1
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Ren X, Couture BM, Liu N, Lall MS, Kohrt JT, Fasan R. Enantioselective Single and Dual α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Cyclic Amines via Enzymatic Carbene Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:537-550. [PMID: 36542059 PMCID: PMC9837850 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amines are ubiquitous structural motifs found in pharmaceuticals and biologically active natural products, making methods for their elaboration via direct C-H functionalization of considerable synthetic value. Herein, we report the development of an iron-based biocatalytic strategy for enantioselective α-C-H functionalization of pyrrolidines and other saturated N-heterocycles via a carbene transfer reaction with diazoacetone. Currently unreported for organometallic catalysts, this transformation can be accomplished in high yields, high catalytic activity, and high stereoselectivity (up to 99:1 e.r. and 20,350 TON) using engineered variants of cytochrome P450 CYP119 from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This methodology was further extended to enable enantioselective α-C-H functionalization in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate as carbene donor (up to 96:4 e.r. and 18,270 TON), and the two strategies were combined to achieve a one-pot as well as a tandem dual C-H functionalization of a cyclic amine substrate with enzyme-controlled diastereo- and enantiodivergent selectivity. This biocatalytic approach is amenable to gram-scale synthesis and can be applied to drug scaffolds for late-stage C-H functionalization. This work provides an efficient and tunable method for direct asymmetric α-C-H functionalization of saturated N-heterocycles, which should offer new opportunities for the synthesis, discovery, and optimization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Bo M. Couture
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kohrt
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States,
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2
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Shi T, Li X, Li Y, Fu X, Wu L, Wu D, Hu W. An asymmetric catalytic multi-component reaction enabled the green synthesis of isoserine derivatives and semi-synthesis of paclitaxel. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Li N, Yang X, Zhu Y, Wang F, Gong J, Song M. Pincer iridium(III)-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization via carbenoid C H insertion of 3-diazooxindoles with 1,4-cyclohexadiene. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Silver-catalyzed site-selective C(sp 3)-H benzylation of ethers with N-triftosylhydrazones. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1674. [PMID: 35354822 PMCID: PMC8967862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The insertion of carbenes into the α-C-H bonds of ethers represents one of the most powerful approaches to access polysubstituted α-branched ethers. However, intermolecular carbene insertions remain challenging, since current approaches are generally limited to the use of toxic and potentially explosive α-diazocarbonyl compounds. We now report a silver-catalyzed α-C-H benzylation of ethers using bench-stable N-triftosylhydrazones as safe and convenient carbene precursors. This approach is well suited for both inter- and intramolecular insertions to deliver medicinally relevant homobenzylic ethers and 5-8-membered oxacycles in good yields. The synthetic utility of this strategy is demonstrated by its easy scalability, broad scope with valuable functional groups, high regioselectivity, and late-stage functionalization of complex oxygen-containing molecules. The relative reactivities of different types of silver carbenes and C-H bonds were also investigated by experments and DFT calculations.
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5
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He Y, Huang Z, Wu K, Ma J, Zhou YG, Yu Z. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2759-2852. [PMID: 35297455 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization has been emerging as a powerful method to establish carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Many efforts have been devoted to transition-metal-catalyzed direct transformations of C-H bonds. Metal carbenes generated in situ from transition-metal compounds and diazo or its equivalents are usually applied as the transient reactive intermediates to furnish a catalytic cycle for new C-C and C-X bond formation. Using this strategy compounds from unactivated simple alkanes to complex molecules can be further functionalized or transformed to multi-functionalized compounds. In this area, transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds has been paid continuous attention. Diverse catalyst design strategies, synthetic methods, and potential applications have been developed. This critical review will summarize the advance in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds dated up to July 2021, by the categories of C-H bonds from aliphatic C(sp3)-H, aryl (aromatic) C(sp2)-H, heteroaryl (heteroaromatic) C(sp2)-H bonds, alkenyl C(sp2)-H, and alkynyl C(sp)-H, as well as asymmetric carbene insertion to C-H bonds, and more coverage will be given to the recent work. Due to the rapid development of the C-H functionalization area, future directions in this topic are also discussed. This review will give the authors an overview of carbene insertion chemistry in C-H functionalization with focus on the catalytic systems and synthetic applications in C-C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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6
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Cammarota RC, Liu W, Bacsa J, Davies HML, Sigman MS. Mechanistically Guided Workflow for Relating Complex Reactive Site Topologies to Catalyst Performance in C–H Functionalization Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1881-1898. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Cammarota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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7
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Liu X, Liu L, Zhou L, Jia K. Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Oxocarbenium Ions Enables Asymmetric Access to α-Substituted 1,3-Dihydroisobenzofurans. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1643-8526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractReported here is an efficient enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of cyclic oxocarbenium ions generated in situ through collapse of the corresponding acetal substrates. The asymmetric approach provides straightforward access to a variety of chiral α-aryl substituted 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. α-Alkynyl substituted 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans were also proved to be suitable substrates. In addition, when the reaction was performed at gram scale, the desired product was obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xigong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
| | - Likai Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
| | - Kuiyong Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
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8
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Zakis JM, Smejkal T, Wencel-Delord J. Cyclometallated complexes as catalysts for C-H activation and functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 34735563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel catalysts for C-H activation reactions with increased reactivity and improved selectivities has been attracting significant interest over the last two decades. More recently, promising results have been developed using tridentate pincer ligands, which form a stable C-M bond. Furthermore, based on mechanistic studies, the unique catalytic role of some metallacyclic intermediate species has been revealed. These experimental observations have subsequently translated into the rational design of advanced C-H activation catalysts in both Ru- and Ir-based systems. Recent breakthroughs in the field of C-H activation catalysed by metallacyclic intermediates are thus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Mikelis Zakis
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland. .,Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Tomas Smejkal
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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9
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Son EC, No J, Kim S. Organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of phthalans via Wittig/
oxa‐Michael
cascade reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chae Son
- Department of Chemistry Kyonggi University Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun No
- Department of Chemistry Kyonggi University Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Kyonggi University Suwon Republic of Korea
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10
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Wang Y, Xue P, Cao M, Yu T, Lane ST, Zhao H. Directed Evolution: Methodologies and Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12384-12444. [PMID: 34297541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library screening/selection. It has become one of the most powerful and widespread tools for engineering improved or novel functions in proteins, metabolic pathways, and even whole genomes. This review describes the commonly used gene diversification strategies, screening/selection methods, and recently developed continuous evolution strategies for directed evolution. Moreover, we highlight some representative applications of directed evolution in engineering nucleic acids, proteins, pathways, genetic circuits, viruses, and whole cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pu Xue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tianhao Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephan T Lane
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Chen X, Zhao R, Liu Z, Sun S, Ma Y, Liu Q, Sun X, Liu L. Redox deracemization of α-substituted 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Son EC, Kim SY, Kim SG. Squaramide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Oxa-Michael Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls Containing Benzyl Alcohol: Construction of Chiral 1-Substituted Phthalans. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6826-6839. [PMID: 33904749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organocatalytic enantioselective intramolecular oxa-Michael reactions of benzyl alcohol bearing α,β-unsaturated carbonyls as Michael acceptors are presented herein. Using cinchona squaramide-based organocatalyst, enones as well as α,β-unsaturated esters containing benzyl alcohol provided their corresponding 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl-1-methylene ketones and 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl-1-methylene esters in excellent yields with high enantioselectivities. In addition, enantioenriched 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl-1-methylene ketone could be obtained from the Wittig/oxa-Michael reaction cascade of 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chae Son
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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13
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Balhara R, Chatterjee R, Jindal G. A computational approach to understand the role of metals and axial ligands in artificial heme enzyme catalyzed C-H insertion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9500-9511. [PMID: 33885085 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Engineered heme enzymes such as myoglobin and cytochrome P450s metalloproteins are gaining widespread importance due to their efficiency in catalyzing non-natural reactions. In a recent strategy, the naturally occurring Fe metal in the heme unit was replaced with non-native metals such as Ir, Rh, Co, Cu, etc., and axial ligands to generate artificial metalloenzymes. Determining the best metal-ligand for a chemical transformation is not a trivial task. Here we demonstrate how computational approaches can be used in deciding the best metal-ligand combination which would be highly beneficial in designing new enzymes as well as small molecule catalysts. We have used Density Functional Theory (DFT) to shed light on the enhanced reactivity of an Ir system with varying axial ligands. We look at the insertion of a carbene group generated from diazo precursors via N2 extrusion into a C-H bond. For both Ir(Me) and Fe systems, the first step, i.e., N2 extrusion is the rate determining step. Strikingly, neither the better ligand overlap with 5d orbitals on Ir nor the electrophilicity on the carbene centre play a significant role. A comparison of Fe and Ir systems reveals that a lower distortion in the Ir(Me)-porphyrin on moving from the reactant to the transition state renders it catalytically more active. We notice that for both metal porphyrins, the free energy barriers are affected by axial ligand substitution. Further, for Fe porphyrin, the axial ligand also changes the preferred spin state. We show that for the carbene insertion into the C-H bond, Fe porphyrin systems undergo a stepwise HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) instead of a concerted hydride transfer process. Importantly, we find that the substitution of the axial Me ligand on Ir to imidazole or chloride, or without an axial substitution changes the rate determining step of the reaction. Therefore, an optimum ligand that can balance the barriers for both steps of the catalytic cycle is essential. We subsequently used the QM cluster approach to delineate the protein environment's role and mutations in improving the catalytic activity of the Ir(Me) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Balhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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14
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Haider S, Khan IA, Ding H, Chittiboyina AG. Synthetic Approaches for Building Tricyclic Cage-like Motifs Found in Indoxamycins. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201210193141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indoxamycins A-F, a novel class of polyketides, were isolated from the saline culture
of marine-derived actinomyces by Sato et al. in 2009. Intriguing stereochemical complexity
involving tricyclic [5.5.6] cage-like structures with six consecutive chiral centers challenged
many organic chemists. Chemical ingenuity, implementation of pioneered reactions
along with fine chemical transformations allowed not only the rapid construction of the central
core but also allowed minor structural revision and paved the information to delineate the
absolute stereostructures of these complex polyketide marine natural products. To achieve the
central core structure in indoxamycins A-F, reactions like the Ireland-Claisen rearrangement,
an enantioselective 1,6-enyne reductive cyclization, and one-pot cascade reactions of 1,2-
addition/oxa-Michael/methylenation were employed. Using the chiral pool approach, the
readily available R-carvone was employed as a cost-effective starting material to achieve the concise total syntheses
of (-)-indoxamycins A and B, in which Pauson-Khand, Cu-catalyzed Michael addition and tandem retro-oxa-Michael
addition/1,2-addition/oxa-Michael addition reactions were employed. The antipodes, (+)-indoxamycins can be easily
accessed by simply switching to S-carvone as the starting material. Synthetically prepared indoxamycins A-F are devoid
of antiproliferative properties, which disagree with the work reported by Sato and co-workers for (-)-
indoxamycins A and F. Nevertheless, ready access to such complex natural products allows probing the untapped
potential biological activities of these polyketides including cytotoxicity. A concise overview of interesting, key
chemical transformations including named reactions in establishing the architecture of indoxamycins was compiled to
inspire organic chemists and help reinvigorate novel strategies for the asymmetric synthesis as well as the development
of novel derivatives of indoxamycins with unique physicochemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqlain Haider
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou-310058, China
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
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15
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Zhu DX, Xia H, Liu JG, Chung LW, Xu MH. Regiospecific and Enantioselective Arylvinylcarbene Insertion of a C–H Bond of Aniline Derivatives Enabled by a Rh(I)-Diene Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2608-2619. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-chongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming-Hua Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-chongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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16
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Li J, Yu B, Lu Z. Chiral Imidazoline Ligands and Their Applications in
Metal‐Catalyzed
Asymmetric Synthesis
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
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17
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Sun S, Ma Y, Liu Z, Liu L. Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Cyclic Benzylic Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
- School of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Yingang Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
- School of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
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18
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Yan J, Wang Y, Hou S, Shi L, Zhu X, Hao X, Song M. NCC Pincer Ni (II) Complexes Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Nitroalkenes with Diphenylphosphine. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Senyao Hou
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Mao‐Ping Song
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
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19
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Sun S, Ma Y, Liu Z, Liu L. Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Cyclic Benzylic Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:176-180. [PMID: 33112503 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A manganese-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution of cyclic benzylic ethers through asymmetric C(sp3 )-H oxidation is reported. The practical approach is applicable to a wide range of 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans bearing diverse functional groups and substituent patterns at the α position with extremely efficient enantiodiscrimination. The generality of the strategy was further demonstrated by efficient oxidative kinetic resolution of another type of five-membered cyclic benzylic ether, 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans, and six-membered 6H-benzo[c]chromenes. Direct late-stage oxidative kinetic resolution of bioactive molecules that are otherwise difficult to access was further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.,School of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yingang Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.,School of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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20
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Woźniak Ł, Tan JF, Nguyen QH, Madron du Vigné A, Smal V, Cao YX, Cramer N. Catalytic Enantioselective Functionalizations of C–H Bonds by Chiral Iridium Complexes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10516-10543. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Woźniak
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jin-Fay Tan
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qui-Hien Nguyen
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Madron du Vigné
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vitalii Smal
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Xuan Cao
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Li N, Zhu WJ, Huang JJ, Hao XQ, Gong JF, Song MP. Chiral NCN Pincer Iridium(III) Complexes with Bis(imidazolinyl)phenyl Ligands: Synthesis and Application in Enantioselective C–H Functionalization of Indoles with α-Aryl-α-diazoacetates. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Huang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fang Gong
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Zhou AZ, Chen K, Arnold FH. Enzymatic Lactone-Carbene C–H Insertion to Build Contiguous Chiral Centers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z. Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Zahrt AF, Athavale SV, Denmark SE. Quantitative Structure-Selectivity Relationships in Enantioselective Catalysis: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1620-1689. [PMID: 31886649 PMCID: PMC7018559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dawn of the 21st century has brought with it a surge of research related to computer-guided approaches to catalyst design. In the past two decades, chemoinformatics, the application of informatics to solve problems in chemistry, has increasingly influenced prediction of activity and mechanistic investigations of organic reactions. The advent of advanced statistical and machine learning methods, as well as dramatic increases in computational speed and memory, has contributed to this emerging field of study. This review summarizes strategies to employ quantitative structure-selectivity relationships (QSSR) in asymmetric catalytic reactions. The coverage is structured by initially introducing the basic features of these methods. Subsequent topics are discussed according to increasing complexity of molecular representations. As the most applied subfield of QSSR in enantioselective catalysis, the application of local parametrization approaches and linear free energy relationships (LFERs) along with multivariate modeling techniques is described first. This section is followed by a description of global parametrization methods, the first of which is continuous chirality measures (CCM) because it is a single parameter derived from the global structure of a molecule. Chirality codes, global, multivariate descriptors, are then introduced followed by molecular interaction fields (MIFs), a global descriptor class that typically has the highest dimensionality. To highlight the current reach of QSSR in enantioselective transformations, a comprehensive collection of examples is presented. When combined with traditional experimental approaches, chemoinformatics holds great promise to predict new catalyst structures, rationalize mechanistic behavior, and profoundly change the way chemists discover and optimize reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Soumitra V. Athavale
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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24
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Gu Y, Natoli SN, Liu Z, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Site-Selective Functionalization of (sp 3 )C-H Bonds Catalyzed by Artificial Metalloenzymes Containing an Iridium-Porphyrin Cofactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13954-13960. [PMID: 31356719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of one C-H bond over others in nearly identical steric and electronic environments can facilitate the construction of complex molecules. We report site-selective functionalizations of C-H bonds, differentiated solely by remote substituents, catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) that are generated from the combination of an evolvable P450 scaffold and an iridium-porphyrin cofactor. The generated systems catalyze the insertion of carbenes into the C-H bonds of a range of phthalan derivatives containing substituents that render the two methylene positions in each phthalan inequivalent. These reactions occur with site-selectivity ratios of up to 17.8:1 and, in most cases, with pairs of enzyme mutants that preferentially form each of the two constitutional isomers. This study demonstrates the potential of abiotic reactions catalyzed by metalloenzymes to functionalize C-H bonds with site selectivity that is difficult to achieve with small-molecule catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sean N Natoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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25
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Gu Y, Natoli SN, Liu Z, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Site‐Selective Functionalization of (sp
3
)C−H Bonds Catalyzed by Artificial Metalloenzymes Containing an Iridium‐Porphyrin Cofactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Sean N. Natoli
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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26
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Liu JK, Gong JF, Song MP. Chiral palladium pincer complexes for asymmetric catalytic reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6069-6098. [PMID: 31090773 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Palladium pincer complexes, containing a monoanionic terdentate ligand composed of an anionic aryl carbon atom and two mutually compatible donor sites, have aroused considerable interest since their first reports in the late 1970s. The high stability of the Pd pincer complexes and particularly their high modularity make these species ideal candidates for catalysis. Furthermore, the nature of the meridional coordination of the pincer ligands, and along with this their ability to enforce a stereo-specific environment around the Pd center, provide a good opportunity for developing chiral Pd pincer catalysts. Thus, a broad variety of chiral Pd pincer complexes have been prepared by the introduction of various stereochemical centers in the pincer skeletons. These chiral Pd pincer complexes have been successfully applied to many asymmetric catalytic reactions such as hydrophosphination reactions, allylation of aldehydes and imines, Michael and aldol reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions as well as reactions of nitrile compounds with imines. This review focuses on the synthetic methods and the applications of chiral Pd pincer complexes in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang RK, Arnold FH. Enantiodivergent α-Amino C-H Fluoroalkylation Catalyzed by Engineered Cytochrome P450s. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9798-9802. [PMID: 31187993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluoroalkyl groups into organic compounds can significantly alter pharmacological characteristics. One enabling but underexplored approach for the installation of fluoroalkyl groups is selective C( sp3)-H functionalization due to the ubiquity of C-H bonds in organic molecules. We have engineered heme enzymes that can insert fluoroalkyl carbene intermediates into α-amino C( sp3)-H bonds and enable enantiodivergent synthesis of fluoroalkyl-containing molecules. Using directed evolution, we engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes to catalyze this abiological reaction under mild conditions with total turnovers (TTN) up to 4070 and enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99%. The iron-heme catalyst is fully genetically encoded and configurable by directed evolution so that just a few mutations to the enzyme completely inverted product enantioselectivity. These catalysts provide a powerful method for synthesis of chiral organofluorine molecules that is currently not possible with small-molecule catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juner Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Ruijie K Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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28
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Dirhodium tetracarboxylates as catalysts for selective intermolecular C-H functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:347-360. [PMID: 32995499 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-H Functionalization has become widely recognized as an exciting new strategy for the synthesis of complex molecular targets. Instead of relying on functional groups as the controlling elements of how molecules are assembled, it offers a totally different logic for organic synthesis. For this type of strategy to be successful, reagents and catalysts need to be developed that generate intermediates that are sufficiently reactive to functionalize C-H bonds but still capable of distinguishing between the different C-H bonds and other functional groups present in a molecule. The most well-established approaches have tended to use substrates that have inherently a favored site for C-H functionalization or rely on intramolecular reactions to control where the reaction will occur. A challenging but potentially more versatile approach would be to use catalysts to control the site-selectivity without requiring the influence of any directing group. One example that is capable of achieving such transformations is the C-H insertion chemistry of transient metal carbenes. Dirhodium tetracarboxylates have been shown to be especially effective catalysts for these reactions. This review will highlight the development of these dirhodium catalysts and illustrate their effectiveness to control both site-selective and stereoselective C-H functionalization of a wide variety of substrates.
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29
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Zhu ZH, Li Y, Wang YB, Lan ZG, Zhu X, Hao XQ, Song MP. α-Alkylation of Nitriles with Alcohols Catalyzed by NNN′ Pincer Ru(II) Complexes Bearing Bipyridyl Imidazoline Ligands. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yigao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Lan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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30
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Natoli SN, Hartwig JF. Noble-Metal Substitution in Hemoproteins: An Emerging Strategy for Abiological Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:326-335. [PMID: 30693758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have evolved to catalyze a range of biochemical transformations with high efficiencies and unparalleled selectivities, including stereoselectivities, regioselectivities, chemoselectivities, and substrate selectivities, while typically operating under mild aqueous conditions. These properties have motivated extensive research to identify or create enzymes with reactivity that complements or even surpasses the reactivity of small-molecule catalysts for chemical reactions. One of the limitations preventing the wider use of enzymes in chemical synthesis, however, is the narrow range of bond constructions catalyzed by native enzymes. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to create artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) that combine the molecular recognition of nature with the reactivity discovered by chemists. This Account describes a new approach for generating ArMs by the formal replacement of the natural iron found in the porphyrin IX (PIX) of hemoproteins with noble metals. Analytical techniques coupled with studies of chemical reactivity have demonstrated that expression of apomyoglobins and apocytochrome P450s (for which "apo-" denotes the cofactor-free protein) followed by reconstitution with metal-PIX cofactors in vitro creates proteins with little perturbation of the native structure, suggesting that the cofactors likely reside within the native active site. By means of this metal substitution strategy, a large number of ArMs have been constructed that contain varying metalloporphyrins and mutations of the protein. The studies discussed in this Account encompass the use of ArMs containing noble metals to catalyze a range of abiological transformations with high chemoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and regioselectivity. These transformations include intramolecular and intermolecular insertion of carbenes into C-H, N-H, and S-H bonds, cyclopropanation of vinylarenes and of internal and nonconjugated alkenes, and intramolecular insertions of nitrenes into C-H bonds. The rates of intramolecular insertions into C-H bonds catalyzed by thermophilic P450 enzymes reconstituted with an Ir(Me)-PIX cofactor are now comparable to the rates of reactions catalyzed by native enzymes and, to date, 1000 times greater than those of any previously reported ArM. This reactivity also encompasses the selective intermolecular insertion of the carbene from ethyl diazoacetate into C-H bonds over dimerization of the carbene to form alkenes, a class of carbene insertion or selectivity not reported to occur with small-molecule catalysts. These combined results highlight the potential of well-designed ArMs to catalyze abiological transformations that have been challenging to achieve with any type of catalyst. The metal substitution strategy described herein should complement the reactivity of native enzymes and expand the scope of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean N. Natoli
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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31
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Enzymatic assembly of carbon-carbon bonds via iron-catalysed sp 3 C-H functionalization. Nature 2018; 565:67-72. [PMID: 30568304 PMCID: PMC6440214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although abundant in organic molecules, carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds are typically considered unreactive and unavailable for chemical manipulation. Recent advances in C-H functionalization technology have begun to transform this logic, while emphasizing the importance of and challenges associated with selective alkylation at a sp3 carbon1,2. Here we describe iron-based catalysts for the enantio-, regio- and chemoselective intermolecular alkylation of sp3 C-H bonds through carbene C-H insertion. The catalysts, derived from a cytochrome P450 enzyme in which the native cysteine axial ligand has been substituted for serine (cytochrome P411), are fully genetically encoded and produced in bacteria, where they can be tuned by directed evolution for activity and selectivity. That these proteins activate iron, the most abundant transition metal, to perform this chemistry provides a desirable alternative to noble-metal catalysts, which have dominated the field of C-H functionalization1,2. The laboratory-evolved enzymes functionalize diverse substrates containing benzylic, allylic or α-amino C-H bonds with high turnover and excellent selectivity. Furthermore, they have enabled the development of concise routes to several natural products. The use of the native iron-haem cofactor of these enzymes to mediate sp3 C-H alkylation suggests that diverse haem proteins could serve as potential catalysts for this abiological transformation, and will facilitate the development of new enzymatic C-H functionalization reactions for applications in chemistry and synthetic biology.
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32
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Chen D, Chemler SR. Synthesis of Phthalans Via Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyclization/Carboetherification of 2-Vinylbenzyl Alcohols. Org Lett 2018; 20:6453-6456. [PMID: 30336677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically enriched phthalans were synthesized efficiently via an enantioselective copper-catalyzed alkene carboetherification reaction. In this reaction, 2-vinylbenzyl alcohols enantioselectively cyclize then couple with vinylarenes. The utility of the method was demonstrated by the enantioselective synthesis of ( R)-fluspidine, a σ1 receptor ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Chen
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Sherry R Chemler
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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33
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Yan J, Wang YB, Zhu ZH, Li Y, Zhu X, Hao XQ, Song MP. Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Studies of Unsymmetrical Chiral NCC Pincer Pd(II) and Ni(II) Complexes Bearing (Imidazolinyl)aryl NHC Ligands. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yigao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Mazzarella D, Crisenza GEM, Melchiorre P. Asymmetric Photocatalytic C–H Functionalization of Toluene and Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8439-8443. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- ICIQ − Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giacomo E. M. Crisenza
- ICIQ − Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ − Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA − Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Guo X, Han Q, Tang Z, Su L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Lin S, Huang Q. Rhodium-catalyzed NH-indole-directed ortho C H coupling of 2-arylindoles with diazo compounds via metal carbene migratory insertion. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Rani V, Singh HB, Butcher RJ. Protic and substituted NCN palladium(II) pincer complexes with 1,3-bis(benzimidazol-2′-yl)-2-bromobenzenes: Structure and catalysis. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tindall DJ, Werlé C, Goddard R, Philipps P, Farès C, Fürstner A. Structure and Reactivity of Half-Sandwich Rh(+3) and Ir(+3) Carbene Complexes. Catalytic Metathesis of Azobenzene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1884-1893. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Tindall
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Petra Philipps
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christophe Farès
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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Davies HML, Morton D. Collective Approach to Advancing C-H Functionalization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:936-943. [PMID: 28979934 PMCID: PMC5620983 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization is a very active research field that has attracted the interest of scientists from many disciplines. This Outlook describes the collaborative efforts within the NSF CCI Center for Selective C-H Functionalization (CCHF) to develop catalyst-controlled selective methods to enhance the synthetic potential of C-H functionalization.
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Sreenilayam G, Moore EJ, Steck V, Fasan R. Metal Substitution Modulates the Reactivity and Extends the Reaction Scope of Myoglobin Carbene Transfer Catalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2017; 359:2076-2089. [PMID: 29606929 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Engineered myoglobins have recently emerged as promising scaffolds for catalyzing carbene-mediated transformations. In this work, we investigated the effect of altering the metal center and its first-sphere coordination environment on the carbene transfer reactivity of myoglobin. To this end, we first established an efficient protocol for the recombinant expression of myoglobin variants incorporating metalloporphyrins with non-native metals, including second- and third-row transition metals (ruthenium, rhodium, iridium). Characterization of the cofactor-substituted myoglobin variants across three different carbene transfer reactions (cyclopropanation, N-H insertion, S-H insertion) revealed a major influence of the nature of metal center, its oxidation state and first-sphere coordination environment on the catalytic activity, stereoselectivity, and/or oxygen tolerance of these artificial metalloenzymes. In addition, myoglobin variants incorporating manganese- or cobalt-porphyrins were found capable of catalyzing an intermolecular carbene C-H insertion reaction involving phthalan and ethyl α-diazoacetate, a reaction not supported by iron-based myoglobins and previously accessed only using iridium-based (bio)catalysts. These studies demonstrate how modification of the metalloporphyrin cofactor environment provides a viable and promising strategy to enhance the catalytic properties and extend the reaction scope of myoglobin-based carbene transfer catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric J Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Viktoria Steck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Asai S, Kato M, Monguchi Y, Sajiki H, Sawama Y. Cyclic ether synthesis from diols using trimethyl phosphate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4787-4790. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic ethers are simply synthesized from diols by using trimethyl phosphate at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Asai
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Gifu 501-1196
- Japan
| | - Maho Kato
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Gifu 501-1196
- Japan
| | - Yasunari Monguchi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Gifu 501-1196
- Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Gifu 501-1196
- Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Gifu 501-1196
- Japan
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42
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Dydio P, Key HM, Nazarenko A, Rha JYE, Seyedkazemi V, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. An artificial metalloenzyme with the kinetics of native enzymes. Science 2016; 354:102-106. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bedell TA, Hone GAB, Valette D, Yu JQ, Davies HML, Sorensen EJ. Rapid Construction of a Benzo-Fused Indoxamycin Core Enabled by Site-Selective C-H Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8270-4. [PMID: 27206223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods for functionalizing carbon-hydrogen bonds are featured in a new synthesis of the tricyclic core architecture that characterizes the indoxamycin family of secondary metabolites. A unique collaboration between three laboratories has engendered a design for synthesis featuring two sequential C-H functionalization reactions, namely a diastereoselective dirhodium carbene insertion followed by an ester-directed oxidative Heck cyclization, to rapidly assemble the congested tricyclic core of the indoxamycins. This project exemplifies how multi-laboratory collaborations can foster conceptually novel approaches to challenging problems in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aaron Bedell
- Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Graham A B Hone
- Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, USA
| | | | - Erik J Sorensen
- Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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Zheng Y, Bian R, Zhang X, Yao R, Qiu L, Bao X, Xu X. Catalyst-Free S-S Bond Insertion Reaction of a Donor/Acceptor-Free Carbene by a Radical Process: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Rongjian Bian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Ruwei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
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Bedell TA, Hone GAB, Valette D, Yu JQ, Davies HML, Sorensen EJ. Rapid Construction of a Benzo-Fused Indoxamycin Core Enabled by Site-Selective C−H Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Aaron Bedell
- Frick Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Washington Road Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Graham A. B. Hone
- Frick Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Washington Road Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; USA
| | | | - Erik J. Sorensen
- Frick Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Washington Road Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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