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He B, Wang F, Qu L. Role of peptide-cell surface interactions in cosmetic peptide application. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1267765. [PMID: 38027006 PMCID: PMC10679740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1267765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmetic peptides have gained popularity in a wide range of skincare products due to their good biocompatibility, effective anti-oxidative properties, and anti-aging effects. However, low binding between peptides and the cell surface limits the efficacy of functional peptides. In this study, we designed two novel targeting peptide motifs to enhance the interaction between cosmetic peptides and the cell surface, thereby improving their performance for skin health. To achieve this, we optimized the well-known peptide tripeptide-1 (GHK) by separately grafting the integrin αvβ3-binding motif RGD and the chondroitin sulfate (CS)-binding motif sOtx2 onto it, forming two chimeric targeting peptides, RGD-GHK and sOtx2-GHK. Comparative analysis showed that both RGD-GHK and sOtx2-GHK exhibited superior anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects compared to the non-targeting peptide, GHK. Furthermore, RGD-GHK demonstrated exceptional anti-aging activity, and its potential for promoting wound healing and repairing the skin barrier was evaluated in vitro using cells and skin models. In vitro permeation and in vivo adsorption testing confirmed that RGD-GHK achieved a high local concentration in the skin layer, initiating peptide effects and facilitating in vivo wound healing, while maintaining excellent biocompatibility. The enhancement of signaling cosmetic peptides can be attributed to the specific interaction between the binding motif and cell surface components. Consequently, this targeting peptide holds promising potential as a novel functional peptide for application in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei He
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
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2
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Kim DM, Baek SW, Park JM, Kim DS, Lee S, Lee JK, Park CG, Han DK. Multifunctional PDO Thread Coated with Mg(OH) 2/ZnO Nanoparticles and Asiaticoside for Improved Facial Lifting. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2220. [PMID: 37765189 PMCID: PMC10535954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As interest in skin aesthetics increases, treatments to suppress aging are increasing. Among them, a facelift is the most effective procedure for improving wrinkles. However, side effects including inflammatory reactions occur due to the limitations of the PDO thread itself used during the procedure. In this paper, to improve the function of PDO thread, inorganic particles such as magnesium hydroxide (MH) and zinc oxide (ZO) and a biologically active agent, asiaticoside, were coated on the surface of PDO thread using ultrasonic coating technology. The coated thread exhibited excellent biocompatibility, promoted collagen synthesis, reduced inflammation, and stimulated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The multifunctional PDO thread has shown promising potential for skin regeneration without inducing fibrosis. Such a practical coating system and the developed multifunctional PDO thread suggest new possibilities for developing safer and more effective materials in cosmetic and regenerative medicine to prevent aging and improve skin aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Seung-Woon Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Semi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Jun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
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3
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Sun L, Li J, Gao W, Shi M, Tang F, Fu X, Chen X. Coaxial nanofibrous scaffolds mimicking the extracellular matrix transition in the wound healing process promoting skin regeneration through enhancing immunomodulation. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1395-1405. [PMID: 33462572 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that scaffolds incorporated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins could regulate cell behaviors and improve wound healing. However, most ECM-containing scaffolds fail to capture the dynamic features of the native ECM. In this regard, nanofibrous scaffolds which mimic the composition transition of the ECM during wound healing may have great potential in promoting skin regeneration through dynamically modulating the microenvironment. Herein, we report a novel skin ECM-biomimetic coaxial nanofibrous scaffold for the repair of chronic wounds. Two essential ECM proteins, fibrinogen and collagen I, were incorporated into the shell and the core of nanofibers, respectively, to mimic the sequential appearance of fibrinogen and collagen I in the wound healing process. The regulation of the biomimetic coaxial scaffolds on adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) was compared with that of the PLGA/fibrinogen, PLGA/collagen I and PLGA uniaxial scaffolds. Our results showed that the biomimetic coaxial scaffolds remarkably promoted the immunomodulatory paracrine secretion of ASCs. By incubating macrophages with ASC conditioned medium, the enhanced immunomodulation of ASCs on the biomimetic coaxial scaffolds was confirmed by the enhanced M1-to-M2 polarization of macrophages. Furthermore, the biomimetic coaxial scaffolds effectively promoted wound repair through resolving inflammation in diabetic rats. These findings helped reveal the role of the dynamic ECM change in regulating wound healing and suggest the potential utility of the biomimetic coaxial scaffolds as a promising alternative to treat chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miao Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fengling Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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4
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Kim YJ, Jeon HR, Kim SW, Kim YH, Im GB, Im J, Um SH, Cho SM, Lee JR, Kim HY, Joung YK, Kim DI, Bhang SH. Lightwave-reinforced stem cells with enhanced wound healing efficacy. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211067004. [PMID: 34987748 PMCID: PMC8721371 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211067004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive research has led to significant preclinical outcomes in modified human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs). Photobiomodulation (PBM), a technique to enhance the cellular capacity of stem cells, has attracted considerable attention owing to its effectiveness and safety. Here, we suggest a red organic light-emitting diode (OLED)-based PBM strategy to augment the therapeutic efficacy of hADSCs. In vitro assessments revealed that hADSCs basked in red OLED light exhibited enhanced angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and migration compared to naïve hADSCs. We demonstrated that the enhancement of cellular capacity was due to an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, accelerated healing and regulated inflammatory response was observed in mice transplanted with red light-basked hADSCs. Overall, our findings suggest that OLED-based PBM may be an easily accessible and attractive approach for tissue regeneration that can be applied to various clinical stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences and
Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
- Division of Vascular Surgery,
Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Bum Im
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Im
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong Ho Um
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ro Lee
- Center for Biomaterials,
Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology,
Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical
Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Center for Biomaterials,
Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology,
Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science
& Technology, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and
Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
- Division of Vascular Surgery,
Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Albright V, Xu M, Palanisamy A, Cheng J, Stack M, Zhang B, Jayaraman A, Sukhishvili SA, Wang H. Micelle-Coated, Hierarchically Structured Nanofibers with Dual-Release Capability for Accelerated Wound Healing and Infection Control. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800132. [PMID: 29683273 PMCID: PMC6347427 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring nanofibrous matrices-a material with much promise for wound healing applications-to simultaneously mitigate bacterial colonization and stimulate wound closure of infected wounds is highly desirable. To that end, a dual-releasing, multiscale system of biodegradable electrospun nanofibers coated with biocompatible micellar nanocarriers is reported. For wound healing, transforming growth factor-β1 is incorporated into polycaprolactone/collagen (PCL/Coll) nanofibers via electrospinning and the myofibroblastic differentiation of human dermal fibroblasts is locally stimulated. To prevent infection, biocompatible nanocarriers of polypeptide-based block copolymer micelles are deposited onto the surfaces of PCL/Coll nanofibers using tannic acid as a binding partner. Micelle-modified fibrous scaffolds are favorable for wound healing, not only supporting the attachment and spreading of fibroblasts comparable to those on noncoated nanofibers, but also significantly enhancing fibroblast migration. Micellar coatings can be loaded with gentamicin or clindamycin and exhibit antibacterial activity as measured by Petrifilm and zone of inhibition assays as well as time-dependent reduction of cellular counts of Staphylococcus aureus cultures. Moreover, delivery time of antibiotic dosage is tunable through the application of a novel modular approach. Altogether, this system holds great promise as an infection-mitigating, cell-stimulating, biodegradable skin graft for wound management and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Albright
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 575 Ross Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Anbazhagan Palanisamy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 575 Ross Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Mary Stack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Beilu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University
| | - Svetlana A. Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 575 Ross Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA,
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA,
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6
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Gao W, Sun L, Fu X, Lin Z, Xie W, Zhang W, Zhao F, Chen X. Enhanced diabetic wound healing by electrospun core–sheath fibers loaded with dimethyloxalylglycine. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:277-288. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DMOG-loaded nanofibrous wound dressings enhanced diabetic wound healing by stabilizing HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Gao
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - L. Sun
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - X. Fu
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Z. Lin
- Department of Orthopedics
- Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command
- Guangzhou
- China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials
| | - W. Xie
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - W. Zhang
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - F. Zhao
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - X. Chen
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
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7
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Skin Tissue Engineering: Biological Performance of Electrospun Polymer Scaffolds and Translational Challenges. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Chen S, Liu B, Carlson MA, Gombart AF, Reilly DA, Xie J. Recent advances in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1335-1352. [PMID: 28520509 PMCID: PMC6661929 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers represent a novel class of materials that show great potential in many biomedical applications including biosensing, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing. In this work, we review recent advances in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing. This article begins with a brief introduction on the wound, and then discusses the unique features of electrospun nanofibers critical for wound healing. It further highlights recent studies that have used electrospun nanofibers for wound healing applications and devices, including sutures, multifunctional dressings, dermal substitutes, engineered epidermis and full-thickness skin regeneration. Finally, we finish with conclusions and future perspective in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Chen
- Department of Surgery–Transplant & Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Surgery–Transplant & Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Mark A Carlson
- Departments of Surgery & Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, VA Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics & Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Debra A Reilly
- Departments of Surgery–Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery–Transplant & Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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