Canonical and Non-Canonical Functions of Erythropoietin and Its Receptor in Mature Nucleated Erythrocytes of Western Clawed Frog, Xenopus tropicalis

Enucleated erythrocytes are characteristic of adult mammals. In contrast, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and fetal mammals possess nucleated erythrocytes in their circulation. Erythroid maturation is regulated by erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR), which are conserved among vertebrates. In mammals, EPOR on the erythroid progenitor membrane disappears after terminal differentiation. However, in western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, mature erythrocytes maintain EPOR expression, suggesting that they have non-canonical functions of the EPO-EPOR axis rather than proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the non-canonical functions of EPOR in Xenopus mature erythrocytes. EPO stimulation of peripheral erythrocytes did not induce proliferation but induced phosphorylation of intracellular proteins, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). RNA-Seq analysis of EPO-stimulated peripheral erythrocytes identified 45 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including cytokine inducible SH2 containing protein gene (cish) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 gene (socs3), negative regulators of the EPOR-Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT pathway. These phosphorylation studies and pathway analysis demonstrated the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway through EPO-EPOR signaling in erythrocytes. Through comparison with EPO-responsive genes in mouse erythroid progenitors obtained from a public database, we identified 31 novel EPO-responsive genes indicating non-canonical functions. Among these, we focused on ornithine decarboxylase 1 gene (odc1), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis and affects hematopoietic progenitor differentiation and the endothelial cell response to hypoxic stress. An EPO-supplemented culture of erythrocytes showed increased odc1 expression followed by a decrease in polyamine-rich erythrocytes, suggesting EPO-responsive polyamine excretion. These findings will advance our knowledge of the unknown regulatory systems under the EPO-EPOR axis and functional differences between vertebrates' nucleated and enucleated erythrocytes.

Recent Advances in Polymers Bearing Activated Esters for the Synthesis of Glycopolymers by Postpolymerization Modification

Glycopolymers are functional polymers with saccharide moieties on their side chains and are attractive candidates for biomaterials. Postpolymerization modification can be employed for the synthesis of glycopolymers. Activated esters are useful in various fields, including polymer chemistry and biochemistry, because of their high reactivity and ease of reaction. In particular, the formation of amide bonds caused by the reaction of activated esters with amino groups is of high synthetic chemical value owing to its high selectivity. It has been employed in the synthesis of various functional polymers, including glycopolymers. This paper reviews the recent advances in polymers bearing activated esters for the synthesis of glycopolymers by postpolymerization modification. The development of polymers bearing hydrophobic and hydrophilic activated esters is described. Although water-soluble activated esters are generally unstable and hydrolyzed in water, novel polymer backbones bearing water-soluble activated esters are stable and useful for postpolymerization modification for synthesizing glycopolymers in water. Dual postpolymerization modification can be employed to modify polymer side chains using two different molecules. Thiolactone and glycine propargyl esters on the polymer backbone are described as activated esters for dual postpolymerization modification.

Metabolomic Detection Between Pancreatic Cancer and Liver Metastasis Nude Mouse Models Constructed by Using the PANC1-KAI1/CD82 Cell Line

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis and is prone to liver metastasis. The KAI1/CD₈₂ gene inhibits PC metastasis. This study aimed to explore differential metabolites and enrich the pathways in serum samples between PC and liver metastasis nude mouse models stably expressing KAI1/CD₈₂. Methods: KAI1/CD₈₂-PLV-EF1α-MCS-IRES-Puro vector and PANC1 cell line stably expressing KAI1/CD₈₂ were constructed for the first time. This cell line was used to construct 3 PC nude mouse models and 3 liver metastasis nude mouse models. The different metabolites and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and human metabolome database (HMDB) enrichment pathways were analyzed using the serum samples of the 2 groups of nude mouse models on the basis of untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform. Results: KAI1/CD₈₂-PLV-EF1α-MCS-IRES-Puro vector and PANC1 cell line stably expressing KAI1/CD₈₂ were constructed successfully, and all nude mouse models survived and developed cancers. Among the 1233 metabolites detected, 18 metabolites (9 upregulated and 9 downregulated) showed differences. In agreement with the literature data, the most significant differences between both groups were found in the levels of bile acids (taurocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid), glycine, prostaglandin E2, vitamin D, guanosine monophosphate, and inosine. Bile recreation, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and purine metabolism KEGG pathways and a series of HMDB pathways (P < .05) contained differential metabolites that may be associated with liver metastasis from PC. However, the importance of these metabolites on PC liver metastases remains to be elucidated. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the metabolomic approach may be a useful method to detect potential biomarkers in PC.

Disease-associated acrolein: A possible diagnostic and therapeutic substrate for in vivo synthetic chemistry

Acrolein, a highly reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is a compound to which humans are exposed in many different situations and often causes various human diseases. This paper summarizes the reports over the past twenty-five years regarding disease-associated acrolein detected in clinical patients and the role acrolein plays in various diseases. In several diseases, it was found that the increased acrolein acts as a pathogenetic factor. Thus, we propose the utility of over-produced acrolein as a substrate for a promising therapeutic or diagnostic method applicable to a wide range of diseases based on an in vivo synthetic chemistry strategy.

Gene expression profiling by targeted RNA sequencing in pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma with a solid component

OBJECTIVES

Solid predominant adenocarcinoma is considered an independent predictor of an unfavorable prognosis in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Furthermore, solid minor components are related to poor prognosis in patients with stage I LUAD. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the molecular determinants of the malignant potential of solid components (SC). Several studies reported the gene expression profiling specific for lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma or solid predominant adenocarcinoma, however; there is no report identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SC and acinar component (AC) within the same tumor tissue in pathological (p)-stage I LUAD patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

LUAD tissue samples containing both SC and AC were obtained from 8 patients with p-stage I LUAD and each component was microdissected. Targeted RNA sequencing was performed by a high-throughput chip-based approach.

RESULTS

In total, 1272 DEGs were identified, including 677 upregulated genes and 595 downregulated genes in SC compared with AC. The most highly upregulated gene was TATA binding protein associated factor 7 (TAF7) and the most highly downregulated gene was homeobox B3 (HOXB3), which acts as a metastasis suppressor. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of upregulated genes in SC identified ribosomal protein S27a (RPS27a) as a hub gene with the highest degree. First neighbors of RPS27a included PSMA6, which is a highly promising target for lung cancer. The subnetwork of PD-L1 had 10 first neighbors, including CMTM6, which enhances the ability of PD-L1-expressing tumor cells to inhibit T cells. The staining score for PD-L1 in SC was significantly higher than that in AC by immunohistochemistry (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed several new DEGs and key PPI network in SC compared to AC, contributing to understanding the biological features of SC and providing therapeutic targets for early-stage LUAD with SC in the future.

The effect of spermidine on guanine decomposition via photoinduced electron transfer in DNA

The addition of spermidine caused the attenuation of guanine decomposition via photoinduced electron transfer in pyrene-modified DNA, and higher added concentrations of spermidine resulted in the promotion of decomposition in condensed DNA.

Hexaphenyl-1,3-butadiene derivative: a novel “turn-on” rapid fluorescent probe for intraoperative pathological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

The staining method based on AIE-active ZZ-HPB-NC can simple distinguish the hepatocellular carcinoma from liver noncancerous tissue, which overcomes the drawbacks of the poor anti-interference ability of the authoritative clinical H&E technique.

2-Benzoylpyridine Ligand Complexation with Gold Critical for Propargyl Ester-Based Protein Labeling

In previously reported work, Au^III complexes coordinated with 2-benzoylpyridine ligand, BPy-Au, were prebound to a protein and used to discover a novel protein-directed labeling approach with propargyl ester functional groups. In this work, further examination discovered that gold catalysts devoid of the 2-benzoylpyridine ligand (e.g., NaAuCl4) had significantly reduced levels of protein labeling. Mechanistic investigations then revealed that BPy-Au and propargyl esters undergo a rare example of C(sp² )-C(sp) aryl-alkynyl cross-coupling, likely through spontaneous reductive elimination. Overall, these observations appear to suggest that BPy-Au-mediated, propargyl ester-based protein labeling acts via an activated ester intermediate, which contributes to our understanding of this process and will aid the expansion/optimization of gold-catalyst usage in future bioconjugation applications, especially in vivo.