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Amini A, Themelis T, Janvier S, Steyaert J, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Design and Implementation of a Proof-of-Concept Robotic-Microfluidic Interface to Bridge Spatial Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:15859-15864. [PMID: 39324864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
A proof-of-concept system is presented for the hyphenation of spatial comprehensive three-dimensional liquid chromatography (3D-LC) to mass spectrometry (MS) detection via a robotic-microfluidic interface. A three-dimensional fractal microflow distributor, incorporating 16 parallel RP monolithic capillary columns arranged in a 4 × 4 configuration, was connected to an X-Y-Z robotic system. This setup facilitated the deposition of successive arrays of microdroplets onto an MS target plate. To minimize carryover during droplet deposition, a strategy was implemented in which the distance between the target plate and the capillary was gradually increased during the deposition process. System-level variation in travel time and subsequent flow rates across parallel columns was assessed and translated in retention alignment based on injection of a protein standard. The successful separation of intact proteins was demonstrated through a parallel 4 × 4 column configuration, applying MALDI-MS detection after microdroplet spotting on an MS target plate. Furthermore, the discussion encompasses high-throughput MS imaging detection within the framework of spatial 3D-LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Themelis
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Janvier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Structural Biology Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Structural Biology Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Eeltink S, De Vos J, Desmet G. Toward Unrivaled Chromatographic Resolving Power in Proteomics: Design and Development of Comprehensive Spatial Three-Dimensional Liquid-Phase Separation Technology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:475-493. [PMID: 38424031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061522-044510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Spatial comprehensive three-dimensional chromatography (3D-LC) offers an innovative approach to achieve unprecedented resolving power in terms of peak capacity and sample throughput. This advanced technique separates components within a 3D separation space, where orthogonal retention mechanisms are incorporated. The parallel development of the second- and third-dimension stages effectively overcomes the inherent limitation of conventional multidimensional approaches, where sampled fractions are analyzed sequentially. This review focuses on the design aspects of the microchip for spatial 3D-LC and the selection of orthogonal separation modes to enable the analysis of intact proteins. The design considerations for the flow distributor and channel layout are discussed, along with various approaches to confine the flow during the subsequent development stages. Additionally, the integration of stationary phases into the microchip is addressed, and interfacing to mass spectrometry detection is discussed. According to Pareto optimality, the integration of isoelectric focusing, size-exclusion chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography in a spatial 3D-LC approach is predicted to achieve an exceptional peak capacity of over 30,000 within a 1-h analysis, setting a new benchmark in chromatographic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Jelle De Vos
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
- 2Current affiliation: RIC Group, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
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Naghdi E, Moran GE, Reinau ME, De Malsche W, Neusüß C. Concepts and recent advances in microchip electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry: Technologies and applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:246-267. [PMID: 35977423 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The online coupling of microchip electrophoresis (ME) as a fast, highly efficient, and low-cost miniaturized separation technique to mass spectrometry (MS) as an information-rich and sensitive characterization technique results in ME-MS an attractive tool for various applications. In this paper, we review the basic concepts and latest advances in technology for ME coupled to MS during the period of 2016-2021, covering microchip materials, structures, fabrication techniques, and interfacing to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS. Two critical issues in coupling ME and ESI-MS include the electrical connection used to define the electrophoretic field strength along the separation channel and the generation of the electrospray for MS detection, as well as, a miniaturized ESI-tip. The recent commercialization of ME-MS in zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing modes has led to the widespread application of these techniques in academia and industry. Here we summarize recent applications of ME-MS for the separation and detection of antibodies, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, metabolites, and so on. Throughout the paper these applications are discussed in the context of benefits and limitations of ME-MS in comparison to alternative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naghdi
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Griffin E Moran
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Wim De Malsche
- µFlow group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Themelis T, Amini A, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Towards spatial comprehensive three-dimensional liquid chromatography: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1148:238157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Cell analysis is of great significance for the exploration of human diseases and health. However, there are not many techniques for high-throughput cell analysis in the simulated cell microenvironment. The high designability of the microfluidic chip enables multiple kinds of cells to be co-cultured on the chip, with other functions such as sample preprocessing and cell manipulation. Mass spectrometry (MS) can detect a large number of biomolecules without labelling. Therefore, the application of the microfluidic chip coupled with MS has represented a major branch of cell analysis over the past decades. Here, we concisely introduce various microfluidic devices coupled with MS used for cell analysis. The main functions of microfluidic devices are described first, followed by introductions of different interfaces with different types of MS. Then, their various applications in cell analysis are highlighted, with an emphasis on cell metabolism, drug screening, and signal transduction. Current limitations and prospective trends of microfluidics coupled with MS are discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University
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Study on the Influencing Factors of the Atomization Rate in a Piezoceramic Vibrating Mesh Atomizer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of previous study in our research group, the phenomenon of the dynamic tapered angle was founded, the occurrence of atomization is regarded to derive from the combined effects of the dynamic variation of the micro-tapered aperture, and the difference between forward and reverse flow resistance has been explained by both theories and experiments. It has been revealed that the main influencing factors of the atomization rate are driving voltage, driving frequency, and so on, while the root causes of the various atomization rates still need to be further clarified. In this paper, a micro-tapered aperture worked as a micron-sized tapered flow tube valveless piezoelectric pump in periodic variation. The working principle of such a micro-tapered aperture atomizer was analyzed in detail, and the corresponding formula of the atomization rate was also established. Through measuring the atomization rates at different working frequencies (f), it was established that when the f was set as 122 kHz, the atomization rate reached a maximum value. By building the relationship between the atomization rate and voltage at a fixed resonance frequency, it can be seen that the atomization rate increased with the increase of driving voltage. Subsequently, in order to measure their atomization rates, the micro-tapered apertures of three different outlet diameters were applied, so that the atomization rate was enhanced with the increase of the micro-tapered aperture diameter. Moreover, through examining the atomization rates at different temperatures, it was observed that the atomization rate rose with increasing temperature; while changing the liquid concentration, the atomization rate was also enhanced by the increase in its concentration. Apparently, the impact factors including working frequency, driving voltage, outlet diameter, temperature, and liquid concentration all exert some effects on the atomization rate. It is worth noting that at the first stage, these influence factors indirectly work on the micro-tapered aperture structure or flow state, followed by further effects on the flow resistance. As above-mentioned, in this work, we considered that the root cause influencing the atomization rate in a piezoceramic vibrating mesh atomizer can be attributed to the flow resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M. Lazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Integrated Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Carilion School of Medicine, Academy of Integrated Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Gulakowski
- Systems Biology, Academy of Integrated Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Ou X, Chen P, Huang X, Li S, Liu B. Microfluidic chip electrophoresis for biochemical analysis. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:258-270. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti‐Cancer Active IngredientsCollege of Chemistry and Life ScienceHubei University of Education Wuhan P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Shunji Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Bi‐Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
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