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Ino K. Recent development of electrochemical devices in analytical chemistry. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:769-770. [PMID: 37223848 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
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2
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Dornhof J, Zieger V, Kieninger J, Frejek D, Zengerle R, Urban GA, Kartmann S, Weltin A. Bioprinting-based automated deposition of single cancer cell spheroids into oxygen sensor microelectrode wells. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4369-4381. [PMID: 36254669 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00705c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell agglomerates, such as microtissues, organoids, and spheroids, become increasingly relevant in biomedicine. They can provide in vitro models that recapitulate functions of the original tissue in the body and have applications in cancer research. For example, they are widely used in organ-on-chip systems. Microsensors can provide essential real-time information on cell metabolism as well as the reliability and quality of culture conditions. The combination of sensors and 3D cell cultures, especially single spheroids, is challenging in terms of reproducible formation, manipulation, and access to spheroids, precise positioning near sensors, and high cell-to-volume ratios to obtain meaningful biosignals in the most parallel approach possible. To overcome this challenge, we combined state-of-the-art bioprinting techniques to automatically print tumour spheroids directly into microwells of a chip-based electrochemical oxygen sensor array. We demonstrated highly accurate and reproducible spheroid formation (diameter of approx. 200 μm) and a spheroid deposition precision of 25 μm within a volume of 22 nl per droplet. Microstructures and hydrogel-coated microwells allowed the placement of single MCF-7 breast cancer spheroids close to the sensor electrodes. The microelectrode wells were sealed for oxygen measurements within a 55 nl volume for fast concentration changes. Accurate and stable amperometric oxygen sensor performance was demonstrated from atmospheric to anoxic regions. Cellular respiration rates from single tumour spheroids in the range of 450-850 fmol min-1 were determined, and alterations of cell metabolism upon drug exposure were shown. Our results uniquely combine bioprinting with 3D cell culture monitoring and demonstrate the much-needed effort for facilitation, parallelization, sensor integration, and drug delivery in 3D cell culture and organ-on-chip experiments. The workflow has a high degree of automation and potential for scalability. In order to achieve greater flexibility in the automation of spheroid formation and trapping, we employed a method based on drop-on-demand liquid handling systems, instead of the typical on-chip approach commonly used in microfluidics. Its relevance ranges from fundamental metabolic research over standardization of cell culture experiments and toxicological studies, to personalized medicine, e.g. patient-specific chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dornhof
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Zieger
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Kartmann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Iwama T, Inoue KY, Shiku H. Fabrication of High-Density Vertical Closed Bipolar Electrode Arrays by Carbon Paste Filling Method for Two-Dimensional Chemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8857-8866. [PMID: 35700401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a carbon paste filling method was proposed as a simple strategy for fabricating high-density bipolar electrode (BPE) arrays for bipolar electrochemical microscopy (BEM). High spatiotemporal resolution imaging was achieved using the fabricated BPE array. BEM, which is an emerging microscopic system in recent years, achieves label-free and high spatiotemporal resolution imaging of molecular distributions using high-density BPE arrays and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals. We devised a simple method to fabricate a BPE array by filling a porous plate with carbon paste and succeeded in fabricating a high-density BPE array (15 μm pitch). After a detailed observation of the surface of the BPE array using a scanning electron microscope, the basic electrochemical and ECL emission characteristics were evaluated using potassium ferricyanide solution as a sample solution. Moreover, inflow imaging of the sample molecules was conducted to evaluate the imaging ability of the prepared BPE array. In addition, Prussian Blue containing carbon ink was applied to the sample solution side of the BPE array to provide catalytic activity to hydrogen peroxide, and the quantification and inflow imaging of hydrogen peroxide by ECL signals was achieved. This simple fabrication method of the BPE array can accelerate the research and development of BEM. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide imaging by BEM is an important milestone for achieving bioimaging with high spatiotemporal resolution such as biomolecule imaging using enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.,Center for Basic Education, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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4
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Electrochemiluminescence imaging of cellular adhesion in vascular endothelial cells during tube formation on hydrogel scaffolds. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Utagawa Y, Hiramoto K, Nashimoto Y, Ino K, Shiku H. In vitro electrochemical assays for vascular cells and organs. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Aoba‐ku Sendai Japan
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Aoba‐ku Sendai Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences Tohoku University Aoba‐ku Sendai Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Aoba‐ku Sendai Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Aoba‐ku Sendai Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Aoba‐ku Sendai Japan
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Hiramoto K, Ino K, Komatsu K, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Electrochemiluminescence imaging of respiratory activity of cellular spheroids using sequential potential steps. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113123. [PMID: 33714859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory activity of cultured cells can be electrochemically monitored using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with high spatial resolution. However, in SECM, the electrode takes a long time to scan, limiting simultaneous measurements with large biological samples such as cell spheroids. Therefore, for rapid electrochemical imaging, a novel strategy is needed. Herein, we report electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging of spheroid respiratory activity for the first time using sequential potential steps. L-012, a luminol analog, was used as an ECL luminophore, and H2O2, a sensitizer for ECL of L-012, was generated by the electrochemical reduction of dissolved O2. The ECL imaging visualized spheroid respiratory activity-evidenced by ECL suppression-corresponding to O2 distribution around the spheroids. This method enabled the time-lapse imaging of respiratory activity in multiple spheroids with good spatial resolution comparable to that of SECM. Our work provides a promising high-throughput imaging strategy for elucidating spheroid cellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Keika Komatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
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Mukomoto R, Nashimoto Y, Terai T, Imaizumi T, Hiramoto K, Ino K, Yokokawa R, Miura T, Shiku H. Oxygen consumption rate of tumour spheroids during necrotic-like core formation. Analyst 2021; 145:6342-6348. [PMID: 32716439 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major hallmarks of solid tumours and is associated with the poor prognosis of various cancers. A multicellular aggregate, termed a spheroid, has been used as a tumour model with a necrotic-like core for more than 45 years. Oxygen metabolism in spheroids has been studied using phosphorescence quenching and oxygen-sensitive electrodes. However, these conventional methods require chemical labelling and physical insertion of the electrode into each spheroid, which may be functionally and structurally disruptive. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) can non-invasively analyse oxygen metabolism. Here, we used SECM to investigate whether the changes of the internal structure of spheroids affect the oxygen metabolism. We investigated the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of MCF-7 breast tumour spheroids with and without a necrotic-like core. A numerical simulation was used to describe a method for estimating the OCR of spheroids that settled at the bottom of the conventional culture plates. The OCR per spheroid volume decreased with increasing spheroid radius, indicating the limitation of the oxygen supply to the core of the MCF-7 spheroid. Formation of the necrotic-like core did not affect the oxygen metabolism significantly, implying that the core had minimal contribution to the OCR even before necrosis occurred. OCR analysis using SECM non-invasively monitors the change of oxygen metabolism in tumour spheroids. The approach is promising to evaluate various three-dimensional culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Mukomoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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9
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Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence-Based Systems for Mammalian Cell Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050530. [PMID: 32456040 PMCID: PMC7281524 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell analysis is essential in the context of both fundamental studies and clinical applications. Among the various techniques available for cell analysis, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted significant attention due to its integration of both electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the ECL-based systems developed for mammalian cell analysis. The review begins with a summary of the developments in luminophores that opened the door to ECL applications for biological samples. Secondly, ECL-based imaging systems are introduced as an emerging technique to visualize single-cell morphologies and intracellular molecules. In the subsequent section, the ECL sensors developed in the past decade are summarized, the use of which made the highly sensitive detection of cell-derived molecules possible. Although ECL immunoassays are well developed in terms of commercial use, the sensing of biomolecules at a single-cell level remains a challenge. Emphasis is therefore placed on ECL sensors that directly detect cellular molecules from small portions of cells or even single cells. Finally, the development of bipolar electrode devices for ECL cell assays is introduced. To conclude, the direction of research in this field and its application prospects are described.
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10
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Electrochemical measurement of respiratory activity for evaluation of fibroblast spheroids containing endothelial cell networks. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ino K, Yaegaki R, Hiramoto K, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Closed Bipolar Electrode Array for On-Chip Analysis of Cellular Respiration by Cell Aggregates. ACS Sens 2020; 5:740-745. [PMID: 31997640 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell aggregates have attracted much attention owing to their potential applications in tissue engineering and drug screening. To evaluate cellular respiration of individual cell aggregates in these applications, noninvasive and on-chip high-throughput analytical tools are necessary. Electrochemical methods for detecting oxygen concentrations are useful because of their noninvasiveness. However, these conventional methods may be unsuitable for high-throughput detection because it is difficult to prepare many electrodes on a small chip owing to the limitation of area for connecting electrodes. Alternatively, a bipolar electrode (BPE) system offers clear advantages. In this system, electrochemical reactions are induced at both ends of a BPE without complex wiring. In this study, we present a BPE array for detecting the respiratory activity of cell aggregates. Oxygen concentrations near cell aggregates at cathodic poles of BPEs were converted to electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals of [Ru(bpy)3]2+/tripropylamine at anodic poles of BPEs. To separate ECL chemicals from cell aggregates, we fabricated a closed BPE device containing analytical and reporter chambers. As a proof of concept, 32 BPEs were controlled wirelessly using a pair of driving electrodes, and the respiratory activities of individual MCF-7 cell aggregates as a cancer model were successfully detected by monitoring ECL signals. Compared with conventional electrode arrays for cell analysis, the wiring of the current device was simple because the multiple BPEs functioned with only a single power supply. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of on-chip analysis of cellular activity using a BPE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yaegaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Palchetti I. Label-Free Bioelectrochemical Methods for Evaluation of Anticancer Drug Effects at a Molecular Level. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071812. [PMID: 32218227 PMCID: PMC7181070 DOI: 10.3390/s20071812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial family of diseases that is still a leading cause of death worldwide. More than 100 different types of cancer affecting over 60 human organs are known. Chemotherapy plays a central role for treating cancer. The development of new anticancer drugs or new uses for existing drugs is an exciting and increasing research area. This is particularly important since drug resistance and side effects can limit the efficacy of the chemotherapy. Thus, there is a need for multiplexed, cost-effective, rapid, and novel screening methods that can help to elucidate the mechanism of the action of anticancer drugs and the identification of novel drug candidates. This review focuses on different label-free bioelectrochemical approaches, in particular, impedance-based methods, the solid supported membranes technique, and the DNA-based electrochemical sensor, that can be used to evaluate the effects of anticancer drugs on nucleic acids, membrane transporters, and living cells. Some relevant examples of anticancer drug interactions are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of such methods for the characterization of the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs that are targeted against various biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Li Y, Lang J, Ye Z, Wang M, Yang Y, Guo X, Zhuang J, Zhang J, Xu F, Li F. Effect of Substrate Stiffness on Redox State of Single Cardiomyocyte: A Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Study. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4771-4779. [PMID: 32157867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical microenvironment plays a key role in the regulation of the phenotype and function of cardiac cells, which are strongly associated with the intracellular redox mechanism of cardiomyocytes. However, the relationship between the redox state of cardiomyocytes and their mechanical microenvironment remains elusive. In this work, we used polyacrylamide (PA) gels with varying stiffness (6.5-92.5 kPa) as the substrate to construct a mechanical microenvironment for cardiomyocytes. Then we employed scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to in situ characterize the redox state of a single cardiomyocyte in terms of the apparent rate constant (kf) of the regeneration rate of ferrocenecarboxylic by glutathione (GSH) released from cardiomyocyte, which is the most abundant reactant of intracellular reductive-oxidative metabolic cycles in cells and can represent the redox level of cardiomyocytes. The obtained SECM results show that the cardiomyocytes cultured on the stiffer substrates present lower kf values than those on the softer ones, that is, the more oxidative state of cardiomyocytes on the stiffer substrates compared to those on the softer ones. It proves the relationship between mechanical factors and the redox state of cardiomyocytes. This work can contribute to understanding the intracellular chemical process of cardiomyocytes during physiopathologic conditions. Besides, it also provides a new SECM method to in situ investigate the redox mechanism of cardiomyocytes at a single-cell level.
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Ino K, Ozawa F, Dang N, Hiramoto K, Hino S, Akasaka R, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Biofabrication Using Electrochemical Devices and Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900234. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Fumisato Ozawa
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro‐ku Tokyo 153–8505 Japan
| | - Ning Dang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement CNRS‐Université de Lorraine Villers‐lès‐Nancy 54600 France
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Shodai Hino
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Rise Akasaka
- School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences Tohoku University 6‐3 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
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Iwama T, Inoue KY, Abe H, Matsue T, Shiku H. Bioimaging using bipolar electrochemical microscopy with improved spatial resolution. Analyst 2020; 145:6895-6900. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed bipolar electrochemical microscopy (BEM) using a closed bipolar electrode (cBPE) array with an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detecting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Center for Promotion of Innovation Strategy
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
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Bettazzi F, Palchetti I. Nanotoxicity assessment: A challenging application for cutting edge electroanalytical tools. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1072:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ino K, Onodera T, Fukuda MT, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Combination of Double-Mediator System with Large-Scale Integration-Based Amperometric Devices for Detecting NAD(P)H:quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Activity of Cancer Cell Aggregates. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1619-1625. [PMID: 30995391 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a key enzyme providing cytoprotection from quinone species. In addition, it is expressed at high levels in many human tumors, such as breast cancer. Therefore, it is considered to be a potential target in cancer treatment. In order to detect intracellular NQO1 activity in MCF-7 aggregates as a cancer model, we present, in this study, a double-mediator system combined with large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric devices. This LSI device contained 20 × 20 Pt working electrodes with a 250 μm pitch for electrochemical imaging. In the detection system, menadione (MD) and [Fe(CN)6]3- were used. Since MD can diffuse into cells due to its hydrophobicity, it is reduced into menadiol by intracellular NQO1. The menadiol diffuses out of the cells and reduces [Fe(CN)6]3- of a hydrophilic mediator into [Fe(CN)6]4-. The accumulated [Fe(CN)6]4- outside the cells is electrochemically detected at 0.5 V in the LSI device. Using this strategy, the intracellular NQO1 activity of MCF-7 aggregates was successfully detected. The effect of rotenone, which is an inhibitor for Complex I, on NQO1 activity was also investigated. In addition, NQO1 and respiration activities were simultaneously imaged using the detection system that was further combined with electrochemicolor imaging. Thus, the double-mediator system was proven to be useful for evaluating intracellular redox activity of cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takehiro Onodera
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mika T. Fukuda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Zhao L, Shi M, Liu Y, Zheng X, Xiu J, Liu Y, Tian L, Wang H, Zhang M, Zhang X. Systematic Analysis of Different Cell Spheroids with a Microfluidic Device Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Gene Expression Profiling. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4307-4311. [PMID: 30869520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The 3D cell spheroid is an emerging tool that allows better recapitulating of in vivo scenarios with multiple factors such as tissue-like morphology and membrane protein expression that intimately coordinates with enzyme activity, thus providing a psychological environment for tumorigenesis study. For analyzing different spheroids, conventional optical imaging may be hampered by the need for fluorescent labeling, which could cause toxicity side effects. As an alternative approach, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables label-free imaging. However, SECM for cell spheroid imaging is currently suffering from incapability of systematically analyzing the cell aggregates from spheroid generation, electrochemical signal gaining, and the gene expression on different individual cell spheroids. Herein, we developed a top-removable microfluidic device for cell aggregate yielding and SECM imaging methodology to analyze heterotypic 3D cell spheroids on a single device. This technique allows not only on-chip culturing of cell aggregates but also SECM imaging of the spheroids after opening the chip and subsequent qPCR assay of corresponding clusters. Through employment of the micropit arrays (85 × 4) with a top withdrawable microfluidic layer, uniformly sized breast tumor cell and fibroblast spheroids can be simultaneously produced on a single device. By leveraging voltage-switching mode SECM at different potentials of dual mediators, we evaluated alkaline phosphatase without disturbance of substrate morphology for distinguishing the tumor aggregates from stroma. Moreover, this method also enables gene expression profiling on individual tumor or stromal spheroids. Therefore, this new strategy can seamlessly bridge SECM measurements and molecular biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Mi Shi
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaonan Zheng
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jidong Xiu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Lu Tian
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
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Shiku H. Electrochemical Biosensing System for Single Cells, Cellular Aggregates and Microenvironments. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:29-38. [PMID: 30473568 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdr01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Applications of electrochemical biosensing for surveying intact cells and tissues have been focus of attention. Two experimental approaches have been used when performing amperometric measurements on biological cells, the stylus-type microelectrode probes and the electrode-integrated microdevices based on lithographic technologies. For the probe scanning approach, various types of microsensors were developed to monitor localized physical or chemical natures at a variety of surfaces in situ under wet conditions. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been applied for monitoring local oxygen, enzyme activity, and collection of transcripts. For the non-scanning type of approach, electrode array devices allow very rapid response, parallel monitoring, and multi-analyte assay. Sveral topics of on-chip-culture system were introduced especially concerning on gene expression monitoring by reporter system and reconstruction of in vivo-like nature by controlling microenvironments. Electrochemical reporter assay has been demonstrated to monitor the gene expression process of the gene-modified cultured cells. Long-term monitoring of cellular function of spheroids and three dimensionally-cultured cells were carried out by controlling microenvironments on the cellular chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shiku
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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SHIKU H. Characterization System of Embryos, Embryoid Bodies and Multicellular Spheroids Based on an Electrochemical Method. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ino K, Yokokawa Y, Taira N, Suda A, Kunikata R, Nashimoto Y, Matsue T, Shiku H. Electrochemical Imaging of Cell Activity in Hydrogels Embedded in Grid-shaped Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Using a Large-scale Integration-based Amperometric Device. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:39-43. [PMID: 30270260 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdp01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering requires analytical methods to monitor cell activity in hydrogels. Here, we present a method for the electrochemical imaging of cell activity in hydrogels embedded in printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. Because a structure made of only hydrogel is fragile, PCL frameworks are used as a support material. A grid-shaped PCL was fabricated using an excluder printer. Photocured hydrogels containing cells were set at each grid hole, and cell activity was monitored using a large-scale integration-based amperometric device. The electrochemical device contains 400 microelectrodes for biomolecule detection, such as dissolved oxygen and enzymatic products. As proof of the concept, alkaline phosphatase and respiration activities of embryonic stem cells in the hydrogels were electrochemically monitored. The results indicate that the electrochemical imaging is useful for evaluating cells in printed scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Yuki Yokokawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | | | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Noriko Taira
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Javier Ramon Azcon
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10-12 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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Iwama T, Inoue KY, Abe H, Matsue T. Chemical Imaging Using a Closed Bipolar Electrode Array. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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24
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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Ino K, Onodera T, Kanno Y, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsue T, Shiku H. Electrochemicolor imaging of endogenous alkaline phosphatase and respiratory activities of mesenchymal stem cell aggregates in early-stage osteodifferentiation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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