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Holmfred E, Alrijjal A, Chamberlain CP, Maher K, Stürup S. Determination of trace elements in ibuprofen drug products using microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23566. [PMID: 38205305 PMCID: PMC10776936 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trace elements are found in most drugs as a result of the drug formulation and drug production methods. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method for the determination of 24 trace elements (Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Ir, Pt, Au, and Pb) in solid ibuprofen tablets was established in relation to the ICH Q3D(R1) guideline, to evaluate the possibility of linking trace elemental profiles to drug formulation strategies, and to differentiate between drug products based on the trace elemental profiles. Ten European ibuprofen drug products were evaluated (n=3). The sample preparation was performed by microwave-assisted acid digestion using only 10 mg of homogenized sample and 900 μL of a mix of 65% HNO3, 37% HCl, and 30% H2O2. Solid residuals primarily composed of insoluble SiO2 excipients were removed by centrifugation. Only concentrations of Mg, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, and Ni were detected above the limits of detection and did not exceed the ICH Q3D(R1) guideline permitted daily exposure limits. The trace elemental profiles were evaluated through principal component analysis. Three principal components describing 96% of the variance were useful in grouping the ibuprofen drug products, and the detected trace elemental remnants could be related to drug formulation and drug production strategies. An in-house quality control material was used in lack of certified reference materials and was in combination with spike recoveries used for method validation. Good spike recoveries (94-119%) were obtained for all measured trace elements except Mg. Mg showed acceptable spike recoveries (75-155%) for mid and high-spike concentrations, but poor recoveries (30-223%) were detected with low spike concentrations in spike matrices containing high amounts of Mg. Overall, the method is suggested applicable for solid drugs containing insoluble SiO2 excipients and drugs comparable to ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Holmfred
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abdulla Alrijjal
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. Page Chamberlain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharine Maher
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Stürup
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Synthesis, structure and anticancer properties of new biotin- and morpholine-functionalized ruthenium and osmium half-sandwich complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:535-549. [PMID: 34173882 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os) complexes are of sustained interest in cancer research and may be alternative to platinum-based therapy. We detail here three new series of ruthenium and osmium complexes, supported by physico-chemical characterizations, including time-dependent density functional theory, a combined experimental and computational study on the aquation reactions and the nature of the metal-arene bond. Cytotoxic profiles were then evaluated on several cancer cell lines although with limited success. Further investigations were, however, performed on the most active series using a genetic approach based on RNA interference and highlighted a potential multi-target mechanism of action through topoisomerase II, mitotic spindle, HDAC and DNMT inhibition.
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4
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Mokesch S, Cseh K, Geisler H, Hejl M, Klose MHM, Roller A, Meier-Menches SM, Jakupec MA, Kandioller W, Keppler BK. Investigations on the Anticancer Potential of Benzothiazole-Based Metallacycles. Front Chem 2020; 8:209. [PMID: 32318543 PMCID: PMC7147246 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-phenylbenzothiazole derivatives and their corresponding organometallic ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) complexes were synthesized, designed to exploit both, the attributes of the half-sandwich transition metal scaffold and the bioactivity spectrum of the applied 2-phenylbenzothiazoles. All synthesized compounds were characterized via standard analytical methods. The obtained organometallics showed antiproliferative activity in the low μM range and are thus at least an order of magnitude more potent than the free ligands. ESI-MS measurements showed that the examined compounds were stable in aqueous solution over 48 h. Additionally, their binding preferences to small biomolecules, their cellular accumulation and capacity of inducing apoptosis/necrosis were investigated. Based on the fluorescence properties of the selected ligand and the corresponding ruthenium complex, their subcellular distribution was studied by fluorescence microscopy, revealing a high degree of colocalization with acidic organelles of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mokesch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaudia Cseh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heiko Geisler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias H M Klose
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M Meier-Menches
- Research Cluster Translational Cancer Therapy Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster Translational Cancer Therapy Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster Translational Cancer Therapy Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster Translational Cancer Therapy Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Fine-Tuning the Activation Mode of an 1,3-Indandione-Based Ruthenium(II)-Cymene Half-Sandwich Complex by Variation of Its Leaving Group. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132373. [PMID: 31252521 PMCID: PMC6651387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuning of the properties of a recently reported 1,3-indandione-based organoruthenium complex is attempted to optimize the stability under physiological conditions. Previous work has shown its capacity of inhibiting topoisomerase IIα; however, fast aquation leads to undesired reactions and ligand cleavage in the blood stream before the tumor tissue is reached. Exchange of the chlorido ligand for six different N-donor ligands resulted in new analogs that were stable at pH 7.4 and 8.5. Only a lowered pH level, as encountered in the extracellular space of the tumor tissue, was capable of aquating the complexes. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in three human cancer cell lines differed only slightly, and their dependence on the utilized leaving group was smaller than what would be expected from their differences in cellular accumulation, but in accordance with the very minor variation revealed in measurements of the complexes’ lipophilicity.
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6
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Klose MHM, Schöberl A, Heffeter P, Berger W, Hartinger CG, Koellensperger G, Meier-Menches SM, Keppler BK. Serum-binding properties of isosteric ruthenium and osmium anticancer agents elucidated by SEC-ICP-MS. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 149:1719-1726. [PMID: 30237619 PMCID: PMC6133104 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) was used to study the serum-binding preferences of two metallodrugs with anticancer activities in vivo, namely the organoruthenium compound plecstatin-1 and its isosteric osmium analog. The complexes were administered intraperitoneally into mice bearing a CT-26 tumor. Comparing the total metal content of mouse whole blood and serum underlined that the metallodrugs are mainly located in serum and not in the cellular fraction of the blood samples. In mouse serum, both compounds were not only found to bind extensively to the serum albumin/transferrin fraction but also to immunoglobulins. Free drug was not observed in any of the samples indicating rapid protein binding of the metallodrugs. These findings were validated by spiking human serum with the respective compounds ex vivo. An NCI-60 screen is reported for the osmium analog, which revealed a relative selectivity for cancer cell lines of the ovary and the central nervous system with respect to plecstatin-1. Finally, a COMPARE 170 analysis revealed disruption of DNA synthesis as a possible treatment effect of the osmium-based drug candidate. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H. M. Klose
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schöberl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Centre of the Medical University, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Centre of the Medical University, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Sun F, Ye C, Thanki K, Leng D, van Hasselt PM, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Mixed micellar system stabilized with saponins for oral delivery of vitamin K. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:521-528. [PMID: 29966905 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Poorly soluble vitamin K cannot be absorbed by patients suffering from cholestasis due to extremely low level of bile salts in the intestine. A formulation of vitamin K including glycocholic acid (i.e. Konakion® MM), does not increase bioavailability because it is unstable due to protonation of glycocholic acid at gastric pH. To develop a stable formulation, saponins were introduced as neutral surfactants to (partly) replace glycocholic acid. Experimental design was made to investigate the effect of the composition on particle size at neutral pH and upon acidification at pH 1.5. Two formulations that were within the optimized composition window were loaded with vitamin K and those showed superior stability at low pH as compared to Konakion® MM: sizes were between 43 and 46 nm at pH 7.3 and between 46 and 58 nm after 1 h incubation at pH 1.5, respectively, but large aggregates were formed at pH 1.5 in presence of Konakion® MM. Micelles were cytocompatible with Caco-2 cells at concentration of surfactants (saponins and glycocholic acid) up to 0.15 mg/ml. Uptake of vitamin K by Caco-2 cells was 4.2-4.9 nmol/mg protein for saponins-containing formulations and 7.1 nmol/mg protein for Konakion® MM. This, together with the superior stability at low pH, makes saponins-containing mixed micelles promising oral formulations for vitamin K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chengpei Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaushik Thanki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Donglei Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter M van Hasselt
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Meier-Menches SM, Gerner C, Berger W, Hartinger CG, Keppler BK. Structure-activity relationships for ruthenium and osmium anticancer agents - towards clinical development. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:909-928. [PMID: 29170783 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer metallodrugs based on ruthenium and osmium are among the most investigated and advanced non-platinum metallodrugs. Inorganic drug discovery with these agents has undergone considerable advances over the past two decades and has currently two representatives in active clinical trials. As many ruthenium and osmium metallodrugs are prodrugs, a key question to be addressed is how the molecular reactivity of such metal-based therapeutics dictates the selectivity and the type of interaction with molecular targets. Within this frame, this review introduces the field by the examples of the most advanced ruthenium lead structures. Then, global structure-activity relationships are discussed for ruthenium and osmium metallodrugs with respect to in vitro antiproliferative/cytotoxic activity and in vivo tumor-inhibiting properties, as well as pharmacokinetics. Determining and validating global mechanisms of action and molecular targets are still major current challenges. Moreover, significant efforts must be invested in screening in vivo tumor models that mimic human pathophysiology to increase the predictability for successful preclinical and clinical development of ruthenium and osmium metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Meier-Menches
- University of Vienna, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Waehringer Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Klose MHM, Theiner S, Kornauth C, Meier-Menches SM, Heffeter P, Berger W, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK. Bioimaging of isosteric osmium and ruthenium anticancer agents by LA-ICP-MS. Metallomics 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two isosteric organometallic drug candidates revealed distinct in vivo antitumour activities and spatial distributions in mouse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H. M. Klose
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Christoph Kornauth
- Institute of Clinical Pathology
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’
- University and Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’
- University and Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research
| | - Walter Berger
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’
- University and Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research
| | | | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
- Research Cluster ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’
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10
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Konkankit CC, Marker SC, Knopf KM, Wilson JJ. Anticancer activity of complexes of the third row transition metals, rhenium, osmium, and iridium. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9934-9974. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A summary of recent developments on the anticancer activity of complexes of rhenium, osmium, and iridium is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sierra C. Marker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Kevin M. Knopf
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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11
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Meier SM, Kreutz D, Winter L, Klose MHM, Cseh K, Weiss T, Bileck A, Alte B, Mader JC, Jana S, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharyya A, Hejl M, Jakupec MA, Heffeter P, Berger W, Hartinger CG, Keppler BK, Wiche G, Gerner C. An Organoruthenium Anticancer Agent Shows Unexpected Target Selectivity For Plectin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8267-8271. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Meier
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Wien Austria
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Dominique Kreutz
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Wien Austria
| | - Lilli Winter
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology MFPL; Universität Wien; Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Matthias H. M. Klose
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Klaudia Cseh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Austria
| | | | - Andrea Bileck
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Wien Austria
| | - Beatrix Alte
- Institut für Krebsforschung; Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Johanna C. Mader
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Wien Austria
| | - Samir Jana
- Department für Zoology; University of Calcutta; 35 Ballygunge Circular Road India
| | - Annesha Chatterjee
- Department für Zoology; University of Calcutta; 35 Ballygunge Circular Road India
| | | | - Michaela Hejl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Michael A. Jakupec
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
- Institut für Krebsforschung; Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
- Institut für Krebsforschung; Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
| | | | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Austria
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Austria
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology MFPL; Universität Wien; Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Wien Austria
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12
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Meier SM, Kreutz D, Winter L, Klose MHM, Cseh K, Weiss T, Bileck A, Alte B, Mader JC, Jana S, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharyya A, Hejl M, Jakupec MA, Heffeter P, Berger W, Hartinger CG, Keppler BK, Wiche G, Gerner C. Ein Organoruthenium-Tumortherapeutikum mit unerwartet hoher Selektivität für Plectin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Meier
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Dominique Kreutz
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Lilli Winter
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology MFPL; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Matthias H. M. Klose
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Klaudia Cseh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | | | - Andrea Bileck
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Beatrix Alte
- Institut für Krebsforschung; Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Johanna C. Mader
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Samir Jana
- Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Indien
| | | | | | - Michaela Hejl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Michael A. Jakupec
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
- Institut für Krebsforschung; Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Walter Berger
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
- Institut für Krebsforschung; Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
| | | | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Forschungsplattform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”; Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien; Österreich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology MFPL; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Wien; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
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