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Ouellette ET, Brackbill IJ, Kynman AE, Christodoulou S, Maron L, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Triple Inverse Sandwich versus End-On Diazenido: Bonding Motifs across a Series of Rhenium-Lanthanide and -Actinide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7177-7188. [PMID: 38598523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While synthesizing a series of rhenium-lanthanide triple inverse sandwich complexes, we unexpectedly uncovered evidence for rare examples of end-on lanthanide dinitrogen coordination for certain heavy lanthanide elements as well as for uranium. We begin our report with the synthesis and characterization of a series of trirhenium triple inverse sandwich complexes with the early lanthanides, Ln[(μ-η5:η5-Cp)Re(BDI)]3(THF) (1-Ln, Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm; Cp = cyclopentadienide, BDI = N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-β-diketiminate). However, as we moved across the lanthanide series, we ran into an unexpected result for gadolinium in which we structurally characterized two products for gadolinium, namely, 1-Gd (analogous to 1-Ln) and a diazenido dirhenium double inverse sandwich complex Gd[(μ-η1:η1-N2)Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)][(μ-η5:η5-Cp)Re(BDI)]2(THF)2 (2-Gd). Evidence for analogues of 2-Gd was spectroscopically observed for other heavy lanthanides (2-Ln, Ln = Tb, Dy, Er), and, in the case of 2-Er, structurally authenticated. These complexes represent the first observed examples of heterobimetallic end-on lanthanide dinitrogen coordination. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were utilized to probe relevant bonding interactions and reveal energetic differences between both the experimental and putative 1-Ln and 2-Ln complexes. We also present additional examples of novel end-on heterobimetallic lanthanide and actinide diazenido moieties in the erbium-rhenium complex (η8-COT)Er[(μ-η1:η1-N2)Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)](THF)(Et2O) (3-Er) and uranium-rhenium complex [Na(2.2.2-cryptand)][(η5-C5H4SiMe3)3U(μ-η1:η1-N2)Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] (4-U). Finally, we expand the scope of rhenium inverse sandwich coordination by synthesizing divalent double inverse sandwich complex Yb[(μ-η5:η5-Cp)Re(BDI)]2(THF)2 (5-Yb), as well as base-free, homoleptic rhenium-rare earth triple inverse sandwich complex Y[(μ-η5:η5-Cp)Re(BDI)]3 (6-Y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - I Joseph Brackbill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amy E Kynman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stella Christodoulou
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Arumugam S, Schwarz B, Ravichandran P, Kumar S, Ungur L, Mondal KC. Dipotassiumtetrachloride-bridged dysprosium metallocenes: a single-molecule magnet. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15326-15333. [PMID: 37387215 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the dynamic magnetic properties of the complex [(CpAr3)4DyIII2Cl4K2]·3.5(C7H8) (1), synthesized by employing a tri-aryl-substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (CpAr3), [4,4'-(4-phenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene-1,2-diyl)bis(methylbenzene) = CpAr3H]. Each Dy(III)-metallocene weakly couples via K2Cl4, displaying slow relaxation of magnetization below 14.5 K under zero applied dc field via KD3 energy levels with an energy barrier of 136.9/133.7 cm-1 on the Dy sites. The single-ion axial anisotropy energy barrier is reduced by geometrical distortion due to the coordination of two chloride ions at each Dy centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Björn Schwarz
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Liviu Ungur
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Berger T, Lebon J, Maichle‐Mössmer C, Anwander R. CeCl
3
/
n
‐BuLi: Enträtselung von Imamotos Organocer‐Reagenz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Berger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Jakob Lebon
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Cäcilia Maichle‐Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
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Berger T, Lebon J, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. CeCl 3 /n-BuLi: Unraveling Imamoto's Organocerium Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15622-15631. [PMID: 33905590 PMCID: PMC8362106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CeCl3(thf) reacts at low temperatures with MeLi, t‐BuLi, and n‐BuLi to isolable organocerium complexes. Solvent‐dependent extensive n‐BuLi dissociation is revealed by 7Li NMR spectroscopy, suggesting “Ce(n‐Bu)3(thf)x” or solvent‐separated ion pairs like “[Li(thf)4][Ce(n‐Bu)4(thf)y]” as the dominant species of the Imamoto reagent. The stability of complexes Li3Ln(n‐Bu)6(thf)4 increases markedly with decreasing LnIII size. Closer inspection of the solution behavior of crystalline Li3Lu(n‐Bu)6(thf)4 and mixtures of LuCl3(thf)2/n‐BuLi in THF indicates occurring n‐BuLi dissociation only at molar ratios of <1:3. n‐BuLi‐depleted complex LiLu(n‐Bu)3Cl(tmeda)2 was obtained by treatment of Li2Lu(n‐Bu)5(tmeda)2 with ClSiMe3, at the expense of LiCl incorporation. Imamoto's ketone/tertiary alcohol transformation was examined with 1,3‐diphenylpropan‐2‐one, affording 99 % of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Berger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Lebon
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Evans KJ, Morton PA, Sangster C, Mansell SM. One-step synthesis of heteroleptic rare-earth amide complexes featuring fluorenyl-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Romain C, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Dagorne S. Recent progress on NHC-stabilized early transition metal (group 3–7) complexes: Synthesis and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Goodwin CAP. Blocking like it's hot: a synthetic chemists' path to high-temperature lanthanide single molecule magnets. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14320-14337. [PMID: 33030172 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the synthesis, design, and characterisation of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) has expanded dramatically from curiosity driven beginnings to molecules that retain magnetization above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. This is in no small part due to the increasingly collaborative nature of this research where synthetic targets are guided by theoretical design criteria. This article aims to summarize these efforts and progress from the perspective of a synthetic chemist with a focus on how chemistry can modulate physical properties. A simple overview is presented of lanthanide electronic structure in order to contextualize the synthetic advances that have led to drastic improvements in the performance of lanthanide-based SMMs from the early 2000s to the late 2010s.
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Selikhov AN, Boronin EN, Cherkasov AV, Fukin GK, Shavyrin AS, Trifonov AA. Tris(benzhydryl) and Cationic Bis(benzhydryl) Ln(III) Complexes: Exceptional Thermostability and Catalytic Activity in Olefin Hydroarylation and Hydrobenzylation with Substituted Pyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Selikhov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova str. 119991 Moscow, GSP-1 Russia
| | - Egor N. Boronin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Anton V. Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Georgy K. Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Andrey S. Shavyrin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Alexander A. Trifonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova str. 119991 Moscow, GSP-1 Russia
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Guo FS, Bar AK, Layfield RA. Main Group Chemistry at the Interface with Molecular Magnetism. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8479-8505. [PMID: 31059235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Innovative synthetic coordination and, increasingly, organometallic chemistry are at the heart of advances in molecular magnetism. Smart ligand design is essential for implementing controlled modifications to the electronic structure and magnetic properties of transition metal and f-element compounds, and many important recent developments use nontraditional ligands based on low-coordinate main group elements to drive the field forward. This review charts progress in molecular magnetism from the perspective of ligands in which the donor atoms range from low-coordinate 2p elements-particularly carbon but also boron and nitrogen-to the heavier p-block elements such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and even bismuth. Emphasis is placed on the role played by novel main group ligands in addressing magnetic anisotropy of transition metal and f-element compounds, which underpins the development of single-molecule magnets (SMMs), a family of magnetic materials that can retain magnetization in the absence of a magnetic field below a blocking temperature. Nontraditional p-block donor atoms, with their relatively diffuse valence orbitals and more diverse bonding characteristics, also introduce scope for tuning the spin-orbit coupling properties and metal-ligand covalency in molecular magnets, which has implications in areas such as magnetic exchange coupling and spin crossover phenomena. The chemistry encompasses transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides and describes recently discovered molecular magnets that can be regarded, currently, as defining the state of the art. This review identifies that main group chemistry at the interface molecular magnetism is an area with huge potential to deliver new types of molecular magnets with previously unseen properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9QJ , United Kingdom
| | - Arun Kumar Bar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9QJ , United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9QJ , United Kingdom
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10
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Day BM, Guo FS, Giblin SR, Sekiguchi A, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Rare-Earth Cyclobutadienyl Sandwich Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Dynamic Magnetic Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:16779-16782. [PMID: 30230639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The potassium cyclobutadienyl [K2 {η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )4 }] (1) reacts with MCl3 (THF)3.5 (M=Y, Dy) to give the first rare-earth cyclobutadienyl complexes, that is, the complex anions [M{η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )4 }{η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )3 -κ-(CH2 SiMe2 }]2- , (2M ), as their dipotassium salts. The tuck-in alkyl ligand in 2M is thought to form through deprotonation of the "squarocene" complexes [M{η4 -C4 (SiMe3 )4 }2 ]- by 1. Complex 2Dy is a single-molecule magnet, but with prominent quantum tunneling. An anisotropy barrier of 323(22) cm-1 was determined for 2Dy in an applied field of 1 kOe, and magnetic hysteresis loops were observed up to 7 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Day
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fu-Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Sean R Giblin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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11
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Day BM, Guo FS, Layfield RA. Cyclopentadienyl Ligands in Lanthanide Single-Molecule Magnets: One Ring To Rule Them All? Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1880-1889. [PMID: 30091896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of materials capable of storing magnetic information at the level of single molecules and even single atoms has fueled renewed interest in the slow magnetic relaxation properties of single-molecule magnets (SMMs). The lanthanide elements, especially dysprosium, continue to play a pivotal role in the development of potential nanoscale applications of SMMs, including, for example, in molecular spintronics and quantum computing. Aside from their fundamentally fascinating physics, the realization of functional materials based on SMMs requires significant scientific and technical challenges to be overcome. In particular, extremely low temperatures are needed to observe slow magnetic relaxation, and while many SMMs possess a measurable energy barrier to reversal of the magnetization ( Ueff), very few such materials display the important properties of magnetic hysteresis with remanence and coercivity. Werner-type coordination chemistry has been the dominant method used in the synthesis of lanthanide SMMs, and most of our knowledge and understanding of these materials is built on the many important contributions based on this approach. In contrast, lanthanide organometallic chemistry and lanthanide magnetochemistry have effectively evolved along separate lines, hence our goal was to promote a new direction in single-molecule magnetism by uniting the nonclassical organometallic synthetic approach with the traditionally distinct field of molecular magnetism. Over the last several years, our work on SMMs has focused on obtaining a detailed understanding of why magnetic materials based on the dysprosium metallocene cation building block {Cp2Dy}+ display slow magnetic relaxation. Specifically, we aspired to control the SMM properties using novel coordination chemistry in a way that hinges on key considerations, such as the strength and the symmetry of the crystal field. In establishing that the two cyclopentadienyl ligands combine to provide a strongly axial crystal field, we were able to propose a robust magneto-structural correlation for understanding the properties of dysprosium metallocene SMMs. In doing so, a blueprint was established that allows Ueff and the magnetic blocking temperature ( TB) to be improved in a well-defined way. Although experimental discoveries with SMMs occur more rapidly than quantitative theory can (currently) process and explain, a clear message emanating from the literature is that a combination of the two approaches is most effective. In this Account, we summarize the main findings from our own work on dysprosium metallocene SMMs, and consider them in the light of related experimental studies and theoretical interpretations of related materials reported by other protagonists. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the nascent and healthy debate on the nature of spin dynamics in SMMs and allied molecular nanomagnets, which will be crucial for the further advancement of this vibrant research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Day
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Fu-Sheng Guo
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
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Kilpatrick AFR, Guo FS, Day BM, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA, Cloke FGN. Single-molecule magnet properties of a monometallic dysprosium pentalene complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7085-7088. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pentalene-ligated dysprosium complex [(η8-Pn†)Dy(Cp*)] (1Dy) (Pn† = [1,4-(iPr3Si)2C8H4]2−) and its magnetically dilute analogue are single-molecule magnets, with energy barriers of 245 cm−1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fu-Sheng Guo
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Sussex
- Brighton
- UK
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