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Yan M, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhou J. Potential of nonporous adaptive crystals for hydrocarbon separation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6075-6119. [PMID: 37539712 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00856d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon separation is an important process in the field of petrochemical industry, which provides a variety of raw materials for industrial production and a strong support for the development of national economy. However, traditional separation processes involve huge energy consumption. Adsorptive separation based on nonporous adaptive crystal (NAC) materials is considered as an attractive green alternative to traditional energy-intensive separation technologies due to its advantages of low energy consumption, high chemical and thermal stability, excellent selective adsorption and separation performance, and outstanding recyclability. Considering the exceptional potential of NAC materials for hydrocarbon separation, this review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in various supramolecular host-based NACs. Moreover, the current challenges and future directions are illustrated in detail. It is expected that this review will provide useful and timely references for researchers in this area. Based on a large number of state-of-the-art studies, the review will definitely advance the development of NAC materials for hydrocarbon separation and stimulate more interesting studies in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
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Escobar L, Sun Q, Ballester P. Aryl-Extended and Super Aryl-Extended Calix[4]pyrroles: Design, Synthesis, and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:500-513. [PMID: 36734050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusProteins exhibit high-binding affinity and selectivity, as well as remarkable catalytic performance. Their binding pockets are hydrophobic but also contain polar and charged groups to contribute to the binding of polar organic molecules in aqueous solution. In the past decades, the synthesis of biomimetic receptors featuring sizable aromatic cavities equipped with converging polar groups has received considerable attention. "Temple" cages, naphthotubes, and aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles are privileged examples of synthetic scaffolds displaying functionalized hydrophobic cavities capable of binding polar substrates. In particular, calix[4]pyrroles are macrocycles containing four pyrrole rings connected through their pyrrolic 2- and 5-positions by tetra-substituted sp3 carbon atoms (meso-substituents). In 1996, Sessler introduced the meso-octamethyl calix[4]pyrrole as an outstanding receptor for anion binding. Independently, Sessler and Floriani also showed that the introduction of aryl substituents in the meso-positions produced aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles as a mixture of configurational isomers. In addition, aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles bearing two and four meso-aryl substituents (walls) were reported. The cone conformation of "two-wall" αα-aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles features an aromatic cleft with a polar binding site defined by four converging pyrrole NHs. On the other hand, "four-wall" αααα-calix[4]pyrrole isomers possess a deep polar aromatic cavity closed at one end by the converging pyrrole NHs. Because of their functionalized interior, aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles are capable of binding anions, ion-pairs, and electron-rich neutral molecules in organic solvents. However, in water, they are restricted to the inclusion of neutral polar guests.Since the early 2000s, our research group has been involved in the design and synthesis of "two-wall" and "four-wall" aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles and their derivatives, such as aryl-extended calix[4]pyrrole cavitands and super aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles. In this Account, we mainly summarize our own results on the binding of charged and neutral polar guests with these macrocyclic receptors in organic solvents and in water. We also describe the applications of calix[4]pyrrole derivatives in the sensing of creatinine, the facilitated transmembrane transport of anions and amino acids, and the monofunctionalization of bis-isonitriles. Moreover, we explain the use of calix[4]pyrrole receptors as model systems for the quantification of anion-π interactions and the hydrophobic effect. Finally, we discuss the self-assembly of dimeric capsules and unimolecular metallo-cages based on calix[4]pyrrole scaffolds. We comment on their binding properties, as well as on those of bis-calix[4]pyrroles having a fully covalent structure.In molecular recognition, aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles and their derivatives are considered valuable receptors owing to their ability to interact with a wide variety of electron-rich, neutral, and charged guests. Calix[4]pyrrole scaffolds have also been applied in the development of molecular sensors, ionophores, transmembrane carriers, supramolecular protecting groups and molecular containers modulating chemical reactivity, among others. We believe that the design of new calix[4]pyrrole receptors and the investigation of their binding properties may lead to promising applications in many research areas, such as supramolecular catalysis, chemical biology and materials science. We hope that this Account will serve to spread the knowledge of the supramolecular chemistry of calix[4]pyrroles among supramolecular and nonsupramolecular chemists alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Escobar
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Qingqing Sun
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Pablo Ballester
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Aryl- and Superaryl-Extended Calix[4]pyrroles: From Syntheses to Potential Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:7. [PMID: 36607442 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of aryl substituents at the meso-positions of calix[4]pyrrole (C4P) scaffolds produces aryl-extended (AE) and super-aryl-extended (SAE) calix[4]pyrroles. The cone conformation of the all-α isomers of "multi-wall" AE-C4Ps and SAE-C4Ps displays deep aromatic clefts or cavities. In particular, "four-wall" receptors feature an aromatic polar cavity closed at one end with four convergent pyrrole rings and fully open at the opposite end. This makes AE- and SAE-C4P scaffolds effective receptors for the molecular recognition of negatively charged ions and neutral guest molecules with donor-acceptor and hydrogen bonding motifs. In addition, adequately functionalized all-α isomers of multi wall AE- and SAE-C4P scaffolds self-assemble into uni-molecular and supra-molecular aggregates displaying capsular and cage-like structures. The self-assembly process requires the presence of template ions or molecules that lock the C4P cone conformation and complementing the inner polar functions and volumes of their cavities. We envisioned performing an in-depth revision of AE- and SAE-C4P scaffolds owing to their importance in different domains such as supramolecular chemistry, biology, material sciences and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herewith, besides the synthetic details on the elaboration of their structures, we also draw attention to their diverse applications. The organization of this review is mainly based on the number of "walls" present in the AE-C4P derivatives and their structural modifications. The sections are further divided based on the C4P functions and applications. The authors are convinced that this review will be of interest to researchers working in the general area of supramolecular chemistry as well as those involved in the study of the binding properties and applications of C4P derivatives.
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P. Hill J, Karr PA, Zuñiga Uy RA, Subbaiyan NK, Futera Z, Ariga K, Ishihara S, Labuta J, D’Souza F. Analyte Interactions with Oxoporphyrinogen Derivatives: Computational Aspects. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220208101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The binding of anions by highly-coloured chromophore compounds is of interest from the point-of-view of the development of optical sensors for analyte species. In this review, we have summarised our work on the interactions between oxoporphyrinogen type host compounds and different analyte species using computational methods. The origin of our interest in sensing using oxoporphyrinogens stems from an initial finding involving anion-host interactions involving a conjugated oxoporphyrinogen molecule. This review starts from that point, introducing some additional exemplary anion binding data, which is then elaborated to include descriptions of our synthesis work towards multitopic and ion pair interactions. In all the projects, we have consulted computational data on host structure and host-guest complexes in order to obtain information about the interactions occurring during complexation. Density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations have been extensively used for these purposes. Oxoporphyrinogens are highly colored synthetically flexible compounds whose interactions with anions, ion pairs, and other species have been modelled using computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Hill
- WPI-Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, USA
| | - Roxanne A. Zuñiga Uy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 305070 Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Navaneetha K. Subbaiyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 305070 Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Zdeněk Futera
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- WPI-Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- WPI-Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jan Labuta
- WPI-Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Francis D’Souza
- WPI-Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Xie L, Zheng Z, Lin Q, Zhou H, Ji X, Sessler JL, Wang H. Calix[4]pyrrole‐based Crosslinked Polymer Networks for Highly Effective Iodine Adsorption from Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Zhiye Zheng
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th Street A5300 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
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6
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Xie L, Zheng Z, Lin Q, Zhou H, Ji X, Sessler JL, Wang H. Calix[4]pyrrole-based Crosslinked Polymer Networks for Highly Effective Iodine Adsorption from Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113724. [PMID: 34747097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of calix[4]pyrrole-based crosslinked polymer networks designed for iodine capture is reported. These materials were prepared by Sonogashira coupling of α,α,α,α-tetra(4-alkynylphenyl)calix[4]pyrrole with bishalide building blocks with different electronic properties and molecular sizes. Despite their low Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas, iodine vapor adsorption capacities of up to 3.38 g g-1 were seen, a finding ascribed to the presence of a large number of effective sorption sites including macrocyclic π-rich cavities, aryl units, and alkyne groups within the material. One particular system, C[4]P-BTP, was found to be highly effective at iodine capture from water (uptake capacity of 3.24 g g-1 from a concentrated aqueous KI/I2 solution at ambient temperature). Fast capture kinetics (kobs =7.814 g g-1 min-1 ) were seen. Flow-through adsorption experiments revealed that C[4]P-BTP is able to remove 93.2 % of iodine from an aqueous source phase at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiye Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Fa S, Adachi K, Nagata Y, Egami K, Kato K, Ogoshi T. Pre-regulation of the planar chirality of pillar[5]arenes for preparing discrete chiral nanotubes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3483-3488. [PMID: 34163621 PMCID: PMC8179476 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating the chirality of macrocyclic host molecules and supramolecular assemblies is crucial because chirality often plays a role in governing the properties of these systems. Herein, we describe pillar[5]arene-based chiral nanotube formation via pre-regulation of the building blocks' chirality, which is different from frequently used post-regulation strategies. The planar chirality of rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes is initially regulated by chiral awakening and further induction/inversion through stepwise achiral external stimuli. The pre-regulated chiral information is well stored in discrete nanotubes by interacting with a per-alkylamino-substituted pillar[5]arene. Such pre-regulation is more efficient than post-regulating the chirality of nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keisuke Adachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Kouichi Egami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
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Lai Z, Zhao T, Sessler JL, He Q. Bis–Calix[4]pyrroles: Preparation, structure, complexation properties and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Guo C, Wang H, Lynch VM, Ji X, Page ZA, Sessler JL. Molecular recognition of pyrazine N, N'-dioxide using aryl extended calix[4]pyrroles. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5650-5657. [PMID: 34094078 PMCID: PMC8159416 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calix[4]pyrrole (C4P)-based systems have been extensively explored as binding agents for anions and ion pairs. However, their capacity to act as molecular containers for neutral species remains underexplored. We report here the molecular recognition of pyrazine N,N'-dioxide (PZDO) using a series of aryl extended C4Ps including three α,α-diaryl substituted C4Ps (receptors 1-3), an α,β-diaryl substituted C4P (receptor 4) and an α,α,α,α-tetraaryl substituted C4P (receptor 5). Single crystal structural analyses of the 2 : 1 host-guest complexes between receptors 1-3 and PZDO revealed that the C4P subunits exist in an unusual partial cone conformation and that the PZDO guest is held within electron-rich cavities formed by the lower rims of the individual C4P macrocycle. In contrast, receptor 5 was seen to adopt the cone conformation in the solid state, allowing one PZDO molecule to be accommodated inside the upper-rim cavity. Evidence for guest-directed self-assembly is also seen in the solid state. Evidence for C4P-PZDO interactions in CD3CN/CD3OD solution came from 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations. Electrostatic potential maps created by means of density functional theory calculations were constructed. Density functional theory calculations were also performed to analyse the energetics of various limiting binding modes. On the basis of these studies, it is inferred that interactions between the 'two-wall' C4P derivatives (i.e. receptors 1-4) and PZDO involve a complex binding mode that differs from what has been seen in previous host-guest complexes formed between C4Ps and N-oxides. The present study thus paves the way for the further design of C4P-based receptors with novel recognition features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712 USA
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Peng S, He Q, Vargas-Zúñiga GI, Qin L, Hwang I, Kim SK, Heo NJ, Lee CH, Dutta R, Sessler JL. Strapped calix[4]pyrroles: from syntheses to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:865-907. [PMID: 31957756 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is a central topic in modern chemistry. It touches on many traditional disciplines, such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, environmental chemistry, and biological chemistry. Supramolecular hosts, inter alia macrocyclic hosts, play critical roles in supramolecular chemistry. Calix[4]pyrroles, non-aromatic tetrapyrrolic macrocycles defined by sp3 hybridized meso bridges, have proved to be versatile receptors for neutral species, anions, and cations, as well as ion pairs. Compared to the parent system, octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole and its derivatives bearing simple appended functionalities, strapped calix[4]pyrroles typically display enhanced binding affinities and selectivities. In this review, we summarize advances in the design and synthesis of strapped calix[4]pyrroles, as well as their broad utility in molecular recognition, supramolecular extraction, separation technology, ion transport, and as agents capable of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Future challenges within this sub-field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Gabriela I Vargas-Zúñiga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Inhong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Nam Jung Heo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University and IMSFT, Chun-Cheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University and IMSFT, Chun-Cheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. and Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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Synthesis, X-ray Characterization and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies of Two Polymorphs of the α,α,α,α, Isomer of Tetra- p-Iodophenyl Tetramethyl Calix[4]pyrrole: On the Importance of Halogen Bonds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020285. [PMID: 31936802 PMCID: PMC7024273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reports the improved synthesis of the α,α,α,α isomer of tetra-p-iodophenyl tetra-methyl calix[4]pyrrole and the X-ray characterization of two solvate polymorphs. In the solid state, the calix[4]pyrrole receptor adopts the cone conformation, including one acetonitrile molecule in its aromatic cavity by establishing four convergent hydrogen bonds between its nitrogen atom and the four pyrrole NHs of the former. The inclusion complexes pack into rods, displaying a unidirectional orientation. In turn, the rods form flat 2D-layers by alternating the orientation of their p-iodo substituents. The 2D layers stack on top of another, resulting in a head-to-head and tail-to-tail orientation of the complexes or their exclusive arrangement in a head-to-tail geometry. The dissimilar stacking of the layers yields two solvate polymorphs that are simultaneously present in the structures of the single crystals. The ratio of the two polymorph phases is regulated by the amount of acetonitrile added to the chloroform solutions from which the crystals grow. Halogen bonding interactions are highly relevant in the crystal lattices of the two polymorphs. We analyzed and characterized these interactions by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and several computational tools. Remarkably, single crystals of a solvate containing two acetonitrile molecules per calix[4]pyrrole were obtained from pure acetonitrile solution.
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Escobar L, Villarón D, Escudero-Adán EC, Ballester P. A mono-metallic Pd(ii)-cage featuring two different polar binding sites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:604-607. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-α super aryl-extended tetra-pyridyl calix[4]pyrrole self-assembles into a mono-Pd(ii) cage featuring two different and converging polar binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Escobar
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- Tarragona
- Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgánica
- Tarragona
| | - David Villarón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- Tarragona
- Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgánica
- Tarragona
| | - Eduardo C. Escudero-Adán
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- Tarragona
- Spain
- ICREA
- Barcelona
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