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Bolshakov AP, Stepanichev MY, Dobryakova YV, Spivak YS, Markevich VA. Saporin from Saponaria officinalis as a Tool for Experimental Research, Modeling, and Therapy in Neuroscience. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090546. [PMID: 32854372 PMCID: PMC7551693 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saporin, which is extracted from Saponaria officinalis, is a protein toxin that inactivates ribosomes. Saporin itself is non-selective toxin but acquires high specificity after conjugation with different ligands such as signaling peptides or antibodies to some surface proteins expressed in a chosen cell subpopulation. The saporin-based conjugated toxins were widely adopted in neuroscience as a convenient tool to induce highly selective degeneration of desired cell subpopulation. Induction of selective cell death is one of approaches used to model neurodegenerative diseases, study functions of certain cell subpopulations in the brain, and therapy. Here, we review studies where saporin-based conjugates were used to analyze cell mechanisms of sleep, general anesthesia, epilepsy, pain, and development of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Limitations and future perspectives of use of saporin-based toxins in neuroscience are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P. Bolshakov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikhail Yu. Stepanichev
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yulia V. Dobryakova
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.V.D.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Yulia S. Spivak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir A. Markevich
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.V.D.); (V.A.M.)
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Lipid-Saporin Nanoparticles for the Intracellular Delivery of Cytotoxic Protein to Overcome ABC Transporter-Mediated Multidrug Resistance In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020498. [PMID: 32098067 PMCID: PMC7072609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the judicious use of anticancer drugs that target one or more receptor tyrosine kinases constitutes an effective strategy to attenuate tumor growth, drug resistance is commonly encountered in cancer patients. The ATP-binding cassette transporters are one of the major contributors to the development of multidrug resistance as their overexpression significantly decreases the intracellular concentration and thus, the efficacy of certain anticancer drugs. Therefore, the development of treatment strategies that would not be susceptible to efflux or excretion by specific ABC transporters could overcome resistance to treatment. Here, we investigated the anticancer efficacy of saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein. Since saporin has poor permeability across the cell membrane, it was encapsulated in a lipid-based nanoparticle system (EC16-1) that effectively delivered the formulation (EC16-1/saporin) intracellularly and produced anti-cancer efficacy. EC16-1/saporin, at nanomolar concentrations, significantly inhibited the cellular proliferation of parental and ABCB1- and ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells. EC16-1/saporin did not significantly alter the subcellular localization of ABCB1 and ABCG2. In addition, EC16-1/saporin induced apoptosis in parental and ABCB1- and ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells. In a murine model system, EC16-1/saporin significantly inhibited the tumor growth in mice xenografted with parental and ABCB1- and ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells. Our findings suggest that the EC16-1/saporin combination could potentially be a novel therapeutic treatment in patients with parental or ABCB1- and ABCG2-positive drug-resistant cancers.
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Lu W, Mao Y, Chen X, Ni J, Zhang R, Wang Y, Wang J, Wu L. Fordin: A novel type I ribosome inactivating protein from Vernicia fordii modulates multiple signaling cascades leading to anti-invasive and pro-apoptotic effects in cancer cells in vitro. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1027-1042. [PMID: 30015835 PMCID: PMC6065405 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fordin, which is derived from Vernicia fordii, is a novel type I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) with RNA N-glycosidase activity. In the present study, fordin was expressed by Escherichia coli and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. Previous studies have demonstrated RIP toxicity in a variety of cancer cell lines. To understand the therapeutic potential of fordin on tumors, the present study investigated the effects of fordin on the viability of several tumor and normal cell lines. The results demonstrated that fordin induced significant cytotoxicity in four cancer cell lines, compared with the normal cell line. Specifically, profound apoptosis and inhibition of cell invasion were observed following fordin exposure in U-2 OS and HepG2 cells; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the action of RIP remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, it was found that the anticancer effects of fordin were associated with suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. In U-2 OS and HepG2 cells, fordin inhibited the expression of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase, leading to downregulation of the phosphorylation level of IκB, which quelled the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Fordin also reduced the mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB downstream targets associated with cell apoptosis and metastasis, particularly B-cell lymphoma-2-related protein A1 (Blf-1) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. The inactivation of NF-κB and the reduction in the expression levels of Blf-1 and MMP-9 mediated by fordin were also confirmed by co-treatment with lipopolysaccharide or p65 small interfering RNA. These findings suggested a possible mechanism for the fordin-induced effect on tumor cell death and metastasis. The results of the present study demonstrated the multiple anticancer effects of fordin in U-2 OS and HepG2 cells, in part by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Lu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
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Wonder E, Simón-Gracia L, Scodeller P, Majzoub RN, Kotamraju VR, Ewert KK, Teesalu T, Safinya CR. Competition of charge-mediated and specific binding by peptide-tagged cationic liposome-DNA nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2018; 166:52-63. [PMID: 29544111 PMCID: PMC5944340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposome-nucleic acid (CL-NA) complexes, which form spontaneously, are a highly modular gene delivery system. These complexes can be sterically stabilized via PEGylation [PEG: poly (ethylene glycol)] into nanoparticles (NPs) and targeted to specific tissues and cell types via the conjugation of an affinity ligand. However, there are currently no guidelines on how to effectively navigate the large space of compositional parameters that modulate the specific and nonspecific binding interactions of peptide-targeted NPs with cells. Such guidelines are desirable to accelerate the optimization of formulations with novel peptides. Using PEG-lipids functionalized with a library of prototypical tumor-homing peptides, we varied the peptide density and other parameters (binding motif, peptide charge, CL/DNA charge ratio) to study their effect on the binding and uptake of the corresponding NPs. We used flow cytometry to quantitatively assess binding as well as internalization of NPs by cultured cancer cells. Surprisingly, full peptide coverage resulted in less binding and internalization than intermediate coverage, with the optimum coverage varying between cell lines. In, addition, our data revealed that great care must be taken to prevent nonspecific electrostatic interactions from interfering with the desired specific binding and internalization. Importantly, such considerations must take into account the charge of the peptide ligand as well as the membrane charge density and the CL/DNA charge ratio. To test our guidelines, we evaluated the in vivo tumor selectivity of selected NP formulations in a mouse model of peritoneally disseminated human gastric cancer. Intraperitoneally administered peptide-tagged CL-DNA NPs showed tumor binding, minimal accumulation in healthy control tissues, and preferential penetration of smaller tumor nodules, a highly clinically relevant target known to drive recurrence of the peritoneal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wonder
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lorena Simón-Gracia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pablo Scodeller
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ramsey N Majzoub
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Venkata Ramana Kotamraju
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kai K Ewert
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Plant Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins: Progesses, Challenges and Biotechnological Applications (and a Few Digressions). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100314. [PMID: 29023422 PMCID: PMC5666361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) toxins are EC3.2.2.22 N-glycosidases, found among most plant species encoded as small gene families, distributed in several tissues being endowed with defensive functions against fungal or viral infections. The two main plant RIP classes include type I (monomeric) and type II (dimeric) as the prototype ricin holotoxin from Ricinus communis that is composed of a catalytic active A chain linked via a disulphide bridge to a B-lectin domain that mediates efficient endocytosis in eukaryotic cells. Plant RIPs can recognize a universally conserved stem-loop, known as the α-sarcin/ ricin loop or SRL structure in 23S/25S/28S rRNA. By depurinating a single adenine (A4324 in 28S rat rRNA), they can irreversibly arrest protein translation and trigger cell death in the intoxicated mammalian cell. Besides their useful application as potential weapons against infected/tumor cells, ricin was also used in bio-terroristic attacks and, as such, constitutes a major concern. In this review, we aim to summarize past studies and more recent progresses made studying plant RIPs and discuss successful approaches that might help overcoming some of the bottlenecks encountered during the development of their biomedical applications.
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Pina A, Dal Corso A, Caruso M, Belvisi L, Arosio D, Zanella S, Gasparri F, Albanese C, Cucchi U, Fraietta I, Marsiglio A, Pignataro L, Donati D, Gennari C. Targeting Integrin αV
β3
with Theranostic RGD-Camptothecin Conjugates Bearing a Disulfide Linker: Biological Evaluation Reveals a Complex Scenario. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - A. Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Caruso
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM); CNR; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Simone Zanella
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Clara Albanese
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Ulisse Cucchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Ivan Fraietta
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Aurelio Marsiglio
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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Zanella S, Angerani S, Pina A, López Rivas P, Giannini C, Panzeri S, Arosio D, Caruso M, Gasparri F, Fraietta I, Albanese C, Marsiglio A, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Tumor Targeting with an isoDGR-Drug Conjugate. Chemistry 2017; 23:7910-7914. [PMID: 28449309 PMCID: PMC5488297 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first example of an isoDGR-drug conjugate (2), designed to release paclitaxel selectively within cancer cells expressing integrin αV β3 . Conjugate 2 was synthesized by connecting the isoDGR peptidomimetic 5 with paclitaxel via the lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala dipeptide linker. Conjugate 2 displayed a low nanomolar affinity for the purified integrin αV β3 receptor (IC50 =11.0 nm). The tumor targeting ability of conjugate 2 was assessed in vitro in anti-proliferative assays on two isogenic cancer cell lines characterized by different integrin αV β3 expression: human glioblastoma U87 (αV β3 +) and U87 β3 -KO (αV β3 -). The isoDGR-PTX conjugate 2 displayed a remarkable targeting index (TI=9.9), especially when compared to the strictly related RGD-PTX conjugate 4 (TI=2.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanella
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Simona Angerani
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Clelia Giannini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Silvia Panzeri
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)CNRVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Michele Caruso
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | - Ivan Fraietta
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | - Clara Albanese
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | | | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
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