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Ali S, Aman A, Hengphasatporn K, Oopkaew L, Todee B, Fujiki R, Harada R, Shigeta Y, Krusong K, Choowongkomon K, Chavasiri W, Wolschann P, Mahalapbutr P, Rungrotmongkol T. Evaluating solubility, stability, and inclusion complexation of oxyresveratrol with various β-cyclodextrin derivatives using advanced computational techniques and experimental validation. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 112:108111. [PMID: 38879954 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxyresveratrol (OXY), a natural stilbenoid in mulberry fruits, is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. However, its clinical use is hindered by low water solubility and limited bioavailability. In the present study, the inclusion complexes of OXY with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and its three analogs, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (DMβCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD), were investigated using in silico and in vitro studies. Molecular docking revealed two binding orientations of OXY, namely, 4',6'-dihydroxyphenyl (A-form) and 5,7-benzenediol ring (B-form). Molecular Dynamics simulations suggested the formation of inclusion complexes with βCDs through two distinct orientations, with OXY/SBEβCD exhibiting maximum atom contacts and the lowest solvent-exposed area in the hydrophobic cavity. These results corresponded well with the highest binding affinity observed in OXY/SBEβCD when assessed using the MM/GBSA method. Beyond traditional simulation methods, Ligand-binding Parallel Cascade Selection Molecular Dynamics method was employed to investigate how the drug enters and accommodates within the hydrophobic cavity. The in silico results aligned with stability constants: SBEβCD (2060 M-1), HPβCD (1860 M-1), DMβCD (1700 M-1), and βCD (1420 M-1). All complexes exhibited a 1:1 binding mode (AL type), with SBEβCD enhancing OXY solubility (25-fold). SEM micrographs, DSC thermograms, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra confirm the inclusion complex formation, revealing novel surface morphologies, distinctive thermal behaviors, and new peaks. Notably, the inhibitory impact on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, exhibited by inclusion complexes particularly OXY/DMβCD, OXY/HPβCD, and OXY/SBEβCD were markedly superior compared to that of OXY alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ali
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Aamir Aman
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Lipika Oopkaew
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bunyaporn Todee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ryo Fujiki
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Harada
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kuakarun Krusong
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Assaf KI, Faraj AN, Abu-Nameh ESM, Alnajjar MA. Supramolecular complexation of phenylephrine by cucurbit[7]uril in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13286-13290. [PMID: 38655473 PMCID: PMC11037392 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cucurbiturils (CBn) are known to establish stable host-guest complexes with a variety of drug molecules. Herein, the supramolecular complexation between cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and phenylephrine hydrochloride is reported in aqueous solution. Phenylephrine forms inclusion complex with CB7 with high binding affinity (Kaffinity = 4.0 × 106 M-1), which allows for the development of a fluorescence-based sensing assay applying the dye displacement strategy. The structure of the host-guest inclusion complex is investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy, in which complexation-induced chemical shifts indicate the immersion of the aromatic ring inside the hydrophobic cavity of CB7. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the 1H NMR results, and reveal that the complex is stabilized through intermolecular interactions between the polar groups on the phenylephrine and the carbonyl rims of CB7, as well as the hydrophobic effect. Moreover, preferential binding of phenylephrine in its protonated over the neutral form results in a complexation-induced pKa shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel I Assaf
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Balqa Applied University Al-Salt 19117 Jordan
| | - Ayah N Faraj
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Balqa Applied University Al-Salt 19117 Jordan
| | - Eyad S M Abu-Nameh
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Balqa Applied University Al-Salt 19117 Jordan
| | - Mohammad A Alnajjar
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Universität Osnabrück 49069 Osnabrück Germany
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Rosiak N, Tykarska E, Cielecka-Piontek J. Mechanochemical Approach to Obtaining a Multicomponent Fisetin Delivery System Improving Its Solubility and Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3648. [PMID: 38612460 PMCID: PMC11011862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, binary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs, fisetin-Eudragit®) and ternary amorphous solid inclusions (ASIs, fisetin-Eudragit®-HP-β-cyclodextrin) of fisetin (FIS) were prepared by the mechanochemical method without solvent. The amorphous nature of FIS in ASDs and ASIs was confirmed using XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction). DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) confirmed full miscibility of multicomponent delivery systems. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared analysis) confirmed interactions that stabilize FIS's amorphous state and identified the functional groups involved. The study culminated in evaluating the impact of amorphization on water solubility and conducting in vitro antioxidant assays: 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-ABTS, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-DPPH, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity-CUPRAC, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power-FRAP and in vitro neuroprotective assays: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase-AChE and butyrylcholinesterase-BChE. In addition, molecular docking allowed for the determination of possible bonds and interactions between FIS and the mentioned above enzymes. The best preparation turned out to be ASI_30_EPO (ASD fisetin-Eudragit® containing 30% FIS in combination with HP-β-cyclodextrin), which showed an improvement in apparent solubility (126.5 ± 0.1 µg∙mL-1) and antioxidant properties (ABTS: IC50 = 10.25 µg∙mL-1, DPPH: IC50 = 27.69 µg∙mL-1, CUPRAC: IC0.5 = 9.52 µg∙mL-1, FRAP: IC0.5 = 8.56 µg∙mL-1) and neuroprotective properties (inhibition AChE: 39.91%, and BChE: 42.62%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rosiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
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Investigation of the Interaction of Benzo(a)Pyrene and Fluoranthene with Cucurbit[n]urils (n = 6-8): Experimental and Molecular Dynamic Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031136. [PMID: 36770803 PMCID: PMC9920047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The inclusion complexes of cucurbit[n]uril, CB[n] (n = 6-8), with poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP), and fluoranthene (FLT) were investigated carefully in aqueous media. Fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize and investigate the inclusion complexes that were prepared in the aqueous media. The most predominant complexes of both guests with hosts were the 1:1 guest: host complexes. Stability constants of 2322 ± 547 M-1, 7281 ± 689 M-1, 3566 ± 473 M-1 were obtained for the complexes of BaP with CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8], respectively. On the other hand, stability constants of 5900.270 ± 326 M-1, 726.87 ± 78 M-1, 3327.059 ± 153 M-1 were obtained for the complexes of FLT with CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8], respectively. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to study the mode and mechanism of the inclusion process and to monitor the stability of these complexes in aqueous media at an atomistic level. Analysis of MD trajectories has shown that both BaP and FLT form stable inclusion complexes with CB[7] and CB[8] in aqueous media throughout the simulation time, subsequently corroborating the experimental results. Nevertheless, the small size of CB[6] prohibited the encapsulation of the two PAHs inside the cavity, but stable exclusion complex was observed between them. The main driving forces for the stability of these complexes are the hydrophobic forces, van der Waals interactions, electrostatic effect, the π····π and C-H···π interaction. These results suggest that BaP and FLT can form stable complexes with CB[n] (n = 6-8) in solution.
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Potential of cyclodextrin in hybrid liposomes for improving the solubility, bioavailability and stability of silibinin. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kraus H, Hansen N. An atomistic view on the uptake of aromatic compounds by cyclodextrin immobilized on mesoporous silica. ADSORPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-022-00356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of immobilized $$\upbeta$$
β
-cyclodextrin (bCD) molecules inside a mesoporous silica support on the uptake of benzene and p-nitrophenol from aqueous solution was investigated using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The calculated adsorption isotherms are discussed with respect to the free energies of binding for a 1:1 complex of bCD and the aromatic guest molecule. The adsorption capacity of the bCD-containing material significantly exceeds the amount corresponding to a 1:1 binding scenario, in agreement with experimental observations. Beside the formation of 1:2 and, to a lesser extent, 1:3 host:guest complexes, also host–host interactions on the surface as well as more unspecific host–guest interactions govern the adsorption process. The demonstrated feasibility of classical all-atom MD simulations to calculate liquid phase adsorption isotherms paves the way to a molecular interpretation of experimental data that are too complex to be described by empirical models.
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Abstract
Due to their unique structural, physical and chemical properties, cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been of great interest to scientists and researchers in both academia and industry for over a century. Many of the industrial applications of cyclodextrins have arisen from their ability to encapsulate, either partially or fully, other molecules, especially organic compounds. Cyclodextrins are non-toxic oligopolymers of glucose that help to increase the solubility of organic compounds with poor aqueous solubility, can mask odors from foul-smelling compounds, and have been widely studied in the area of drug delivery. In this review, we explore the structural and chemical properties of cyclodextrins that give rise to this encapsulation (i.e., the formation of inclusion complexes) ability. This review is unique from others written on this subject because it provides powerful insights into factors that affect cyclodextrin encapsulation. It also examines these insights in great detail. Later, we provide an overview of some industrial applications of cyclodextrins, while emphasizing the role of encapsulation in these applications. We strongly believe that cyclodextrins will continue to garner interest from scientists for many years to come, and that novel applications of cyclodextrins have yet to be discovered.
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Chaudhari P, Naik R, Sruthi Mallela L, Roy S, Birangal S, Ghate V, Balladka Kunhanna S, Lewis SA. A supramolecular thermosensitive gel of ketoconazole for ocular applications: In silico, in vitro, and ex vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121409. [PMID: 34952148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of corneal fungal infections continues to be a growing concern worldwide. Ocular delivery of anti-fungal drugs is challenging due to the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. The ocular bioavailability of ketoconazole (KTZ), a widely prescribed antifungal agent, is hampered by its limited aqueous solubility and permeation. In the study, the physicochemical properties of KTZ were improved by complexation with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD).KTZ-SBE-β-CD complex was studied in silico with docking and dynamics simulations, followed by wet-lab experiments.The optimized KTZ-SBE-β-CD complex was loaded into a thermosensitivein situ gel to increase corneal bioavailability. The supramolecular complex increased the solubility of KTZ by 5-folds and exhibited a 10-fold increment in drug release compared to the pure KTZ. Owing to the diffusion, thein situ gel exhibited a more sustained drug release profile. Theex vivocorneal permeation studies showed higher permeation from KTZ-SBE-β-CD in situ gel (flux of ∼19.11 µg/cm2/h) than KTZin situ gel (flux of ∼1.17 µg/cm2/h). The cytotoxicity assays and the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane assay (HET-CAM) confirmed the formulations' safety and non-irritancy. In silico guided design of KTZ-SBE-β-CD inclusion complexes successfully modified the physicochemical properties of KTZ. In addition, the loading of the KTZ-SBE-β-CD complex into an in situ gel significantly increased the precorneal retention and permeation of KTZ, indicating that the developed formulation is a viable modality to treat fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinal Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjitha Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Sruthi Mallela
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Sanhita Roy
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Sumit Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarojini Balladka Kunhanna
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore 574199, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Mahalapbutr P, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Phongern C, Kongtaworn N, Hannongbua S, Rungrotmongkol T. Molecular encapsulation of a key odor-active 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic rice with β-cyclodextrin derivatives. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Gubica T. Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulations in the Analysis of Cyclodextrin Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9422. [PMID: 34502331 PMCID: PMC8431145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are highly respected for their ability to form inclusion complexes via host-guest noncovalent interactions and, thus, ensofance other molecular properties. Various molecular modeling methods have found their applications in the analysis of those complexes. However, as showed in this review, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations could provide the information unobtainable by any other means. It is therefore not surprising that published works on MD simulations used in this field have rapidly increased since the early 2010s. This review provides an overview of the successful applications of MD simulations in the studies on CD complexes. Information that is crucial for MD simulations, such as application of force fields, the length of the simulation, or solvent treatment method, are thoroughly discussed. Therefore, this work can serve as a guide to properly set up such calculations and analyze their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helena Mazurek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Gubica
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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Koh EH, Moon JY, Kim SY, Lee WC, Park SG, Kim DH, Jung HS. A cyclodextrin-decorated plasmonic gold nanosatellite substrate for selective detection of bipyridylium pesticides. Analyst 2021; 146:305-314. [PMID: 33146158 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01703e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A cyclodextrin-decorated gold nanosatellite (AuNSL) substrate was developed as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor for the selective sensing of bipyridylium pesticides such as paraquat (PQ), diquat (DQ), and difenzoquat (DIF). The AuNSL structure was fabricated via vacuum deposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a gold nanopillar substrate, and a large density of hot-spots was formed for Raman signal enhancement. Thiolated β-cyclodextrin (SH-CD) was surface-modified on the AuNSL as a chemical receptor. The detection limit of PQ, DQ, and DIF on the SH-CD-coated AuNSL (CD-AuNSL) was 0.05 ppm for each, and showed linear correlation in a concentration range of 10 ppm-0.05 ppm. Then, selective bipyridylium pesticide detection was performed by comparing the Raman intensity of each pesticide with and without the washing step. After the washing step, 90% of the PQ, DQ, and DIF Raman signals were maintained on the CD-AuNSL substrate with a uniform selectivity in a mapping area of 200 μm × 200 μm. Furthermore, selective pesticide detection was performed using a ground-apple solution without pretreatment. Raman signals were clearly observed after the washing step and they showed a limit of detection down to a concentration of 0.05 ppm for each pesticide. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the binary and ternary mixtures of PQ, DQ, and DIF showed that each component could be easily identified via the typical Raman fingerprint analysis. The developed CD-AuNSL is expected to be applied for various chemical sensors, especially for pyridine-containing toxic substances in the environment and metabolite biomarkers in biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Koh
- Advanced Nano-Surface Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, Republic of Korea.
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Saifi A, Joseph JP, Singh AP, Pal A, Kumar K. Complexation of an Azo Dye by Cyclodextrins: A Potential Strategy for Water Purification. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4776-4782. [PMID: 33644585 PMCID: PMC7905815 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of the host-guest complex formation has received much attention as a highly efficient approach for use to develop economical adsorbents for water purification. In the present study, the synthesis of three β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes with the oil orange SS (OOSS) azo dye as a guest molecule and their potential applications in water purification are described. The complexes were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR and thermal analyses confirmed the encapsulation of OOSS dye within the hydrophobic cavity of β-CD. The encapsulation of hydrophobic dye inside the β-CD cavity was mainly due to the hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction. The results showed that the stability of the OOSS dye had been improved after the complexation. The effect of three different compositions of the host-guest complexes was analyzed. The present study demonstrated that the hydrophobic dye could be removed from aqueous solution via inclusion complex formation. Thus, it can play a significant role in removing the highly toxic OOSS dye from the industrial effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Saifi
- CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30, Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jojo P. Joseph
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Atul Pratap Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Asish Pal
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar
- CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30, Chandigarh 160030, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Suliman FO, Al Burtomani SK, Elbashir AA, Schmitz OJ. Capillary electrophoresis and molecular modeling of the chiral separation of aromatic amino acids using α/β-cyclodextrin and 18-crown-6. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1800-1809. [PMID: 33539040 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work, chiral separation of enantiomers of three amino acids was achieved using capillary electrophoresis technique with α-cyclodextrin (αCD) as a running buffer additive. Only tryptophan has exhibited baseline separation in the presence of αCD, while the enantiomers of the other two amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, were only partially separated. The addition of 18-crown-6 (18C6) as a second additive imparted only slight improvement to the separation of all enantiomers. On the other hand, all three racemic amino acid mixtures demonstrated no indication of separation when the larger cavity cyclodextrin members, β- and γCD, are used as running buffer chiral additives. However, remarkable improvements in the separation of the enantiomers of phenylalanine and tyrosine were obtained when 18C6 is used together with βCD as a running buffer additive. Surprisingly, tryptophan enantiomers were not separated by the dual additive system of cyclodextrin and crown ether. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), all amino acids were found to form stable binary complexes with individual hosts as well as ternary compounds involving the crown ether and the cyclodextrin. Furthermore, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to build a clear picture about the interaction between the guest and the hosts. Most of these complexes remained stable throughout the simulation times, and the molecular dynamics study allowed better understanding of these supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- FakhrEldin O Suliman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Suad K Al Burtomani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Abdulla A Elbashir
- University of Khartoum, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Khartoum, 11114, Sudan.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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Lee SC, Gillispie G, Prim P, Lee SJ. Physical and Chemical Factors Influencing the Printability of Hydrogel-based Extrusion Bioinks. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10834-10886. [PMID: 32815369 PMCID: PMC7673205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting researchers agree that "printability" is a key characteristic for bioink development, but neither the meaning of the term nor the best way to experimentally measure it has been established. Furthermore, little is known with respect to the underlying mechanisms which determine a bioink's printability. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is key to the intentional design of new bioinks. For the purposes of this review, the domain of printability is defined as the bioink requirements which are unique to bioprinting and occur during the printing process. Within this domain, the different aspects of printability and the factors which influence them are reviewed. The extrudability, filament classification, shape fidelity, and printing accuracy of bioinks are examined in detail with respect to their rheological properties, chemical structure, and printing parameters. These relationships are discussed and areas where further research is needed, are identified. This review serves to aid the bioink development process, which will continue to play a major role in the successes and failures of bioprinting, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Cheon Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Gillispie
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest University-Virginia Tech, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Peter Prim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest University-Virginia Tech, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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16
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Cyclodextrin Encapsulated pH Sensitive Dyes as Fluorescent Cellular Probes: Self-Aggregation and In Vitro Assessments. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194397. [PMID: 32987884 PMCID: PMC7582577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of novel, supramolecular, long-lived fluorescent probes based on the host-guest inclusion complexes formation between fluorescent indolizinyl-pyridinium salts and β-cyclodextrin. Fluorescence and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry experiments, supported by theoretical molecular docking studies, were utilized in the monitoring of the inclusion complexes formation, evidencing the appearance of corresponding 1:1 and 1:2 species. Additionally, the influence of the guest molecule over the aggregation processes of the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The absence of cytotoxicity, cellular permeability, long-lived intracellular fluorescence, and in time specific accumulation within acidic organelles identified the investigated supramolecular entities as remarkable candidates for intracellular fluorescence probes. Co-staining experiments using specific organelle markers revealed the fact that, after a 24-h incubation period, the inclusion complexes accumulate predominantly in lysosomes rather than in mitochondria. This study opens new possibilities for a broad range of fluorescent dyes with solubility and high toxicity issues, able to form inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin, to be tested as intracellular fluorescence probes.
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17
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Banjare MK, Behera K, Banjare RK, Pandey S, Ghosh KK. Multi-spectroscopic investigation on the inclusion complexation of α-cyclodextrin with long chain ionic liquid. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Banjare MK, Behera K, Banjare RK, Pandey S, Ghosh KK. Multi-spectroscopic investigation on the inclusion complexation of α-cyclodextrin with long chain ionic liquid. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107982. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2020.107982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
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19
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Kaliyamoorthi K, Maniraj S, Govindaraj TS, Ramasamy S, Paulraj MS, Enoch IV, Melchior A. Unusual Fluorescence Quenching-Based Al 3+ Sensing by an Imidazolylpiperazine Derivative. β-Cyclodextrin Encapsulation-Assisted Augmented Sensing. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:445-453. [PMID: 32125570 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report in this paper an unusual β-cyclodextrin mediated-aluminum (III) ion sensing based on augmented quenching of fluorescence. The fluorescent sensing of metal ions by a new ligand prepared (L = 4-[{4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]imino}methyl]piperazine-1-carboxaldehyde) has been investigated as well as the effect of the supramolecular complex formation with β-CD. In aqueous solution, L shows an increase of fluorescence due to the interaction with β-cyclodextrin with a formation constant of 77 (± 12) M-1. The ROESY NMR spectrum clearly indicates that L is encapsulated by β-CD. Theoretical calculations show the possible structure both of the L-β-CD adduct and of the coordination mode of Al3+ ion to L. In the presence of β-CD, the piperazine adopts a distorted conformation. It leads to an enhanced Al3+ sensing by the compound in its supramolecular complexed form. The lower limit of detection of Al3+ ions is 6.00 × 10-8 mol L-1. This detection limit slightly expands for L in the presence of β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthiga Kaliyamoorthi
- Department of Chemistry, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed-to-be University), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Sumithra Maniraj
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India
| | - Tamil Selvan Govindaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India
| | - Sivaraj Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India
| | | | - Israel Vmv Enoch
- Centre for Nanoscience & Genomics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641114, India.
| | - Andrea Melchior
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering, Chemistry Laboratories, University of Udine, via del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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20
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Banjare MK, Banjare RK, Behera K, Pandey S, Mundeja P, Ghosh KK. Inclusion complexation of novel synthesis amino acid based ionic liquids with β-cyclodextrin. J Mol Liq 2020; 299:112204. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
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21
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Banjare MK, Banjare RK, Behera K, Pandey S, Mundeja P, Ghosh KK. Inclusion complexation of novel synthesis amino acid based ionic liquids with β-cyclodextrin. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Lee JH, Kwak S. Branched polyethylenimine‐polyethylene glycol‐
β
‐cyclodextrin polymers for efficient removal of bisphenol A and copper from wastewater. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National University 1 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Seung‐Yeop Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National University 1 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)Seoul National University 1 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
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23
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Silion M, Fifere A, Lungoci AL, Marangoci NL, Ibanescu SA, Zonda R, Rotaru A, Pinteală M. Mass Spectrometry as a Complementary Approach for Noncovalently Bound Complexes Based on Cyclodextrins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:685-701. [PMID: 31347079 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An important and well-designed solution to overcome some of the problems associated with new drugs is provided by the molecular encapsulation of the drugs in the cyclodextrins (CDs) cavity, yielding corresponding inclusion complexes (ICs). These types of non-covalent complexes are of current interest to the pharmaceutical industry, as they improve the solubility, stability and bioavailability of the guest molecules. This review highlights several methods for cyclodextrin ICs preparation and characterization, focusing mostly on the mass spectrometry (MS) studies that have been used for the detection of noncovalent interactions of CDs inclusion complexes and binding selectivity of guest molecules with CDs. Furthermore, the MS investigations of several ICs of the CD with antifungal, antioxidants or fluorescent dyes are presented in greater details, pointing out the difficulties overcome in the analysis of this type of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Silion
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Adrian Fifere
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Lacramioara Lungoci
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Narcisa Laura Marangoci
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin Alexandru Ibanescu
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Zonda
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rotaru
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteală
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
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24
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Deciphering ephedrine inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin, 18-crown-6 and cucurbit[7]uril using spectral and molecular modeling methods. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Sonaimuthu M, Balakrishnan SB, Kuppu SV, Veerakanellore GB, Thambusamy S. Spectral and proton transfer behavior of 1,4-dihydroxylanthraquinone in aqueous and confined media; molecular modelling strategy. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Inclusion complexes of pantoprazole with β-cyclodextrin and cucurbit[7]uril: experimental and molecular modeling study. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Mokhtar MS, Suliman FO, Elbashir AA. The binding interaction of imazapyr with cucurbit[n]uril (n=6-8): Combined experimental and molecular modeling study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 194:67-75. [PMID: 29328953 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion complexes of imazapyr (IMA) with cucurbit[n]uril, CB[n] (n=6-8), have been investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF, and 1HNMR were used to investigate and characterize the inclusion complexation of IMA and CB[n] in solutions. Whereas the solid state complexes have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). IMA was found to form 1:1 complexes with CB[n] with association constants ranging from 5.80×102-2.65×103. The guest molecule IMA was found to encapsulate into the larger cavities of CB[7] and CB[8], whereas with CB[6] the molecule remains outside the cavity. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to follow the inclusion process at an atomistic level to study the mechanism and stability of inclusion. The results obtained showed that inclusion complexes of IMA with both CB[7] and CB[8] are highly stable in aqueous media, but the CB[6] smaller cavity size prohibited the formation of an inclusion complex with IMA. The results clearly show that in addition to hydrophobic effects the presence of hydrogen bonding has added greatly to the stability of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maali Saad Mokhtar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Oman; Department of Chemistry, Box 321, Faculty of Science, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - FakhrEldin O Suliman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Oman.
| | - Abdalla A Elbashir
- Department of Chemistry, Box 321, Faculty of Science, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
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28
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Al-Burtomani SKS, Suliman FO. Experimental and theoretical study of the inclusion complexes of epinephrine with β-cyclodextrin, 18-crown-6 and cucurbit[7]uril. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04766e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and molecular dynamics techniques suggested that stable complexes of epinephrine with 18C6, βCD and CB7 might enhance aggregation.
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29
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Venuti V, Stancanelli R, Acri G, Crupi V, Paladini G, Testagrossa B, Tommasini S, Ventura CA, Majolino D. “Host-guest” interactions in Captisol®/Coumestrol inclusion complex: UV–vis, FTIR-ATR and Raman studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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