quaternary ammonium groups (QCDs) into the nucleus of mouse NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Thus, in this work, we focused on deeper study of QCDs distribution inside two healthy mouse NIH/3T3 and L929 cell lines by fluorescence microspectroscopy and performed a comprehensive cytotoxic and DNA damage measurements. Real-time penetration of QCDs across the plasma cell membrane was recorded, concentration dependent uptake was determined and endocytic pathways were characterized. We found out that the QCDs concentration of 200 µg/mL is close to saturation and subsequently, NIH/3T3 had a different cell cycle profile, however, no significant changes in viability (not even in the case with QCDs in the nuclei) and DNA damage. In the case of L929, the presence of QCDs in the nucleus evoked a cellular death. Intranuclear environment of NIH/3T3 cells affected fluorescent properties of QCDs and evoked fluorescence blue shifts. Studying the intracellular interactions with CDs is essential for development of future applications such as DNA sensing, because CDs as DNA probes have not yet been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Havrdová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Křížkovského 511/8, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-58-563-4384
| | - Iztok Urbančič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.U.); (J.Š.)
| | - Kateřina Bartoň Tománková
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translation Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (K.B.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Lukáš Malina
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translation Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (K.B.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Janez Štrancar
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.U.); (J.Š.)
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28
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Wu H, Xu H, Shi Y, Yuan T, Meng T, Zhang Y, Xie W, Li X, Li Y, Fan L. Recent Advance in Carbon Dots: From Properties to Applications. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yuxin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Ting Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Ting Meng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Wenjing Xie
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yunchao Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
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29
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Carbon Dot Nanoparticles: Exploring the Potential Use for Gene Delivery in Ophthalmic Diseases. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040935. [PMID: 33917548 PMCID: PMC8067473 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocular gene therapy offers significant potential for preventing retinal dystrophy in patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD). Adeno-associated virus (AAV) based gene transfer is the most common and successful gene delivery approach to the eye. These days, many studies are using non-viral nanoparticles (NPs) as an alternative therapeutic option because of their unique properties and biocompatibility. Here, we discuss the potential of carbon dots (CDs), a new type of nanocarrier for gene delivery to the retinal cells. The unique physicochemical properties of CDs (such as optical, electronic, and catalytic) make them suitable for biosensing, imaging, drug, and gene delivery applications. Efficient gene delivery to the retinal cells using CDs depends on various factors, such as photoluminescence, quantum yield, biocompatibility, size, and shape. In this review, we focused on different approaches used to synthesize CDs, classify CDs, various pathways for the intake of gene-loaded carbon nanoparticles inside the cell, and multiple studies that worked on transferring nucleic acid in the eye using CDs.
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30
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Recent Developments in Carbon Quantum Dots: Properties, Fabrication Techniques, and Bio-Applications. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots have gained tremendous interest attributable to their unique features. Two approaches are involved in the fabrication of quantum dots (Top-down and Bottom-up). Most of the synthesis methods are usually multistep, required harsh conditions, and costly carbon sources that may have a toxic effect, therefore green synthesis is more preferable. Herein, the current review presents the green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that having a wide range of potential applications in bio-sensing, cellular imaging, and drug delivery. However, some drawbacks and limitations are still unclear. Other biomedical and biotechnological applications are also highlighted.
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31
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Cohen EN, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Carbon Dots as Nanotherapeutics for Biomedical Application. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2207-2221. [PMID: 32238132 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200402102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots are zero-dimensional spherical allotropes of carbon and are less than 10nm in size (ranging from 2-8nm). Based on their biocompatibility, remarkable water solubility, eco- friendliness, conductivity, desirable optical properties and low toxicity, carbon dots have revolutionized the biomedical field. In addition, they have intrinsic photo-luminesce to facilitate bio-imaging, bio-sensing and theranostics. Carbon dots are also ideal for targeted drug delivery. Through functionalization of their surfaces for attachment of receptor-specific ligands, they ultimately result in improved drug efficacy and a decrease in side-effects. This feature may be ideal for effective chemo-, gene- and antibiotic-therapy. Carbon dots also comply with green chemistry principles with regard to their safe, rapid and eco-friendly synthesis. Carbon dots thus, have significantly enhanced drug delivery and exhibit much promise for future biomedical applications. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the various applications of carbon dots in biomedical fields. In doing so, this review highlights the synthesis, surface functionalization and applicability of biodegradable polymers for the synthesis of carbon dots. It further highlights a myriad of biodegradable, biocompatible and cost-effective polymers that can be utilized for the fabrication of carbon dots. The limitations of these polymers are illustrated as well. Additionally, this review discusses the application of carbon dots in theranostics, chemo-sensing and targeted drug delivery systems. This review also serves to discuss the various properties of carbon dots which allow chemotherapy and gene therapy to be safer and more target-specific, resulting in the reduction of side effects experienced by patients and also the overall increase in patient compliance and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eemaan N Cohen
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pierre P D Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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Abstract
Significant progress was achieved presently in the development of metallic foam-like materials improved by biocompatible coatings. Material properties of the iron, magnesium, zinc, and their alloys are promising for their uses in medical applications, especially for orthopedic and bone tissue purposes. Current processing technologies and a variety of modifications of the surface and composition facilitate the design of adjusted medical devices with desirable mechanical, morphological, and functional properties. This article reviews the recent progress in the design of advanced degradable metallic biomaterials perfected by different coatings: polymer, inorganic ceramic, and metallic. Appropriate coating of metallic foams could improve the biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bone tissue-bonding properties. In this paper, a comprehensive review of different coating types used for the enhancement of one or several properties of biodegradable porous implants is given. An outline of the conventional preparation methods of metallic foams and a brief overview of different alloys for medical applications are also provided. In addition, current challenges and future research directions of processing and surface modifications of biodegradable metallic foams for medical applications are suggested.
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33
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Zou S, Guo F, Wu L, Ju H, Sun M, Cai R, Xu L, Gong Y, Gong A, Zhang M, Du F. One-pot synthesis of cerium and praseodymium co-doped carbon quantum dots as enhanced antioxidant for hydroxyl radical scavenging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:165101. [PMID: 31766034 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5b40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of ceria nanoparticles is tightly regulated by size distribution and heteroatom doping. Inspired by this rule, cerium and praseodymium codoped carbon quantum dots (Ce/Pr-CQDs) were synthesized through the one-pot hydrothermal carbonization method. Taking intrinsic advantage of CQDs, the resultant Ce/Pr-CQDs exhibited uniform and ultra-small morphology with an average size of 2.8 nm, which led to an increased proportion of Ce3+. In addition, the doping of Pr into Ce-CQDs improved the redox properties. As we expected, the Ce/Pr-CQDs possessed enhanced hydroxyl radical scavenging properties compared with the cerium-doped carbon quantum dots (Ce-CQDs). Furthermore, Ce/Pr-CQDs with favorable biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity are readily internalized into cytoplasm, decreasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, the resultant Ce/Pr-CQDs displayed great potential for applications relating to oxidative-stress-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Zou
- Department of Hepatosis, The Affiliated Third Hospital of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
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Ali H, Ghosh S, Jana NR. Fluorescent carbon dots as intracellular imaging probes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1617. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Ali
- School of Materials Science Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata India
| | - Santu Ghosh
- School of Materials Science Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata India
| | - Nikhil R. Jana
- School of Materials Science Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata India
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Iravani S, Varma RS. Green synthesis, biomedical and biotechnological applications of carbon and graphene quantum dots. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 18:703-727. [PMID: 32206050 PMCID: PMC7088420 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-00984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and graphene quantum dots are prepared using top-down and bottom-up methods. Sustainable synthesis of quantum dots has several advantages such as the use of low-cost and non-toxic raw materials, simple operations, expeditious reactions, renewable resources and straightforward post-processing steps. These nanomaterials are promising for clinical and biomedical sciences, especially in bioimaging, diagnosis, bioanalytical assays and biosensors. Here we review green methods for the fabrication of quantum dots, and biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Guo X, Yuan Z, Xu Y, Wei M, Fang Z, Yuan WE. A fluorinated low-molecular-weight PEI/HIF-1α shRNA polyplex system for hemangioma therapy. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2129-2142. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNAi technology targeting HIF-1α could benefit hemangioma therapy effectively and FPEI polyplexes which could inhibit the expression of HIF-1α at the translational level can provide a practicable strategy for clinical hemangioma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Zihan Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Minyan Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
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37
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Sharma A, Das J. Small molecules derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and biomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:92. [PMID: 31451110 PMCID: PMC6709552 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are the new fellow of carbon family having a size less than 10 nm and attracted much attention of researchers since the last decade because of their unique characteristics, such as inexpensive and facile synthesis methods, easy surface modification, excellent photoluminescence, outstanding water solubility, and low toxicity. Due to these unique characteristics, CDs have been extensively applied in different kind of scientific disciplines. For example in the photocatalytic reactions, drug-gene delivery system, in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, chemical and biological sensing as well as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Mainly two types of methods are available in the literature to synthesize CDs: the top-down approach, which refers to breaking down a more massive carbon structure into nanoscale particles; the bottom-up approach, which refers to the synthesis of CDs from smaller carbon units (small organic molecules). Many review articles are available in the literature regarding the synthesis and applications of CDs. However, there is no such review article describing the synthesis and complete application of CDs derived from small organic molecules together. In this review, we have summarized the progress of research on CDs regarding its synthesis from small organic molecules (bottom-up approach) via hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic treatment, and thermal decomposition techniques as well as applications in the field of bioimaging, drug/gene delivery system, fluorescence-based sensing, photocatalytic reactions, photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and photo-thermal (PTT) therapy based on the available literature. Finally, the challenges and future direction of CDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Joydeep Das
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Solan, HP, 173229, India.
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38
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Zhang M, Zhao L, Du F, Wu Y, Cai R, Xu L, Jin H, Zou S, Gong A, Du F. Facile synthesis of cerium-doped carbon quantum dots as a highly efficient antioxidant for free radical scavenging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:325101. [PMID: 30909174 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab12ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to irreversible damage to the human body in vivo, therefore it is highly desirable to exploit an efficient antioxidant. Recently, cerium oxide nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention in the field of biomedicine due to their excellent antioxidant properties. In this study, cerium-doped carbon quantum dots (Ce-doped CQDs) with hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity were synthesized for first time by one-step hydrothermal carbonization method. The resultant Ce-doped CQDs with the average particle size of 2.5 nm possessed the properties of good water solubility, colloid stability, and strong fluorescence, which are similar to traditional CQDs. Meanwhile, the Ce-doped CQDs had good biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity. Taking advantage of inherent ultra-small size, the Ce-doped CQDs exhibited a high Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio at the surface of particles. The radical scavenging capability of the Ce-doped CQDs was proved by a simple photometric system in vitro, which provided direct evidence for its antioxidant potency. Furthermore, the Ce-doped CQDs had a high ability to protect cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced damage by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. These results suggest that Ce-doped CQDs as a new ROS scavenger may provide potential prospects for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- School of medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
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39
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Preparation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography material by sequential electrostatic deposition of layers of polyethyleneimine and hyaluronic acid for enrichment of glycopeptides. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:600. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Wang Q, Zhu M, Dai B, Zhang J. A novel and effective Zn/PEI-MCM catalyst for the acetylene hydration to acetaldehyde. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Boakye-Yiadom KO, Kesse S, Opoku-Damoah Y, Filli MS, Aquib M, Joelle MMB, Farooq MA, Mavlyanova R, Raza F, Bavi R, Wang B. Carbon dots: Applications in bioimaging and theranostics. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:308-317. [PMID: 31015004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are a carbonaceous nanomaterial that were discovered accidentally and are now drawing significant attention as a new quantum-sized fluorescent nanoparticle. Carbon dots are biocompatible, non-toxic, photostable, and easily functionalized with good photoluminescence and water solubility. Due to these unique properties, they are used broadly in live cell imaging, catalysis, electronics, biosensing, power, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. Here, we review the recent development of carbon dots in nanomedicine from their use in drug carriers to imaging agents to multifunctional theranostic systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and views on next-generation carbon dot-based theranostics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Samuel Kesse
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaw Opoku-Damoah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mensura Sied Filli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Md Aquib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mily Maviah Bazezy Joelle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rukhshona Mavlyanova
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rohit Bavi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Pirsaheb M, Mohammadi S, Salimi A, Payandeh M. Functionalized fluorescent carbon nanostructures for targeted imaging of cancer cells: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:231. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Yao Y, Niu D, Lee CH, Li Y, Li P. Aqueous Synthesis of Multi‐Carbon Dot Cross‐Linked Polyethyleneimine Particles with Enhanced Photoluminescent Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800869. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Dechao Niu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Hao Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
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44
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Mohammadinejad R, Dadashzadeh A, Moghassemi S, Ashrafizadeh M, Dehshahri A, Pardakhty A, Sassan H, Sohrevardi SM, Mandegary A. Shedding light on gene therapy: Carbon dots for the minimally invasive image-guided delivery of plasmids and noncoding RNAs - A review. J Adv Res 2019; 18:81-93. [PMID: 30828478 PMCID: PMC6383136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have attracted great attention due to their superior properties, such as biocompatibility, fluorescence, high quantum yield, and uniform distribution. These characteristics make CDs interesting for bioimaging, therapeutic delivery, optogenetics, and theranostics. Photoluminescence (PL) properties enable CDs to act as imaging-trackable gene nanocarriers, while cationic CDs with high transfection efficiency have been applied for plasmid DNA and siRNA delivery. In this review, we have highlighted the precursors, structure and properties of positively charged CDs to demonstrate the various applications of these materials for nucleic acid delivery. Additionally, the potential of CDs as trackable gene delivery systems has been discussed. Although there are several reports on cellular and animal approaches to investigating the potential clinical applications of these nanomaterials, further systematic multidisciplinary approaches are required to examine the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution patterns of CDs for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Moghassemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box: 71345-1583, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Sassan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mojtaba Sohrevardi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Silences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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45
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Mickaël C, Jiahui F, Mickaël R, Françoise P, Luc L. Influence of carbonization conditions on luminescence and gene delivery properties of nitrogen-doped carbon dots. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3493-3502. [PMID: 35518969 PMCID: PMC9060250 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have been intensively investigated due to their unique photoluminescence (PL) properties that are improved through surface passivation with nitrogen-containing groups. Recently, gene delivery applications emerged as passivation of CDs may yield positively charged nanoparticles that can interact with negatively charged nucleic acids. However previous work in the field focused on the use of high molecular weight polyamines for CD passivation, posing the problem of the separation of nanoparticles from residual polymer that is harmful to cells. In this work, cationic CDs were prepared by pyrolysis of citric acid/bPEI600 (1/4, w/w) so unreacted low molecular weight reagents could be conveniently eliminated by extensive dialysis. Various reaction conditions and activation modes were evaluated and eleven CDs that exhibited superior solubility in water were produced. All the nanoparticles were characterized with respect to their physical, optical and PL properties and their ability to deliver plasmid DNA to mammal cells was evaluated. Despite their similar physical properties, the CDs displayed marked differences in their gene delivery efficiency. CDs produced under microwave irradiation in a domestic oven were revealed to be superior to all the other nanoparticles produced in this study and compared to the gold standard transfection reagent bPEI25k, with an optimal CD/pDNA w/w ratio that was significantly down shifted, as was the associated cytotoxicity. Carbon dots prepared from citric acid and bPEI600 using various activation modes were evaluated as gene delivery reagents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudel Mickaël
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives
- UMR 7199 CNRS – Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- France
| | - Fan Jiahui
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives
- UMR 7199 CNRS – Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- France
| | - Rapp Mickaël
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives
- UMR 7199 CNRS – Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- France
| | - Pons Françoise
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives
- UMR 7199 CNRS – Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- France
| | - Lebeau Luc
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives
- UMR 7199 CNRS – Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- France
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46
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Li F, Cai Q, Hao X, Zhao C, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Lin X, Weng S. Insight into the DNA adsorption on nitrogen-doped positive carbon dots. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12462-12469. [PMID: 35515841 PMCID: PMC9063714 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00881k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable biosensors have been fabricated on the basis of DNA interaction with carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Few studies have focused on the rational design of sensors between carbon dots (CDs) and DNA due to the limited understanding of the real forces behind the adsorption of DNA on CDs. In this work, nitrogen doping-positive CDs (N-CDs), which can quench fluorophore-labeled DNA, were investigated to ascertain the interaction between the CDs and DNA. With reference to DNA adsorption on GO, the adsorption capacity and kinetics of N-CDs for DNA were studied. Desorption of DNA from these surfaces was also measured. Moreover, DNA desorption and anchoring force of N-CDs to DNA were different from those of GO, given that the prepared N-CDs and GO were positively and negatively charged, respectively. Accordingly, DNA was adsorbed on N-CDs mainly via electrostatic adsorption and other forces, such as nucleobase effect, hydrophobic interaction, and van der Waals (vdW) forces. This study enhanced the basic knowledge of DNA adsorption on some CDs for further study in the application of CDs in bioanalysis or biomedicine. With the reference of DNA adsorption on GO, the adsorption capacity, kinetics of N-CDs to DNA were investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Qianqian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Chengfei Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Zhengjun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
| | - Shaohuang Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350122
- China
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Deng L, Xu Y, Sun C, Yun B, Sun Q, Zhao C, Li Z. Functionalization of small black phosphorus nanoparticles for targeted imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:917-924. [PMID: 36658973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this study, small BP nanoparticles were synthesized and modified with dextran and poly(ethyleneimine) for functionalization with folic acid and cyanine 7. The functionalized BP nanoparticles exhibit excellent biocompatibility, stability, and near infrared optical properties for targeted imaging of tumors through photoacoustic imaging and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. They also display high photothermal conversion efficiency for photothermal therapy of cancer. This work demonstrates the potential of functionalized small BP nanoparticles as an emerging nanotheranostic agent for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Baofeng Yun
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chongjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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48
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Guan C, Zhao Y, Hou Y, Shan G, Yan D, Liu Y. Glycosylated liposomes loading carbon dots for targeted recognition to HepG2 cells. Talanta 2018; 182:314-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Zou S, Zhu X, Zhang L, Guo F, Zhang M, Tan Y, Gong A, Fang Z, Ju H, Wu C, Du F. Biomineralization-Inspired Synthesis of Cerium-Doped Carbonaceous Nanoparticles for Highly Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:76. [PMID: 29511878 PMCID: PMC5840111 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles recently have received extensive attention in biomedical applications due to their excellent anti-oxidation performance. In this study, a simple, mild, and green approach was developed to synthesize cerium-doped carbonaceous nanoparticles (Ce-doped CNPs) using bio-mineralization of bull serum albumin (BSA) as precursor. The resultant Ce-doped CNPs exhibited uniform and ultrasmall morphology with an average size of 14.7 nm. XPS and FTIR results revealed the presence of hydrophilic group on the surface of Ce-doped CNPs, which resulted in excellent dispersity in water. The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that Ce-doped CNPs possessed favorable biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity. Using H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as model, Ce-doped CNPs showed highly hydroxyl radical scavenging capability. Furthermore, flow cytometry and live-dead staining results indicated that Ce-doped CNPs protected cells from H2O2-induced damage in a dose-dependent effect, which provided a direct evidence for anti-oxidative performance. These findings suggest that Ce-doped CNPs as novel ROS scavengers may provide a potential therapeutic prospect in treating diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqiang Zou
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third people’ s Hospital of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University, 212021 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Guo
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third people’ s Hospital of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University, 212021 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youwen Tan
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third people’ s Hospital of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University, 212021 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzou Fang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huixiang Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third people’ s Hospital of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University, 212021 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Carbon dots: emerging theranostic nanoarchitectures. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1219-1232. [PMID: 29366761 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained significant interest from biomedical and analytical researchers in recent years. Carbon dots (C-dots), a new member of the carbon nanomaterial family, are spherical, nontoxic, biocompatible, and discrete particles less than 10nm in diameter. Research interest has focused on C-dots because of their ultra-compact nanosize, favorable biocompatibility, outstanding photoluminescence, superior electron transfer ability, and versatile surface engineering properties. C-dots show significant potential for use in cellular imaging, biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. Here we discuss C-dots, in terms of their physicochemical properties, fabrication techniques, toxicity issues, surface engineering and biomedical potential in drug delivery, targeting as well as bioimaging.
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