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Yadav RS, Sharma S, Metzler R, Chakrabarti R. A passive star polymer in a dense active bath: insights from computer simulations. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3910-3922. [PMID: 38700098 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Using computer simulations in two dimensions (2D), we explore the structure and dynamics of a star polymer with three arms made of passive monomers immersed in a bath of active Brownian particles (ABPs). We analyze the conformational and dynamical changes of the polymer as a function of activity and packing fraction. We also study the process of motility induced phase separation (MIPS) in the presence of a star polymer, which acts as a mobile nucleation center. The presence of the polymer increases the growth rate of the clusters in comparison to a bath without the polymer. In particular, for low packing fraction, both nucleation and cluster growth are affected by the inclusion of the star polymer. Clusters grow in the vicinity of the star polymer, resulting in the star polymer experiencing a caged motion similar to a tagged ABP in the dense phase. Due to the topological constraints of the star polymers and clustering nearby, the conformational changes of the star polymer lead to interesting observations. Inter alia, we observe the shrinking of the arm with increasing activity along with a short-lived hairpin structure of one arm formed. We also see the transient pairing of two arms of the star polymer, while the third is largely separated at high activity. We hope our findings will help in understanding the behavior of active-passive mixtures, including biopolymers of complex topology in dense active suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanand Singh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Sanaa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Ralf Metzler
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Germany.
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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2
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Li C, Chen Q, Ding M. Escape dynamics of active ring polymers in a cylindrical nanochannel. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1719-1724. [PMID: 38284326 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We explore the escape dynamics of active ring polymers confined in a cylindrical nanochannel using Brownian dynamics. Our simulation results show that the escape time decreases with the increase of the Péclet number, which is not noticeable between the two stages of the escape process, based on whether the center of mass of the polymer is inside or outside the nanochannel. However, the monomer motion trajectory of the active polymer is very different from that of the passive polymer, similar to the snake-like motion with uniform velocity. The passive polymer, however, is in constant fugitive motion with increased velocity at the tail end of the escape. Our work is vital for understanding the escape dynamics of active ring polymers in the confined nanochannel, which provides new perspectives on their characterization and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Qiaoyue Chen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Mingming Ding
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Wang Z, Ziolek RM, Tsige M. Constraints on Knot Insertion, Not Internal Jamming, Control Polycatenane Translocation Dynamics through Crystalline Pores. Macromolecules 2023; 56:3238-3245. [PMID: 37128623 PMCID: PMC10141125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The translocation of polymers through pores and channels is an archetypal process in biology and is widely studied and exploited for applications in bio- and nanotechnology. In recent times, the translocation of polymers of various different topologies has been studied both experimentally and by computer simulation. However, in some cases, a clear understanding of the precise mechanisms that drive their translocation dynamics can be challenging to derive. Experimental methods are able to provide statistical details of polymer translocation, but computer simulations are uniquely placed to uncover a finer level of mechanistic understanding. In this work, we use high-throughput molecular simulations to reveal the importance that knot insertion rates play in controlling translocation dynamics in the small pore limit, where unexpected nonpower law behavior emerges. This work both provides new predictive understanding of polycatenane translocation and shows the importance of carefully considering the role of the definition of translocation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Robert M. Ziolek
- Biological
Physics and Soft Matter Group, Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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4
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Wang C, Hu HX, Zhou YL, Zhao B, Luo MB. Translocation of a Self-propelled Polymer through a Narrow Pore. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Ding M, Li L. Flow-Induced Translocation and Conformational Transition of Polymer Chains through Nanochannels: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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6
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Chen J, Chen X, Sun LZ, Xu XJ, Luo MB. Translocation of a looped polymer threading through a nanopore. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4342-4351. [PMID: 33908563 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments reported that the complicated translocation dynamics of a looped DNA chain through a nanopore can be detected by ionic current blockade profiles. Inspired by the experimental results, we systematically study the translocation dynamics of a looped polymer, formed by three building blocks of a loop in the middle and two tails of the same length connected with the loop, by using Langevin dynamics simulations. Based on two entering modes (tail-leading and loop-leading) and three translocation orders (loop-tail-tail, tail-loop-tail, and tail-tail-loop), the translocation of the looped polymer is classified into six translocation pathways, corresponding to different current blockade profiles. The probabilities of the six translocation pathways are dependent on the loop length, polymer length, and pore radius. Moreover, the translocation times of the entire polymer and the loop are investigated. We find that the two translocation times show different dependencies on the translocation pathways and on the lengths of the loop and the entire polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Li-Zhen Sun
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Meng-Bo Luo
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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7
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Driven Transport of Dilute Polymer Solutions through Porous Media Comprising Interconnected Cavities. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driven transport of dilute polymer solutions through porous media has been simulated using a recently proposed novel dissipative particle dynamics method satisfying the no-penetration and no-slip boundary conditions. The porous media is an array of overlapping spherical cavities arranged in a simple cubic lattice. Simulations were performed for linear, ring, and star polymers with 12 arms for two cases with the external force acting on (I) both polymer and solvent beads to model a pressure-driven flow; (II) polymer beads only, similar to electrophoresis. When the external force is in the direction of a principal axis, the extent of change in the polymers’ conformation and their alignment with the driving force is more significant for case I. These effects are most pronounced for linear chains, followed by rings and stars at the same molecular weight. Moreover, the polymer mean velocity is affected by its molecular weight and architecture as well as the direction and strength of the imposed force.
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8
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Liu A, Yang Z, Liu L, Chen J, An L. Role of Functionality in Cross-Stream Migration, Structures, and Dynamics of Star Polymers in Poiseuille Flow. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Nagarajan
- K. Nagarajan, Prof. S. B. ChenDepartment of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Shing Bor Chen
- K. Nagarajan, Prof. S. B. ChenDepartment of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
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10
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Ding M, Chen Q, Duan X, Shi T. Flow-Driven Translocation of a Diblock Copolymer through a Nanopore. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8848-8852. [PMID: 31566376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a hybrid molecular dynamic and lattice Boltzmann simulation method, we investigate the flow-driven translocation of a diblock copolymer which is composed of a hydrophilic block and a hydrophobic block through a nanopore. Our results illustrate the nontrivial translocation dynamics of diblock copolymers. We find that the increase in the number of hydrophobic segments requires a larger critical flow rate and a reduced translocation time, which implies that the separation of diblock copolymers with different fractions of hydrophobic segments can be achieved by adjusting the flow rate. Our work deepens the understanding of copolymer translocation through a nanopore and provides an insight into designing related microscaled separation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyue Chen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology , Yili Normal University , Yining 835000 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
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11
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Nagarajan K, Chen SB. Flow-Induced Translocation of Star Polymers through a Nanopore. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7919-7925. [PMID: 31461281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flow-induced translocation of star polymers through a cylindrical nanopore has been studied using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. The number of arms, f, was varied with the total number of monomers, N, kept constant. The effect of simulating the capture of the polymer into the pore upon the mean translocation time, <τt>, has been investigated by varying the chain's initial location. The results indicate that the incorporation of the capture process results in a reduction of <τt> by up to 15%. This is because the chain's initial location affects the extent of its stretching along the flow direction during translocation. <τt> exhibits nonmonotonic variation with f, in agreement with recently reported results for electric field-driven translocation of star polymers. Its value is larger and shows greater variation with f when the solvent quality is better. For the same value of f, the capture occurs faster in a good solvent. In addition, <τt> is greater for a semiflexible chain than its flexible counterpart as the time required for the branch point to enter the nanopore is longer in the former case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117585 Singapore
| | - Shing Bor Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117585 Singapore
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12
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He J, Zheng T, Li L. Study of Flow-Driven Translocation of Flexible Polymer Chains through Cylindrical Nanopores in Unentangled Semidilute Solutions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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13
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Abstract
The electric field driven translocation of charged star polymers through a cylindrical nanopore has been studied using dissipative particle dynamics simulations. The critical field strength required to induce translocation depends on both the number of arms and the number of beads per arm. It may therefore be possible to separate star polyelectrolytes of different arm lengths using electric field driven translocation through a nanopore. The average translocation time exhibits nonmonotonic variation with the number of arms for good solvent conditions. During translocation, a star polymer with many arms is stretched along the pore axis to a lesser extent as compared to its linear counterpart. Unlike a linear chain that shows tension propagation with large tensions for bonds about to enter the pore, a star has the tensest bonds closest to the branch point whose connectivity to multiple arms raises difficulty for its entry and passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117585 , Singapore
| | - Shing Bor Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117585 , Singapore
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14
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Ding M, Duan X, Shi T. Flow-induced polymer separation through a nanopore: effects of solvent quality. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7239-7243. [PMID: 28930354 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a hybrid simulation method that combines a lattice-Boltzmann approach for the flow and a molecular dynamics model for the polymer, we investigated the effect of solvent quality on the flow-induced polymer translocation through a nanopore. We demonstrate the nontrivial dependence of the translocation dynamics of polymers on the solvent quality, i.e., the enhancement in the polymer insolubility increases the critical velocity flux and shortens the translocation time. Accordingly, we propose a new strategy to separate polymers with different solubilities via their translocations in the nanopore by adjusting the velocity flux of the flow, which appears to be promising for the design of micro-scaled polymer separation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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16
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Ding M, Chen Q, Duan X, Shi T. Flow-induced polymer translocation through a nanopore from a confining nanotube. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:174903. [PMID: 27155652 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the flow-induced polymer translocation through a nanopore from a confining nanotube, using a hybrid simulation method that couples point particles into a fluctuating lattice-Boltzmann fluid. Our simulation illustrates that the critical velocity flux of the polymer linearly decreases with the decrease in the size of the confining nanotube, which corresponds well with our theoretical analysis based on the blob model of the polymer translocation. Moreover, by decreasing the size of the confining nanotube, we find a significantly favorable capture of the polymer near its ends, as well as a longer translocation time. Our results provide the computational and theoretical support for the development of nanotechnologies based on the ultrafiltration and the single-molecule sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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17
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Castro V, Noti C, Chen W, Cristau M, Livignston A, Rodríguez H, Albericio F. Novel Globular Polymeric Supports for Membrane-Enhanced Peptide Synthesis. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vida Castro
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine
(IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Hortensia Rodríguez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine
(IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine
(IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Centre
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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18
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Chen Q, Zhang L, Ding M, Duan X, Huang Y, Shi T. Effects of nanopore size on the flow-induced star polymer translocation. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2016; 39:109. [PMID: 27853961 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2016-16109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the effects of the nanopore size on the flow-induced capture of the star polymer by a nanopore and the afterward translocation, using a hybrid simulation method that couples point particles into a fluctuating lattice-Boltzmann fluid. Our simulation demonstrates that the optimal forward arm number decreases slowly with the increase of the length of the nanopore. Compared to the minor effect of the length of the nanopore, the optimal forward arm number obviously increases with the increase of the width of the nanopore, which can clarify the current controversial issue for the optimal forward arm number between the theory and experiments. In addition, our results indicate that the critical velocity flux of the star polymer is independent of the nanopore size. Our work bridges the experimental results and the theoretical understanding, which can provide comprehensive insights for the characterization and the purification of the star polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, 835000, Yining, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, 835000, Yining, China
- National Lab of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Yineng Huang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, 835000, Yining, China
- National Lab of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
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