1
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Sulzer N, Polterauer D, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Preparation of Sulfonyl Chlorides by Oxidative Chlorination of Thiols and Disulfides using HNO 3/HCl/O 2 in a Flow Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400292. [PMID: 38477977 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A continuous flow metal-free protocol for the synthesis of sulfonyl chlorides from thiols and disulfides in the presence of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and oxygen was developed. The influence of the reaction parameters was investigated under batch and flow conditions. Online 19F NMR was successfully implemented to investigate different reaction conditions within a single experiment. The sulfonyl chlorides were isolated (mostly in 70-81 % yield) after performing a simple aqueous washing procedure. In particular, the protocol was successfully operated for >6 hours to convert diphenyl disulfide to its corresponding sulfonyl chloride, achieving a throughput of 3.7 g h-1. The environmental impact of the protocol was assessed and compared to an existing continuous flow protocol using 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCH) as reagent. The process mass intensity (PMI) for the newly-developed flow protocol (15) compared favorably to the DCH flow process (20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sulzer
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Polterauer
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
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2
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Monbaliu JCM, Legros J. Will the next generation of chemical plants be in miniaturized flow reactors? LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1349-1357. [PMID: 36278262 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, a production paradigm based on centralized, stepwise, large scale processes has dominated the chemical industry horizon. While effective to meet an ever increasing demand for high value-added chemicals, the so-called macroscopic batch reactors are also associated with inherent weaknesses and threats; some of the most obvious ones were tragically illustrated over the past decades with major industrial disasters and impactful disruptions of advanced chemical supplies. The COVID pandemic has further emphasized that a change in paradigm was necessary to sustain chemical production with an increased safety, reliable supply chains and adaptable productivities. More than a decade of research and technology development has led to alternative and effective chemical processes relying on miniaturised flow reactors (a.k.a. micro and mesofluidic reactors). Such miniaturised reactors bear the potential to solve safety concerns and to improve the reliability of chemical supply chains. Will they initiate a new paradigm for a more localized, safe and reliable chemical production?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.
| | - Julien Legros
- COBRA Laboratory, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France.
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3
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Jiang S, Yang Z, Zhang J, Duan X, Qian G, Zhou X. Development of a Mini-Channel Heat Exchanger Reactor with Arborescent Structures for Fast Exothermic Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Improved efficiency of photo-induced synthetic reactions enabled by advanced photo flow technologies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:761-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Kasakado T, Fukuyama T, Nakagawa T, Taguchi S, Ryu I. High-speed C–H chlorination of ethylene carbonate using a new photoflow setup. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:152-158. [PMID: 35140816 PMCID: PMC8805036 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the high-speed C–H chlorination of ethylene carbonate, which gives chloroethylene carbonate, a precursor to vinylene carbonate. A novel photoflow setup designed for a gas–liquid biphasic reaction turned out to be useful for the direct use of chlorine gas. The setup employed sloped channels so as to make the liquid phase thinner, ensuring a high surface-to-volume ratio. When ethylene carbonate was introduced to the reactor, the residence time was measured to be 15 or 30 s, depending on the slope of the reactor set at 15 or 5°, respectively. Such short time of exposition sufficed the photo C–H chlorination. The partial irradiation of the flow channels also sufficed for the C–H chlorination, which is consistent with the requirement of photoirradiation for the purpose of radical initiation. Near-complete selectivity for single chlorination required the low conversion of ethylene carbonate such as 9%, which was controlled by limited introduction of chlorine gas. At a higher conversion of ethylene carbonate such as 61%, the selectivity for monochlorinated ethylene carbonate over dichlorinated ethylene carbonate was 86%. We found that the substrate contamination with water negatively influenced the performance of the C–H chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Kasakado
- Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakagawa
- Wakayama Research & Development Group, Nankai Chemical Co. Ltd., 1-1-38 Kozaika, Wakayama 641-0007, Japan
| | - Shinji Taguchi
- Wakayama Research & Development Group, Nankai Chemical Co. Ltd., 1-1-38 Kozaika, Wakayama 641-0007, Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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6
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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8
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9
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Danahy KE, Styduhar ED, Fodness AM, Heckman LM, Jamison TF. On-Demand Generation and Use in Continuous Synthesis of the Ambiphilic Nitrogen Source Chloramine. Org Lett 2020; 22:8392-8395. [PMID: 33086788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the on-demand synthesis of chloramine from aqueous ammonia and sodium hypochlorite solutions, and its subsequent utilization as an ambiphilic nitrogen source in continuous-flow synthesis. Despite its advantages in cost and atom economy, chloramine has not seen widespread use in batch synthesis due to its unstable and hazardous nature. Continuous-flow chemistry, however, provides an excellent platform for generating and handling chloramine in a safe, reliable, and inexpensive manner. Unsaturated aldehydes are converted to valuable aziridines and nitriles, and thioethers are converted to sulfoxides, in moderate to good yields and exceedingly short reaction times. In this telescoped process, chloramine is generated in situ and immediately used, providing safe and efficient conditions for reaction scale-up while mitigating the issue of its decomposition over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley E Danahy
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Evan D Styduhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Aria M Fodness
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Laurel M Heckman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
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10
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. Membrane Microreactors for the On-Demand Generation, Separation, and Reaction of Gases. Chemistry 2020; 26:13108-13117. [PMID: 32515835 PMCID: PMC7692882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of gases as reagents in organic synthesis can be very challenging, particularly at a laboratory scale. This Concept takes into account recent studies to make the case that gases can indeed be efficiently and safely formed from relatively inexpensive commercially available reagents for use in a wide range of organic transformations. In particular, we argue that the exploitation of continuous flow membrane reactors enables the effective separation of the chemistry necessary for gas formation from the chemistry for gas consumption, with these two stages often containing incompatible chemistry. The approach outlined eliminates the need to store and transport excessive amounts of potentially toxic, reactive or explosive gases. The on‐demand generation, separation and reaction of a number of gases, including carbon monoxide, diazomethane, trifluoromethyl diazomethane, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and formaldehyde, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
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11
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Crespi S, Fagnoni M. Generation of Alkyl Radicals: From the Tyranny of Tin to the Photon Democracy. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9790-9833. [PMID: 32786419 PMCID: PMC8009483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals are key intermediates in organic synthesis. Their classic generation from alkyl halides has a severe drawback due to the employment of toxic tin hydrides to the point that "flight from the tyranny of tin" in radical processes was considered for a long time an unavoidable issue. This review summarizes the main alternative approaches for the generation of unstabilized alkyl radicals, using photons as traceless promoters. The recent development in photochemical and photocatalyzed processes enabled the discovery of a plethora of new alkyl radical precursors, opening the world of radical chemistry to a broader community, thus allowing a new era of photon democracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems
Chemistry University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, V. Le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Dallinger D, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. The Concept of Chemical Generators: On-Site On-Demand Production of Hazardous Reagents in Continuous Flow. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1330-1341. [PMID: 32543830 PMCID: PMC7467564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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In recent years, a steadily growing number of chemists, from both
academia and industry, have dedicated their research to the development
of continuous flow processes performed in milli- or microreactors.
The common availability of continuous flow equipment at virtually
all scales and affordable cost has additionally impacted this trend.
Furthermore, regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and
Drug Administration actively encourage continuous manufacturing of
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with the vision of quality
and productivity improvements. That is why the pharmaceutical industry
is progressively implementing continuous flow technologies. As a result
of the exceptional characteristics of continuous flow reactors such
as small reactor volumes and remarkably fast heat and mass transfer,
process conditions which need to be avoided in conventional batch
syntheses can be safely employed. Thus, continuous operation is particularly
advantageous for reactions at high temperatures/pressures (novel process
windows) and for ultrafast, exothermic reactions (flash chemistry). In addition to conditions that are outside of the operation range
of conventional stirred tank reactors, reagents possessing a high
hazard potential and therefore not amenable to batch processing can
be safely utilized (forbidden chemistry). Because of the small reactor
volumes, risks in case of a failure are minimized. Such hazardous
reagents often are low molecular weight compounds, leading generally
to the most atom-, time-, and cost-efficient route toward the desired
product. Ideally, they are generated from benign, readily available
and cheap precursors within the closed environment of the flow reactor
on-site on-demand. By doing so, the transport, storage, and handling
of those compounds, which impose a certain safety risk especially
on a large scale, are circumvented. This strategy also positively
impacts the global supply chain dependency, which can be a severe
issue, particularly in times of stricter safety regulations or an
epidemic. The concept of the in situ production of a hazardous material
is generally referred to as the “generator” of the material.
Importantly, in an integrated flow process, multiple modules can be
assembled consecutively, allowing not only an in-line purification/separation
and quenching of the reagent, but also its downstream conversion to
a nonhazardous product. For the past decade, research in our
group has focused on the continuous
generation of hazardous reagents using a range of reactor designs
and experimental techniques, particularly toward the synthesis of
APIs. In this Account, we therefore introduce chemical generator concepts
that have been developed in our laboratories for the production of
toxic, explosive, and short-lived reagents. We have defined three
different classes of generators depending on the reactivity/stability
of the reagents, featuring reagents such as Br2, HCN, peracids,
diazomethane (CH2N2), or hydrazoic acid (HN3). The various reactor designs, including in-line membrane
separation techniques and real-time process analytical technologies
for the generation, purification, and monitoring of those hazardous
reagents, and also their downstream transformations are presented.
This Account should serve as food for thought to extend the scope
of chemical generators for accomplishing more efficient and more economic
processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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14
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Chung Leung GY, Ramalingam B, Loh G, Chen A. Efficient and Practical Synthesis of Sulfonamides Utilizing SO2 Gas Generated On Demand. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulice Yiu Chung Leung
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, 138665, Singapore
| | - Balamurugan Ramalingam
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, 138665, Singapore
| | - Gabriel Loh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, 138665, Singapore
| | - Anqi Chen
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, 138665, Singapore
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15
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Govaerts S, Nyuchev A, Noel T. Pushing the boundaries of C–H bond functionalization chemistry using flow technology. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H functionalization chemistry is one of the most vibrant research areas within synthetic organic chemistry. While most researchers focus on the development of small-scale batch-type transformations, more recently such transformations have been carried out in flow reactors to explore new chemical space, to boost reactivity or to enable scalability of this important reaction class. Herein, an up-to-date overview of C–H bond functionalization reactions carried out in continuous-flow microreactors is presented. A comprehensive overview of reactions which establish the formal conversion of a C–H bond into carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds is provided; this includes metal-assisted C–H bond cleavages, hydrogen atom transfer reactions and C–H bond functionalizations which involve an SE-type process to aromatic or olefinic systems. Particular focus is devoted to showcase the advantages of flow processing to enhance C–H bond functionalization chemistry. Consequently, it is our hope that this review will serve as a guide to inspire researchers to push the boundaries of C–H functionalization chemistry using flow technology.
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16
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Di Filippo M, Bracken C, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020356. [PMID: 31952244 PMCID: PMC7024297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.
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17
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Köckinger M, Hone CA, Kappe CO. HCN on Tap: On-Demand Continuous Production of Anhydrous HCN for Organic Synthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:5326-5330. [PMID: 31247792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous process for the on-demand generation, separation, and reaction of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) using membrane separation technology was developed. The inner tube of the reactor is manufactured from a gas-permeable, hydrophobic fluoropolymer (Teflon AF-2400) membrane. HCN is formed from aqueous reagents within the inner tube and then diffuses through the membrane into an outer tubing containing organic solvent. This technique enabled the safe handling of HCN for three different organic transformations without the need for distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Köckinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstraße 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstraße 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstraße 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
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18
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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19
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Chen Y, de Frutos O, Mateos C, Rincon JA, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Photochemical Benzylic Bromination of a Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of a 2‐Oxazolidinone. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A. Avda. de la Industria 30 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A. Avda. de la Industria 30 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincon
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A. Avda. de la Industria 30 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid Spain
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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20
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Movsisyan M, Heugebaert TSA, Roman BI, Dams R, Van Campenhout R, Conradi M, Stevens CV. Atom- and Mass-economical Continuous Flow Production of 3-Chloropropionyl Chloride and its Subsequent Amidation. Chemistry 2018; 24:11779-11784. [PMID: 29879290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
3-Chloropropionyl chloride is a chemically versatile building block with applications in the field of adhesives, pharmaceuticals, herbicides and fungicides. Its current production entails problems concerning safety, prolonged reaction times and the use of excessive amounts of chlorinating reagents. We developed a continuous flow procedure for acid chloride formation from acrylic acid and a consecutive 1,4-addition of hydrogen chloride generating 3-chloropropionyl chloride, as presented in this paper. Up to 94 % conversion was reached in 25 minutes at mild temperatures and pressures. This continuous flow method offers a safer alternative and is highly efficient in terms of consumption of starting product and shorter residence time. Valorization of this building block is exemplified by the synthesis of beclamide, a compound with sedative and anticonvulsant properties. Over 80 % conversion towards this drug was achieved in 1 minute in a continuous flow setup. Further research is needed to telescope the synthesis of 3-chloropropionyl chloride and subsequent beclamide formation without intermediate purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Movsisyan
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S A Heugebaert
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart I Roman
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudolf Dams
- Materials Resource Division, 3M (Belgium) BVBA, Haven 1005, Canadastraat 11, 2070, Zwijndrecht, Belgium
| | - Rudy Van Campenhout
- Materials Resource Division, 3M (Belgium) BVBA, Haven 1005, Canadastraat 11, 2070, Zwijndrecht, Belgium
| | - Matthias Conradi
- Materials Resource Division, 3M (Belgium) BVBA, Haven 1005, Canadastraat 11, 2070, Zwijndrecht, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Yasukouchi H, Nishiyama A, Mitsuda M. Safe and Efficient Phosgenation Reactions in a Continuous Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yasukouchi
- Pharma Research Group, Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Kaneka Corporation, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Pharma Research Group, Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Kaneka Corporation, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Masaru Mitsuda
- Pharma Research Group, Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Kaneka Corporation, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Transient temperature and flowrates in continuous flow reaction systems allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosi C. Aroh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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23
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Glotz G, Lebl R, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Integration of Bromine and Cyanogen Bromide Generators for the Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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24
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Glotz G, Lebl R, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Integration of Bromine and Cyanogen Bromide Generators for the Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13786-13789. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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25
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Kockmann N, Thenée P, Fleischer-Trebes C, Laudadio G, Noël T. Safety assessment in development and operation of modular continuous-flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improved safety is one of the main drivers for microreactor application in chemical process development and small-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kockmann
- Laboratory of Equipment Design
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- TU Dortmund
- Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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27
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Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Halogenation of organic compounds using continuous flow and microreactor technology. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation reactions involving highly reactive halogenating agents can be performed safely and with improved efficiency and selectivity under continuous flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- Graz
- Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- Graz
- Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
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28
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Carmona-Vargas CC, de C. Alves L, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Combining batch and continuous flow setups in the end-to-end synthesis of naturally occurring curcuminoids. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A successful end-to-end continuous flow synthesis of pure curcumin (1) and two other natural derivatives present in turmeric is described.
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29
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Fukuyama T, Tokizane M, Matsui A, Ryu I. A greener process for flow C–H chlorination of cyclic alkanes using in situ generation and on-site consumption of chlorine gas. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-chlorination of C–H bonds by gaseous chlorine in situ generated from HCl and NaOCl proceeded smoothly using a photo microreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
| | - Masashi Tokizane
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
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