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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Cho KJ, Kim YM. Controlling biofilm and virulence properties of Gram-positive bacteria by targeting wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106941. [PMID: 37536571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are structural components of Gram-positive bacteria's peptidoglycan and cell membrane, which are mostly anionic glycopolymers. WTA confers numerous physiological, virulence, and pathogenic features to bacterial pathogens. It controls cell shape, cell division, and the localisation of autolytic enzymes and ion homeostasis. In the context of virulence and pathogenicity, it aids bacterial cell attachment and colonisation and protects against the host defence system and antibiotics. Having such a broad function in pathogenic bacteria's lifecycle, WTA/LTA become one of the potential targets for antibacterial agents to reduce bacterial infection in the host. The number of reports for targeting the WTA/LTA pathway has risen, mostly by focusing on three distinct targets: antivirulence targets, β-lactam potentiator targets, and essential targets. The current review looked at the role of WTA/LTA in biofilm development and virulence in a range of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, alternate strategies, such as the application of natural and synthetic compounds that target the WTA/LTA pathway, have been thoroughly discussed. Moreover, the application of nanomaterials and a combination of drugs have also been discussed as a viable method for targeting the WTA/LTA in numerous Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, a future perspective for controlling bacterial infection by targeting the WTA/LTA is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Rimal B, Chang J, Liu C, Rashid R, Singh M, Kim SJ. The effects of daptomycin on cell wall biosynthesis in Enterococcal faecalis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12227. [PMID: 37507537 PMCID: PMC10382475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin is a cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic reserved for the treatment of serious infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Its mode of action is considered to be multifaceted, encompassing the targeting and depolarization of bacterial cell membranes, alongside the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis. To characterize the daptomycin mode of action, 15N cross-polarization at magic-angle spinning NMR measurements were performed on intact whole cells of Staphylococcus aureus grown in the presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration of daptomycin in a chemically defined media containing L-[ϵ-15N]Lys. Daptomycin-treated cells showed a reduction in the lysyl-ε-amide intensity that was consistent with cell wall thinning. However, the reduced lysyl-ε-amine intensity at 10 ppm indicated that the daptomycin-treated cells did not accumulate in Park's nucleotide, the cytoplasmic peptidoglycan (PG) precursor. Consequently, daptomycin did not inhibit the transglycosylation step of PG biosynthesis. To further elucidate the daptomycin mode of action, the PG composition of daptomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis grown in the presence of daptomycin was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty-nine muropeptide ions correspond to PG with varying degrees of modifications including crosslinking, acetylation, alanylation, and 1,6-anhydrous ring formation at MurNAc were quantified. Analysis showed that the cell walls of daptomycin-treated E. faecalis had a significant reduction in PG crosslinking which was accompanied by an increase in lytic transglycosylase activities and a decrease in PG-stem modifications by the carboxypeptidases. The changes in PG composition suggest that daptomycin inhibits cell wall biosynthesis by impeding the incorporation of nascent PG into the cell walls by transpeptidases and maturation by carboxypeptidases. As a result, the newly formed cell walls become highly susceptible to degradation by the autolysins, resulting in thinning of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binayak Rimal
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - James Chang
- Department of Chemistry One Bear Place #97046, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Chengyin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Raiyan Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Manmilan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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Rimal B, Senzani S, Ealand C, Lamichhane G, Kana B, Kim SJ. Peptidoglycan compositional analysis of Mycobacterium smegmatis using high-resolution LC-MS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11061. [PMID: 35773428 PMCID: PMC9247062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is the exoskeleton of bacterial cells and is required for their viability, growth, and cell division. Unlike most bacteria, mycobacteria possess an atypical PG characterized by a high degree of unique linkages and chemical modifications which most likely serve as important determinants of virulence and pathogenesis in mycobacterial diseases. Despite this important role, the chemical composition and molecular architecture of mycobacterial PG have yet to be fully determined. Here we determined the chemical composition of PG from Mycobacterium smegmatis using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Purified cell walls from the stationary phase were digested with mutanolysin and compositional analysis was performed on 130 muropeptide ions that were identified using an in silico PG library. The relative abundance for each muropeptide ion was measured by integrating the extracted-ion chromatogram. The percentage of crosslink per PG subunit was measured at 45%. While both 3→3 and 4→3 transpeptide cross-linkages were found in PG dimers, a high abundance of 3→3 linkages was found associated with the trimers. Approximately 43% of disaccharides in the PG of M. smegmatis showed modifications by acetylation or deacetylation. A significant number of PG trimers are found with a loss of 41.00 amu that is consistent with N-deacetylation, whereas the dimers show a gain of 42.01 amu corresponding to O-acetylation of the PG disaccharides. This suggests a possible role of PG acetylation in the regulation of cell wall homeostasis in M. smegmatis. Collectively, these data report important novel insights into the ultrastructure of mycobacterial PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binayak Rimal
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sibusiso Senzani
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Christopher Ealand
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Bavesh Kana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa.
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Chemistry Building, 525 College Street, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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Olademehin OP, Shuford KL, Kim SJ. Molecular dynamics simulations of the secondary-binding site in disaccharide-modified glycopeptide antibiotics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7087. [PMID: 35490171 PMCID: PMC9056522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oritavancin is a semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Oritavancin is known to be a thousand times more potent than vancomycin against Gram-positive bacteria due to the additional interactions with bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) facilitated by a secondary-binding site. The presence of this secondary-binding site is evident in desleucyl-oritavancin, an Edman degradation product of oritavancin, still retaining its potency against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas desleucyl-vancomycin is devoid of any antimicrobial activities. Herein, using explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, steered MD simulations, and umbrella sampling, we show evidence of a secondary-binding site mediated by the disaccharide-modified hydrophobic sidechain of oritavancin interactions with the pentaglycyl-bridge segment of the PG. The interactions were characterized through comparison to the interaction of PG with chloroeremomycin, vancomycin, and the desleucyl analogs of the glycopeptides. Our results show that the enhanced binding of oritavancin to PG over the binding of the other complexes studied is due to an increase in the hydrophobic effect, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, and not the average number of hydrogen bonds. Our ranking of the binding interactions of the biomolecular complexes directly correlates with the order based on their experimental minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results of our simulations provide insight into the modification of glycopeptides to increase their antimicrobial activities or the design of novel antibiotics against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin L Shuford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA.
| | - Sung J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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Wu X, Han J, Gong G, Koffas MAG, Zha J. Wall teichoic acids: physiology and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6019871. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are charged glycopolymers containing phosphodiester-linked polyol units and represent one of the major components of Gram-positive cell envelope. WTAs have important physiological functions in cell division, gene transfer, surface adhesion, drug resistance and biofilm formation, and are critical virulence factors and vital determinants in mediating cell interaction with and tolerance to environmental factors. Here, we first briefly introduce WTA structure, biosynthesis and its regulation, and then summarize in detail four major physiological roles played by WTAs, i.e. WTA-mediated resistance to antimicrobials, virulence to mammalian cells, interaction with bacteriolytic enzymes and regulation of cell metabolism. We also review the applications of WTAs in these fields that are closely related to the human society, including antibacterial drug discovery targeting WTA biosynthesis, development of vaccines and antibodies regarding WTA-mediated pathogenicity, specific and sensitive detection of pathogens in food using WTAs as a surface epitope and regulation of WTA-related pathways for efficient microbial production of useful compounds. We also point out major problems remaining in these fields, and discuss some possible directions in the future exploration of WTA physiology and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Guoli Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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Olademehin OP, Liu C, Rimal B, Adegboyega NF, Chen F, Sim C, Kim SJ. Dsi-RNA knockdown of genes regulated by Foxo reduces glycogen and lipid accumulations in diapausing Culex pipiens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17201. [PMID: 33057122 PMCID: PMC7560664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex pipiens is a major carrier of the West Nile Virus, the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States. Cx. pipiens survive overwinter through diapause which is an important survival strategy that is under the control of insulin signaling and Foxo by regulating energy metabolism. Three homologous candidate genes, glycogen synthase (glys), atp-binding cassette transporter (atp), and low-density lipoprotein receptor chaperone (ldlr), that are under the regulation of Foxo transcription factor were identified in Cx. pipiens. To validate the gene functions, each candidate gene was silenced by injecting the target dsi-RNA to female Cx. pipiens during the early phase of diapause. The dsi-RNA injected diapause-destined female post-adult eclosion were fed for 7 days with 10% glucose containing 1% D-[13C6]glucose. The effects of dsi-RNA knockdown on glucose metabolism in intact mosquitoes were monitored using 13C solid-state NMR and ATR-FTIR. Our finding shows that the dsi-RNA knockdown of all three candidate genes suppressed glycogen and lipid biosyntheses resulting in inhibition of long-term carbon energy storage in diapausing females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunde P Olademehin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Chengyin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College St. N.W., Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Binayak Rimal
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel F Adegboyega
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Cheolho Sim
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76706, USA.
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College St. N.W., Washington, D.C., 20059, USA.
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