1
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Liu H, Luo X, Sokolov AP, Paddison SJ. Quantitative Evidence of Mobile Ion Hopping in Polymerized Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:372-381. [PMID: 33393762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were performed, and an extensive set of analyses were undertaken to understand the ion transport mechanism in the polymerized ionic liquid poly(C2VIm)Tf2N. The ion hopping events were investigated at different time scales. Ion hopping was examined by monitoring the instantaneous cation-anion association and dissociation. Ion diffusion was subsequently evaluated with correlation functions and the calculation of relaxation times at different time scales. Dynamical heterogeneity in the mobility of the ions was observed with only a small portion of the anions classified as fast mobile ions. The mobile ions were characterized as the ones traveling farther than a certain distance during a characteristic period, which was much longer than the time scale of the instant ion pair dissociation. Effective hopping of the mobile ions contributed to the diffusivity which was dominated by interchain hopping and generally facilitated with five associating cations from two different polymer chains. Mobile anions had relatively fewer associating cations from more associating chains than immobile anions. The stringlike cooperative motion was observed in the mobile anions. The string length was determined to decrease with increasing temperature. These findings provided an in-depth understanding of the ion transport in polymerized ionic liquids and important information for the rational design of novel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Xubo Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Stephen J Paddison
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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2
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Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolytes and high-concentration liquid electrolytes, such as water-in-salt electrolytes and ionic liquids, are emerging materials to replace the flammable organic electrolytes widely used in industrial lithium-ion batteries. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the ion transport mechanisms and optimize the ion transport properties. This perspective reviews the current understanding of the ion transport and polymer dynamics in liquid and polymer electrolytes, comparing the similarities and differences in the two types of electrolytes. Combining recent experimental and theoretical findings, we attempt to connect and explain ion transport mechanisms in different types of small-molecule and polymer electrolytes from a theoretical perspective, linking the macroscopic transport coefficients to the microscopic, molecular properties such as the solvation environment of the ions, salt concentration, solvent/polymer molecular weight, ion pairing, and correlated ion motion. We emphasize universal features in the ion transport and polymer dynamics by highlighting the relevant time and length scales. Several outstanding questions and anticipated developments for electrolyte design are discussed, including the negative transference number, control of ion transport through precision synthesis, and development of predictive multiscale modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yun Son
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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3
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Rathnayaka CM, Karunasena HCP, Wijerathne WDCC, Senadeera W, Gu YT. A three-dimensional (3-D) meshfree-based computational model to investigate stress-strain-time relationships of plant cells during drying. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235712. [PMID: 32634165 PMCID: PMC7340284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of plant cell micromechanics would enhance the current opinion on “how things are happening” inside a plant cell, enabling more detailed insights into plant physiology as well as processing plant biomaterials. However, with the contemporary laboratory equipment, the experimental investigation of cell micromechanics has been a challenging task due to diminutive spatial and time scales involved. In this investigation, a three-dimensional (3-D) coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coarse-Grained (CG) computational approach has been employed to model micromechanics of single plant cells going through drying or dehydration. This meshfree-based computational model has conclusively demonstrated that it can effectively simulate the behaviour of stress and strain in a plant cell being compressed at different levels of dryness: ranging from a fresh state to an extremely dried state. In addition, different biological and physical circumstances have been approximated through the proposed novel computational framework in the form of different turgor pressures, strain rates, mechanical properties and cell sizes. The proposed computational framework has potential not only to study the micromechanical characteristics of plant cellular structure during drying, but also other equivalent, biological structures and processes with relevant modifications. There are no underlying difficulties in adopting the model to replicate other types of cells and more sophisticated micromechanical phenomena of the cells under different external loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Rathnayaka
- Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - H. C. P. Karunasena
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - W. D. C. C. Wijerathne
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | - W. Senadeera
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Y. T. Gu
- Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Frischknecht AL, Paren BA, Middleton LR, Koski JP, Tarver JD, Tyagi M, Soles CL, Winey KI. Chain and Ion Dynamics in Precise Polyethylene Ionomers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Paren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jason P. Koski
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jacob D. Tarver
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Christopher L. Soles
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Abbott LJ, Lawson JW. Effects of Side Chain Length on Ionic Aggregation and Dynamics in Polymer Single-Ion Conductors. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Franco AA, Rucci A, Brandell D, Frayret C, Gaberscek M, Jankowski P, Johansson P. Boosting Rechargeable Batteries R&D by Multiscale Modeling: Myth or Reality? Chem Rev 2019; 119:4569-4627. [PMID: 30859816 PMCID: PMC6460402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses concepts, approaches, tools, and outcomes of multiscale modeling used to design and optimize the current and next generation rechargeable battery cells. Different kinds of multiscale models are discussed and demystified with a particular emphasis on methodological aspects. The outcome is compared both to results of other modeling strategies as well as to the vast pool of experimental data available. Finally, the main challenges remaining and future developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Franco
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Rucci
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Daniel Brandell
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström
Laboratory, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Frayret
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Miran Gaberscek
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
for Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrik Johansson
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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7
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Rathnayaka CM, Karunasena HCP, Senadeera W, Gu YT. Application of a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and coarse-grained (CG) numerical modelling approach to study three-dimensional (3-D) deformations of single cells of different food-plant materials during drying. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2015-2031. [PMID: 29376541 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerical modelling has gained popularity in many science and engineering streams due to the economic feasibility and advanced analytical features compared to conventional experimental and theoretical models. Food drying is one of the areas where numerical modelling is increasingly applied to improve drying process performance and product quality. This investigation applies a three dimensional (3-D) Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coarse-Grained (CG) numerical approach to predict the morphological changes of different categories of food-plant cells such as apple, grape, potato and carrot during drying. To validate the model predictions, experimental findings from in-house experimental procedures (for apple) and sources of literature (for grape, potato and carrot) have been utilised. The subsequent comaprison indicate that the model predictions demonstrate a reasonable agreement with the experimental findings, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In this numerical model, a higher computational accuracy has been maintained by limiting the consistency error below 1% for all four cell types. The proposed meshfree-based approach is well-equipped to predict the morphological changes of plant cellular structure over a wide range of moisture contents (10% to 100% dry basis). Compared to the previous 2-D meshfree-based models developed for plant cell drying, the proposed model can draw more useful insights on the morphological behaviour due to the 3-D nature of the model. In addition, the proposed computational modelling approach has a high potential to be used as a comprehensive tool in many other tissue morphology related investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Rathnayaka
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering, 2- George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - H C P Karunasena
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - W Senadeera
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Y T Gu
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering, 2- George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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8
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Effect of Neutralization on the Structure and Dynamics of Model Ionomer Melts. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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9
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Abstract
In this review we summarize recent efforts in understanding nano-aggregation in acid- and ion-containing polymer systems. The acid and ionic groups have specific interactions that drive aggregation and alter polymer behavior at the nano-, micro-, and bulk length scales. Advancements in synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computer simulations have enabled researchers to better understand the morphologies and dynamics, particularly at the nanoscale. This overview of recent advancements in nano-aggregated polymer systems highlights the current understanding of the field and presents promising directions for future investigations and new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
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10
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Rudzinski JF, Lu K, Milner ST, Maranas JK, Noid WG. Extended Ensemble Approach to Transferable Potentials for Low-Resolution Coarse-Grained Models of Ionomers. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2185-2201. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Rudzinski
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Keran Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott T. Milner
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Janna K. Maranas
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - William G. Noid
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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11
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Lu K, Maranas JK, Milner ST. Depletion attraction of sheet-like ion aggregates in low-dielectric ionomer melts. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064901. [PMID: 28201882 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionomers are polymers in which an ionic group is covalently bonded to the polymer backbone. Ion aggregates in ionomers have morphologies that allow for the packing of the attached polymer backbone. Using ion-only coarse-grained molecular dynamics, we observe that string-like ion aggregates become flat and sheet-like at lower dielectric constants. A consequence of the changing morphology is that the sheet-like aggregates self-assemble to form ordered, lamellar structures. We use a simple thermodynamic model to demonstrate that depletion attraction mediated by small aggregates can explain the observed order. Our results suggest that depletion attraction can drive ions to form structures that have the size scale suggested by direct visualization, produce the commonly observed experimental correlation peak from X-ray and neutron scattering, and satisfy chain-packing constraints that have been demonstrated to be important in simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Lu
- The Pennsylvania State University, 120 Fenske Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Janna K Maranas
- The Pennsylvania State University, 120 Fenske Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Scott T Milner
- The Pennsylvania State University, 120 Fenske Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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12
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Kamarudin MA, Khan AA, Tan E, Rughoobur G, Said S, Qasim MM, Wilkinson TD. Induced alignment of a reactive mesogen-based polymer electrolyte for dye-sensitised solar cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03732e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the morphology of liquid crystal-directed polymer templates at the micrometer scale using external alignment layers and electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Kamarudin
- Centre of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics (CMMPE)
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - A. A. Khan
- Centre of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics (CMMPE)
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - E. Tan
- Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics (CAPE)
- Electrical Engineering Division
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - G. Rughoobur
- Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics (CAPE)
- Electrical Engineering Division
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - S. M. Said
- Solid State Nanodevices Laboratory
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
| | - M. M. Qasim
- Centre of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics (CMMPE)
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - T. D. Wilkinson
- Centre of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics (CMMPE)
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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13
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Osti NC, Etampawala TN, Shrestha UM, Aryal D, Tyagi M, Diallo SO, Mamontov E, Cornelius CJ, Perahia D. Water dynamics in rigid ionomer networks. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:224901. [PMID: 27984911 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Osti
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - T. N. Etampawala
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - U. M. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - D. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - M. Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S. O. Diallo
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - E. Mamontov
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C. J. Cornelius
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - D. Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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