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Roohani I, No YJ, Zuo B, Xiang SD, Lu Z, Liu H, Plebanski M, Zreiqat H. Low-Temperature Synthesis of Hollow β-Tricalcium Phosphate Particles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1806-1815. [PMID: 35405073 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) has been extensively used in bone tissue engineering in the form of scaffolds, granules, or as reinforcing phase in organic matrices. Solid-state reaction route at high temperatures (>1000 °C) is the most widely used method for the preparation of β-TCP. The high-temperature synthesis, however, results in the formation of hard agglomerates and fused particles which necessitates postprocessing steps such as milling and sieving operations. This, inadvertently, could lead to introducing unwanted trace elements, promoting particle shape irregularity as well as compromising the biodegradability and bioactivity of β-TCP because of the solid microstructure of particles. In this study, we introduce a one-pot wet-chemical method at low temperatures (between 160 and 170 °C) to synthesize hollow β-TCP (hβ-TCP) submicron particles of an average size of 300 nm with a uniform rhombohedral shape. We assessed the cytocompatibility of the hβ-TCP using primary human osteoblasts (HOB), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We demonstrate the bioactivity of the hβ-TCP when cultured with HOB, ADSC, and APCs at a range of particle concentrations (up to 1000 μg/mL) for up to 7 days. hβ-TCP significantly enhances osteogenic differentiation of ADSC without the addition of osteogenic supplements. These findings offer a new type of β-TCP particles prepared at low temperatures, which present various opportunities for developing β-TCP based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Roohani
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Young Jung No
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Betty Zuo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sue D Xiang
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Zufu Lu
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Eskandari N, Shafiei SS, Dehghan MM, Farzad-Mohajeri S. In vivo evaluation of bone regeneration behavior of novel β-tricalcium phosphate/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite granule as bone graft substitutes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:1001-1011. [PMID: 34846808 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was based on in vivo assessment of bone regeneration capacity of synthesized porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanocomposite granules and aimed to explore the effects of fabricated β-TCP granules reinforced with layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanoclay compared to β-TCP granules, in terms of osteoconductivity and biodegradability. Granules with diameters of 2-3 mm were implanted into cavities drilled in rabbit distal femur and were left in situ for up to 3 months. The mechanical study demonstrated that the presence of LDH nanoparticles in β-TCP granules resulted in a significant increase in compressive modulus from 174.4 to 231.4 MPa, while the porosity was constant at 76%-80%. The results revealed that the obtained granules showed no cytotoxicity. In this study, x-ray radiographic, micro-computed tomography, and histological staining analysis were taken to evaluate the percentage of bone ingrowth and biodegradability of the porous granules. The results exhibited that both granules support bone regeneration and also the amount of new bone formation in the bone defect filled with both granules was almost six times higher than the empty defects. Although no significant difference in bone formation for two different granules was observed, a higher biodegradability was detected in β-TCP granules in comparison to β-TCP/LDH granules. Overall, the addition of LDH nanoclay (10%) enhanced the physicochemical and mechanical properties of β-TCP granules while it is biological and osteoconductity properties have been maintained and its biodegradation rate has been decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Eskandari
- Department of Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Shafiei
- Department of Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Farzad-Mohajeri
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Savicki C, Camargo NHA, Gemelli E. Crystallization of carboplatin-loaded onto microporous calcium phosphate using high-vacuum method: Characterization and release study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242565. [PMID: 33290399 PMCID: PMC7723252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are a new approach to increase therapeutic efficacy and to reduce the side effects of traditional treatments. Calcium phosphates (CaPs) have been studied as drug delivery systems, especially in bone diseases. However, each system has some particularities that depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the biomaterials and drug interaction. In this work, granulated CaPs were used as a matrix for loading the anticancer drug carboplatin using the high-vacuum method. Five compositions were applied: hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), biphasic HAp 60%/β-TCP 40% (BCP), β-TCP/MgO nanocomposite, and β-TCP/SiO2 nanocomposite. Carboplatin drug in 50, 60, and 70 mg/g was precipitated on the surface of CaPs. Morphological, chemical and surface modifications in the carboplatin-CaPs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), backscattered electron microscopy (BSE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization of the CaP-carboplatin biomaterials showed heterogeneous crystalline precipitation of the drug, and no morphological modifications of the CaPs biomaterials. The in vitro release profile of carboplatin from CaPs was evaluated by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) method. The curves showed a burst release of upon 60% of carboplatin loaded followed by a slow-release of the drug for the time of the study. The results were typical of a low-interaction system and physisorption mechanism. The high-vacuum method permitted to load the high amount of carboplatin drug on the surface of the biomaterials despite the low interaction between carboplatin and CaPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Savicki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technological Science, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Nelson Heriberto Almeida Camargo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technological Science, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Enori Gemelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technological Science, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Lima DB, de Souza MAA, de Lima GG, Ferreira Souto EP, Oliveira HML, Fook MVL, de Sá MJC. Injectable bone substitute based on chitosan with polyethylene glycol polymeric solution and biphasic calcium phosphate microspheres. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Comparative study on biodegradation and biocompatibility of multichannel calcium phosphate based bone substitutes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110694. [PMID: 32204008 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to fabricate multichannel biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bone substitutes and compare their long-term biodegradation and bone regeneration potentials. Multi-channel BCP and TCP scaffolds were fabricated by multi-pass extrusion process. Both scaffolds were cylindrical with a diameter of 1-mm, a length of 1-mm, and seven interconnected channels. Morphology, chemical composition, phase, porosity, compressive strength, ion release behavior, and in-vitro biocompatibility of both scaffolds were studied. In-vivo biodegradation and bone regeneration efficacies of BCP and TCP were also evaluated using a rabbit model for 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months. BCP exhibited superior compressive strength compared to TCP scaffold. TCP showed higher release of both calcium ions and phosphorous ions than BCP in SBF solution. Both scaffolds showed excellent in-vitro biocompatibility and upregulated the expression of osteogenic markers of MC3T3-E1 cells. In-vivo studies revealed that both cylindrical TCP and BCP scaffolds were osteoconductive and supported new bone formation. Micro-CT data showed that the bone-regeneration efficacy of TCP was higher at one month and at six months after implantation. Histological examination confirmed that TCP degraded faster and had better bone regeneration than BCP after 6 months.
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Ma Y, Li Y, Hao J, Ma B, Di T, Dong H. Evaluation of the degradation, biocompatibility and osteogenesis behavior of lithium-doped calcium polyphosphate for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater Eng 2019; 30:23-36. [PMID: 30530956 DOI: 10.3233/bme-181030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium polyphosphate (CPP) is a commonly used biomaterial in bone tissue engineering, but CPP is insufficient in osteoinduction. This study aimed to fabricate lithium doped CPP (LiCPP) scaffolds and assess their characterization, degradation, biocompatibility and osteogenesis behavior for bone tissue engineering. METHODS The novel scaffold was characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. The porosity, cell mediated degradation behavior and mechanical properties were also investigated. Meanwhile, cell proliferation activity and adhesion in vitro was exploited. Finally, osteogenesis the LiCPP scaffolds in vitro and in vivo was researched. RESULTS The outcomes revealed that low-content Li doping had no significant influence on the structure of CPP. The results of cells mediated degradation experiments from the weight loss and the release of ions indicated that Li doped CPP improved biological degradation. The compressive strength of CPP with 66% porosity was improved to 7 MPa. Cells proliferation experiment and adhesion experiment demonstrated 2.0%LiCPP scaffold was most beneficial to cell growth and attachment. Furthermore, Li doped CPP up-regulated Wnt signal pathway when co-cultured with MG63 and increased osteogenic marker ALP expression and calcium phosphate deposition in vitro. At the same time, new bone formation in vivo was also enhanced by using LiCPP scaffolds and the 2.0%LiCPP scaffolds obtained best osteogenesis outcomes. CONCLUSION The results obtained in our study suggest that 2.0%LiCPP scaffold could benefit from improving the osteogenesis behavior and is a promising biomaterial for bone repairing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Junlong Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Tianning Di
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
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Basu S, Basu B. Unravelling Doped Biphasic Calcium Phosphate: Synthesis to Application. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5263-5297. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Basu
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Prince GAE, Yang X, Fu J, Pan Z, Zhuang C, Ke X, Zhang L, Xie L, Gao C, Gou Z. Yolk-porous shell biphasic bioceramic granules enhancing bone regeneration and repair beyond homogenous hybrid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:433-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Miao Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Diao J, Zhao N, Shi X, Wang Y. Melatonin decorated 3D-printed beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds promoting bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed β-TCP scaffolds decorated with melatonin via dopamine mussel-inspired chemistry enhance the osteogenesis and in vivo bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
| | - Yunhua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Jingjing Diao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Naru Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Yingjun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
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10
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Ou Q, Miao Y, Yang F, Lin X, Zhang LM, Wang Y. Zein/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffolds are biocompatible and promote osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1973-1983. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01653d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering, it is important for biomaterials to promote the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells to achieve tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmin Ou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Yingling Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Fanqiao Yang
- Shunde hospital of Southern Medical University
- Southern Medical University
- Shunde
- China
| | - Xuefeng Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
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11
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Fu J, Zhuang C, Qiu J, Ke X, Yang X, Jin Z, Zhang L, Yang G, Xie L, Xu S, Gao C, Gou Z. Core-Shell Biphasic Microspheres with Tunable Density of Shell Micropores Providing Tailorable Bone Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:588-602. [PMID: 30215296 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT We have developed the new core-shell bioceramic CSi-Sr4@CaP-px microspheres with tuning porous shell layer so that the biodegradation of both CSi-Sr4 core and CaP shell is readily adjusted synergistically. This is for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that the bioceramic scaffolds concerning gradient distribution and microstructure-tailoring design is available for tailoring biodegradation and ion release (bioactivity) to optimizing osteogenesis. Furthermore, it is possibly helpful to develop new bioactive scaffold system for time-dependent tailoring bioactivity and microporous structure to significantly enhance bone regeneration and repair applications, especially in some non-load-bearing arbitrary 3D anatomical bone and teeth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University , Rui'an, China
| | - Chen Zhuang
- 2 Bio-Nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiandi Qiu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University , Rui'an, China
| | - Xiurong Ke
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University , Rui'an, China
| | - Xianyan Yang
- 2 Bio-Nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouwen Jin
- 2 Bio-Nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University , Rui'an, China
| | - Guojing Yang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University , Rui'an, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Sanzhong Xu
- 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- 2 Bio-Nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongru Gou
- 2 Bio-Nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Li M, Zhang C, Mao Y, Zhong Y, Zhao J. A Cell-Engineered Small Intestinal Submucosa-Based Bone Mimetic Construct for Bone Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1099-1111. [PMID: 29318958 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-ornamented biomaterials have attracted attention due to their high potential to improve the biofunctionality of original materials. It is thought that ECM with a bone mimetic microenvironment generated by the specific induction of osteoblasts would be more beneficial for bone regeneration than a regular ECM. In this study, we developed an osteogenic and mineralized ECM construct (Os/M-ECM-SIS) under the guidance of osteoblasts on a small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffold cotreated with icariin and calcium. The generated Os/M-ECM-SIS scaffolds exhibited similar morphology and inorganic components as natural bone and higher mechanical strength than ECM-SIS. Cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts and fibroblasts were also enhanced in the cells cultured on the Os/M-ECM-SIS scaffolds. The Os/M-ECM-SIS scaffolds even promoted transdifferentiation of fibroblasts with an upregulation of osteogenic differentiation markers. In a calvarial defect model, new bone formation was greatly enhanced in defects implanted with the Os/M-ECM-SIS scaffolds compared with ECM-SIS scaffolds. Further study showed that the Os/M-ECM-SIS scaffolds promoted bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo via the Bmp/Smad-signaling pathway. Thus, this work proposes a valuable method for generating a mineralized bone mimetic scaffold with SIS as off-the-shelf bone graft substitute that provides an excellent osteogenic microenvironment, making it suitable for application in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University , Ningbo, People's Republic of China .,2 Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Mao
- 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyuan Zhao
- 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University , Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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