1
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Kawashima K, Márquez RA, Smith LA, Vaidyula RR, Carrasco-Jaim OA, Wang Z, Son YJ, Cao CL, Mullins CB. A Review of Transition Metal Boride, Carbide, Pnictide, and Chalcogenide Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37967475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal borides, carbides, pnictides, and chalcogenides (X-ides) have emerged as a class of materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Because of their high earth abundance, electrical conductivity, and OER performance, these electrocatalysts have the potential to enable the practical application of green energy conversion and storage. Under OER potentials, X-ide electrocatalysts demonstrate various degrees of oxidation resistance due to their differences in chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology. Depending on their resistance to oxidation, these catalysts will fall into one of three post-OER electrocatalyst categories: fully oxidized oxide/(oxy)hydroxide material, partially oxidized core@shell structure, and unoxidized material. In the past ten years (from 2013 to 2022), over 890 peer-reviewed research papers have focused on X-ide OER electrocatalysts. Previous review papers have provided limited conclusions and have omitted the significance of "catalytically active sites/species/phases" in X-ide OER electrocatalysts. In this review, a comprehensive summary of (i) experimental parameters (e.g., substrates, electrocatalyst loading amounts, geometric overpotentials, Tafel slopes, etc.) and (ii) electrochemical stability tests and post-analyses in X-ide OER electrocatalyst publications from 2013 to 2022 is provided. Both mono and polyanion X-ides are discussed and classified with respect to their material transformation during the OER. Special analytical techniques employed to study X-ide reconstruction are also evaluated. Additionally, future challenges and questions yet to be answered are provided in each section. This review aims to provide researchers with a toolkit to approach X-ide OER electrocatalyst research and to showcase necessary avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Raúl A Márquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lettie A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rinish Reddy Vaidyula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Omar A Carrasco-Jaim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yoon Jun Son
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chi L Cao
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- H2@UT, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Maďar M, Koláčná L, Koucký F, Havlíčková J, Kuchár J, Kotek J, Kubíček V, Ludvík J, Hermann P. Derivatives of cyclam-1,8-diacetic acid: synthesis and complexes with divalent transition metal ions. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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3
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Zhang X, Chen QF, Deng J, Xu X, Zhan J, Du HY, Yu Z, Li M, Zhang MT, Shao Y. Identifying Metal-Oxo/Peroxo Intermediates in Catalytic Water Oxidation by In Situ Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17748-17752. [PMID: 36149317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular catalysis of water oxidation has been intensively investigated, but its mechanism is still not yet fully understood. This study aims at capturing and identifying key short-lived intermediates directly during the water oxidation catalyzed by a cobalt-tetraamido macrocyclic ligand complex using a newly developed an in situ electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS) method. Two key ligand-centered-oxidation intermediates, [(L2-)CoIIIOH] and [(L2-)CoIIIOOH], were directly observed for the first time, and further confirmed by 18O-labeling and collision-induced dissociation studies. These experimental results further confirmed the rationality of the water nucleophilic attack mechanism for the single-site water oxidation catalysis. This work also demonstrated that such an in situ EC-MS method is a promising analytical tool for redox catalytic processes, not only limited to water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Fa Chen
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jintao Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jirui Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao-Yi Du
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengyou Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meixian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Sutradhar M, Pombeiro AJ, da Silva JAL. Water oxidation with transition metal catalysts with non-innocent ligands and its mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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D’Agostini S, Kottrup KG, Casadevall C, Gamba I, Dantignana V, Bucci A, Costas M, Lloret-Fillol J, Hetterscheid DG. Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation with α-[Fe(mcp)(OTf) 2] and Analogues. ACS Catal 2021; 11:2583-2595. [PMID: 33815893 PMCID: PMC8016111 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The complex α-[Fe(mcp)(OTf)2] (mcp = N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine
and OTf
= trifluoromethanesulfonate anion) was reported in 2011 by some of
us as an active water oxidation (WO) catalyst in the presence of sacrificial
oxidants. However, because chemical oxidants are likely to take part
in the reaction mechanism, mechanistic electrochemical studies are
critical in establishing to what extent previous studies with sacrificial
reagents have actually been meaningful. In this study, the complex
α-[Fe(mcp)(OTf)2] and its analogues were investigated
electrochemically under both acidic and neutral conditions. All the
systems under investigation proved to be electrochemically active
toward the WO reaction, with no major differences in activity despite
the structural changes. Our findings show that WO-catalyzed by mcp–iron
complexes proceeds via homogeneous species, whereas the analogous
manganese complex forms a heterogeneous deposit on the electrode surface.
Mechanistic studies show that the reaction proceeds with a different
rate-determining step (rds) than what was previously proposed in the
presence of chemical oxidants. Moreover, the different kinetic isotope
effect (KIE) values obtained electrochemically at pH 7 (KIE ∼
10) and at pH 1 (KIE = 1) show that the reaction conditions have a
remarkable effect on the rds and on the mechanism. We suggest a proton-coupled
electron transfer (PCET) as the rds under neutral conditions, whereas
at pH 1 the rds is most likely an electron transfer (ET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D’Agostini
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carla Casadevall
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Spain (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ilaria Gamba
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Valeria Dantignana
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Alberto Bucci
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Spain (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Spain (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Zhang L, Mathew S, Hessels J, Reek JNH, Yu F. Homogeneous Catalysts Based on First-Row Transition-Metals for Electrochemical Water Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:234-250. [PMID: 32991076 PMCID: PMC7820963 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies that enable the renewable production of storable fuels (i. e. hydrogen or hydrocarbons) through electrocatalysis continue to generate interest in the scientific community. Of central importance to this pursuit is obtaining the requisite chemical (H+ ) and electronic (e- ) inputs for fuel-forming reduction reactions, which can be met sustainably by water oxidation catalysis. Further possibility exists to couple these redox transformations to renewable energy sources (i. e. solar), thus creating a carbon neutral solution for long-term energy storage. Nature uses a Mn-Ca cluster for water oxidation catalysis via multiple proton-coupled electron-transfers (PCETs) with a photogenerated bias to perform this process with TOF 100∼300 s-1 . Synthetic molecular catalysts that efficiently perform this conversion commonly utilize rare metals (e. g., Ru, Ir), whose low abundance are associated to higher costs and scalability limitations. Inspired by nature's use of 1st row transition metal (TM) complexes for water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), attempts to use these abundant metals have been intensively explored but met with limited success. The smaller atomic size of 1st row TM ions lowers its ability to accommodate the oxidative equivalents required in the 4e- /4H+ water oxidation catalysis process, unlike noble metal catalysts that perform single-site electrocatalysis at lower overpotentials (η). Overcoming the limitations of 1st row TMs requires developing molecular catalysts that exploit biomimetic phenomena - multiple-metal redox-cooperativity, PCET and second-sphere interactions - to lower the overpotential, preorganize substrates and maintain stability. Thus, the ultimate goal of developing efficient, robust and scalable WOCs remains a challenge. This Review provides a summary of previous research works highlighting 1st row TM-based homogeneous WOCs, catalytic mechanisms, followed by strategies for catalytic activity improvements, before closing with a future outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu‐Hua Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130P. R. China
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joeri Hessels
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fengshou Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130P. R. China
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7
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Kranz C, Wächtler M. Characterizing photocatalysts for water splitting: from atoms to bulk and from slow to ultrafast processes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1407-1437. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview on characterisation techniques for light-driven redox-catalysts highlighting spectroscopic, microscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kranz
- Ulm University
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Department Functional Interfaces
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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8
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Computational mechanistic study on molecular catalysis of water oxidation by cyclam ligand-based iron complex. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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van Dijk B, Rodriguez GM, Wu L, Hofmann JP, Macchioni A, Hetterscheid DGH. The Influence of the Ligand in the Iridium Mediated Electrocatalyic Water Oxidation. ACS Catal 2020; 10:4398-4410. [PMID: 32280560 PMCID: PMC7137537 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electrochemical
water oxidation is the bottleneck of electrolyzers
as even the best catalysts, iridium and ruthenium oxides, have to
operate at significant overpotentials. Previously, the position of
a hydroxyl on a series of hydroxylpicolinate ligands was found to
significantly influence the activity of molecular iridium catalysts
in sacrificial oxidant driven water oxidation. In this study, these
catalysts were tested under electrochemical conditions and benchmarked
to several other known molecular iridium catalysts under the exact
same conditions. This allowed us to compare these catalysts directly
and observe whether structure–activity relationships would
prevail under electrochemical conditions. Using both electrochemical
quartz crystal microbalance experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
we found that all studied iridium complexes form an iridium deposit
on the electrode with binding energies ranging from 62.4 to 62.7 eV
for the major Ir 4f7/2 species. These do not match the
binding energies found for the parent complexes, which have a broader
binding energy range from 61.7 to 62.7 eV and show a clear relationship
to the electronegativity induced by the ligands. Moreover, all catalysts
performed the electrochemical water oxidation in the same order of
magnitude as the maximum currents ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mA cm–2 once more without clear structure–activity
relationships. In addition, by employing 1H NMR spectroscopy
we found evidence for Cp* breakdown products such as acetate. Electrodeposited
iridium oxide from ligand free [Ir(OH)6]2– or a colloidal iridium oxide nanoparticles solution produces currents
almost 2 orders of magnitude higher with a maximum current of 11 mA
cm–2. Also, this deposited material contains, apart
from an Ir 4f7/2 species at 62.4 eV, an Ir species at 63.6
eV, which is not observed for any deposit formed by the molecular
complexes. Thus, the electrodeposited material of the complexes cannot
be directly linked to bulk iridium oxide. Small IrOx clusters
containing few Ir atoms with partially incorporated ligand residues
are the most likely option for the catalytically active electrodeposit.
Our results emphasize that structure–activity relationships
obtained with sacrificial oxidants do not necessarily translate to
electrochemical conditions. Furthermore, other factors, such as electrodeposition
and catalyst degradation, play a major role in the electrochemically
driven water oxidation and should thus be considered when optimizing
molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van Dijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Menendez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Longfei Wu
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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10
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Olivares M, van der Ham CJM, Mdluli V, Schmidtendorf M, Müller‐Bunz H, Verhoeven TWGM, Li M, Niemantsverdriet JW(H, Hetterscheid DGH, Bernhard S, Albrecht M. Relevance of Chemical vs. Electrochemical Oxidation of Tunable Carbene Iridium Complexes for Catalytic Water Oxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olivares
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3, CH ‐3012 Bern Switzerland
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | | | - Velabo Mdluli
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Helge Müller‐Bunz
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Tiny W. G. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3, CH ‐3012 Bern Switzerland
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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11
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Lee KJ, Gruninger CT, Lodaya KM, Qadeer S, Griffith BE, Dempsey JL. Analysis of multi-electron, multi-step homogeneous catalysis by rotating disc electrode voltammetry: theory, application, and obstacles. Analyst 2020; 145:1258-1278. [PMID: 31984999 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotating disc electrode (RDE) voltammetry has been widely adopted for the study of heterogenized molecular electrocatalysts for multi-step fuel-forming reactions but this tool has never been comprehensively applied to their homogeneous analogues. Here, the utility and limitations of RDE techniques for mechanistic and kinetic analysis of homogeneous molecular catalysts that mediate multi-electron, multi-substrate redox transformations are explored. Using the ECEC' reaction mechanism as a case study, two theoretical models are derived based on the Nernst diffusion layer model and the Hale transformation. Current-potential curves generated by these computational strategies are compared under a variety of limiting conditions to identify conditions under which the more minimalist Nernst Diffusion Layer approach can be applied. Based on this theoretical treatment, strategies for extracting kinetic information from the plateau current and the foot of the catalytic wave are derived. RDEV is applied to a cobaloxime hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst under non-aqueous conditions in order to experimentally validate this theoretical framework and explore the feasibility of RDE as a tool for studying homogeneous catalysts. Crucially, analysis of the foot-of-the-wave via this theoretical framework provides rate constants for elementary reaction steps that agree with those extracted from stationary voltammetric methods, supporting the application of RDE to study homogeneous fuel-forming catalysts. Finally, obstacles encountered during the kinetic analysis of cobaloxime, along with the voltammetric signatures used to diagnose this reactivity, are discussed with the goal of guiding groups working to improve RDE set-ups and help researchers avoid misinterpretation of RDE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599.
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12
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Langerman M, Hetterscheid DGH. Fast Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by a Copper(II) Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Complex through a Stepwise Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12974-12978. [PMID: 31339205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic pathways for the reduction of dioxygen can either lead to the formation of water or peroxide as the reaction product. We demonstrate that the electrocatalytic reduction of O2 by the pyridylalkylamine copper complex [Cu(tmpa)(L)]2+ in a neutral aqueous solution follows a stepwise 4 e- /4 H+ pathway, in which H2 O2 is formed as a detectable intermediate and subsequently reduced to H2 O in two separate catalytic reactions. These homogeneous catalytic reactions are shown to be first order in catalyst. Coordination of O2 to CuI was found to be the rate-determining step in the formation of the peroxide intermediate. Furthermore, electrochemical studies of the reaction kinetics revealed a high turnover frequency of 1.5×105 s-1 , the highest reported for any molecular copper catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Langerman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis G H Hetterscheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Langerman M, Hetterscheid DGH. Fast Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by a Copper(II) Tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine Complex through a Stepwise Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Langerman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Gorlaeus Laboratories P.O Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dennis G. H. Hetterscheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Gorlaeus Laboratories P.O Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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14
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Fukuzumi S, Lee YM, Nam W. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:779-798. [PMID: 30560964 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of thermal and photochemical oxidation of water with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, including conversion from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysts in the course of water oxidation, are discussed in this review article. Molecular and homogeneous catalysts have the advantage to clarify the catalytic mechanisms by detecting active intermediates in catalytic water oxidation. On the other hand, heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts have advantages for practical applications due to high catalytic activity, robustness and easier separation of catalysts by filtration as compared with molecular homogeneous precursors. Ligand oxidation of homogeneous catalysts sometimes results in the dissociation of ligands to form nanoparticles, which act as much more efficient catalysts for water oxidation. Since it is quite difficult to identify active intermediates on the heterogeneous catalyst surface, the mechanism of water oxidation has hardly been clarified under heterogeneous catalytic conditions. This review focuses on the kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation with homogeneous catalysts, which may be converted to heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts depending on various reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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15
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Ye JM, He DH, Li F, Li YL, He JB. Roles of soluble species in the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction on a nickel anode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10116-10119. [PMID: 30124708 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05896b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The roles of soluble Fe and Ni species in the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at a Ni anode are reported. The Fe impurities in the electrolyte turn out to be insufficient to directly improve the OER activity. The Ni(OH)2/NiOOH film undergoes chemical dissolution to give a stable Ni(ii) species that plays a hindering role in the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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16
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van Dijk B, Hofmann JP, Hetterscheid DGH. Pinpointing the active species of the Cu(DAT) catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19625-19634. [PMID: 30010166 PMCID: PMC6063076 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear CuII complexes bearing two 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DAT) ligands have gained considerable attention as a potential model system for laccase due to their low overpotential for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this study, the active species for the ORR was investigated. The water soluble dinuclear copper complex (Cu(DAT)) was obtained by mixing a 1 : 1 ratio of Cu(OTf)2 and DAT in water. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of Cu(DAT) showed a broad axial signal with a g factor of 2.16 as well as a low intensity Ms = ±2 absorption characteristic of the Cu2(μ-DAT)2 moiety. Monitoring the typical 380 nm peak with UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that the Cu2(μ-DAT)2 core is extremely sensitive to changes in pH, copper to ligand ratios and the presence of anions. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance experiments displayed a large decrease in frequency below 0.5 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in a Cu(DAT) solution implying the formation of deposition. Rotating ring disk electrode experiments showed that this deposition is an active ORR catalyst which reduces O2 all the way to water at pH 5. The activity increased significantly in the course of time. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the composition of the deposition. Significant shifts in the Cu 2p3/2 and N 1s spectra were observed with respect to Cu(DAT). After ORR catalysis at pH 5, mostly CuI and/or Cu0 species are present and the deposition corresponds to previously reported electrodepositions of copper. This leads us to conclude that the active species is of a heterogeneous nature and lacks any structural similarity with laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van Dijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
, Leiden University
,
2300 RA Leiden
, The Netherlands
.
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry
, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
, Eindhoven University of Technology
,
P.O. Box 513
, 5600 MB Eindhoven
, The Netherlands
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