1
|
Miele M, Pillari V, Pace V, Alcántara AR, de Gonzalo G. Application of Biobased Solvents in Asymmetric Catalysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196701. [PMID: 36235236 PMCID: PMC9570574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity of more sustainable conditions that follow the twelve principles of Green Chemistry have pushed researchers to the development of novel reagents, catalysts and solvents for greener asymmetric methodologies. Solvents are in general a fundamental part for developing organic processes, as well as for the separation and purification of the reaction products. By this reason, in the last years, the application of the so-called green solvents has emerged as a useful alternative to the classical organic solvents. These solvents must present some properties, such as a low vapor pressure and toxicity, high boiling point and biodegradability, and must be obtained from renewable sources. In the present revision, the recent application of these biobased solvents in the synthesis of optically active compounds employing different catalytic methodologies, including biocatalysis, organocatalysis and metal catalysis, will be analyzed to provide a novel tool for carrying out more ecofriendly organic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Miele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Pillari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (A.R.A.); (G.d.G.); Tel.: +39-011-6707934 (V.P.); +34-913941821 (A.R.A.); +34-955420802 (G.d.G.)
| | - Andrés R. Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (A.R.A.); (G.d.G.); Tel.: +39-011-6707934 (V.P.); +34-913941821 (A.R.A.); +34-955420802 (G.d.G.)
| | - Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Seville, c/ Profesor García González 1, 41014 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (A.R.A.); (G.d.G.); Tel.: +39-011-6707934 (V.P.); +34-913941821 (A.R.A.); +34-955420802 (G.d.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site-Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14992-14999. [PMID: 32400069 PMCID: PMC7497272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a predictive model towards site-selective deprotometalation reactions using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl is reported (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl). The pKa values of functionalized N-, S-, and O-heterocycles, arenes, alkenes, or alkanes were calculated and compared to the experimental deprotonation sites. Large overlap (>80 %) between the calculated and empirical deprotonation sites was observed, showing that thermodynamic factors strongly govern the metalation regioselectivity. In the case of olefins, calculated frozen state energies of the deprotonated substrates allowed a more accurate prediction. Additionally, various new N-heterocycles were analyzed and the metalation regioselectivities rationalized using the predictive model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) Normal University88, Sec. 4, Tingchow RoadTaipei11677Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site‐Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang W, Pan YL, Yang C, Chen L, Li X, Cheng JP. Metal-Free Direct C–H Cyanoalkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-Ones by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7786-7795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Liang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gbadebo O, Smith D, Harnett G, Donegan G, O'Leary P. Surprising and Highly Efficient Use of Methylmagnesium Chloride as a Non-Nucleophilic Base in the Deprotonation and Alkylation of sp 3
Centres Adjacent to Nitriles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola Gbadebo
- SMACT, School of Chemistry; National University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| | - Dennis Smith
- SMACT, School of Chemistry; National University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| | - Ger Harnett
- Roche Ireland Ltd.; Clarecastle Co Clare Ireland
| | | | - Patrick O'Leary
- SMACT, School of Chemistry; National University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujiwara T, Okabayashi T, Takahama Y, Matsuo N, Tanabe Y. Ring-Closing Strategy Utilizing Nitrile α-Anions: Chiral Synthesis of (+)-Norchrysanthemic Acid and Expeditious Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Grandisol. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337 Hyogo Japan
| | - Tomohito Okabayashi
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337 Hyogo Japan
| | - Yuji Takahama
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337 Hyogo Japan
| | - Noritada Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337 Hyogo Japan
| | - Yoo Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337 Hyogo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sasaki M, Shimabara R, Takegawa T, Kotomori Y, Otani Y, Ohwada T, Takeda K. Steric Course of Deprotonation/Substitution of Chelating/Dipole-Stabilizing-Group-Substituted α-Amino- and α-Oxynitriles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Sasaki
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Rumiko Shimabara
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Tomo Takegawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuri Kotomori
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo 113-0033 Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo 113-0033 Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei Takeda
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Institute of Biomedical & Health Science; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi 734-8553 Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Piperidines: Functionalization of Preexisting Ring Systems. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
9
|
Yang X, Fleming FF. C- and N-Metalated Nitriles: The Relationship between Structure and Selectivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2556-2568. [PMID: 28930437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are exceptional nucleophiles capable of forging highly hindered stereocenters in cases where enolates are unreactive. The excellent nucleophilicity emanates from the powerful inductive stabilization of adjacent negative charge by the nitrile, which has a miniscule steric demand. Inductive stabilization is the key to understanding the reactivity of metalated nitriles because this permits a continuum of structures that range from N-metalated ketenimines to nitrile anions. Solution and solid-state analyses reveal two different metal coordination sites, the formally anionic carbon and the nitrile nitrogen, with the site of metalation depending intimately on the solvent, counterion, temperature, and ligands. The most commonly encountered structures, C- and N-metalated nitriles, have either sp3 or sp2 hybridization at the nucleophilic carbon, which essentially translates into two distinct organometallic species with similar but nonidentical stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and reactivity preferences. The hybridization differences are particularly important in SNi displacements of cyclic nitriles because the orbital orientations create very precise trajectories that control the cyclization selectivity. Harnessing the orbital differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles allows selective cyclization to afford nitrile-containing cis- or trans-hydrindanes, decalins, or bicyclo[5.4.0]undecanes. Similar orbital constraints favor preferential SNi displacements with allylic electrophiles on sp3 centers over sp2 centers. The strategy permits stereoselective displacements on secondary centers to set contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters or even contiguous vicinal quaternary centers. Stereoselective alkylations of acyclic nitriles are inherently more challenging because of the difficulty in creating steric differentiation in a dynamic system with rotatable bonds. However, judicious substituent placement of vicinal dimethyl groups and a trisubstituted alkene sufficiently constrains C- and N-metalated nitriles to install quaternary stereocenters with excellent 1,2-induction. The structural differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles permit a rare series of chemoselective alkylations with bifunctional electrophiles. C-Magnesiated nitriles preferentially react with carbonyl electrophiles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles favor SN2 displacement of alkyl halides. The chemoselective alkylations potentially provide a strategy for late-stage alkylations of polyfunctional electrophiles en route to bioactive targets. In this Account, the bonding of metalated nitriles is summarized as a prelude to the different strategies for selectively preparing C- and N-metalated nitriles. With this background, the Account then transitions to applications in which C- or N-metalated nitriles allow complementary diastereoselectivity in alkylations and arylations, and regioselective alkylations and arylations, with acyclic and cyclic nitriles. In the latter sections, a series of regiodivergent cyclizations are described that provide access to cis- and trans-hydrindanes and decalins, structural motifs embedded within a plethora of natural products. The last section describes chemoselective alkylations and acylations of C- and N-metalated nitriles that offer the tantalizing possibility of selectively manipulating functional groups in bioactive medicinal leads without recourse to protecting groups. Collectively, the unusual reactivity profiles of C- and N-metalated nitriles provide new strategies for rapidly and selectively accessing valuable synthetic precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|