1
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Grolman E, Sirianni QEA, Dunmore-Buyze J, Cruje C, Drangova M, Gillies ER. Depolymerizing self-immolative polymeric lanthanide chelates for vascular imaging. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:530-541. [PMID: 37507034 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Medical imaging is widely used clinically and in research to understand disease progression and monitor responses to therapies. Vascular imaging enables the study of vascular disease and therapy, but exogenous contrast agents are generally needed to distinguish the vasculature from surrounding soft tissues. Lanthanide-based agents are commonly employed in MRI, but are also of growing interest for micro-CT, as the position of their k-edges allows them to provide enhanced contrast and also to be employed in dual-energy micro-CT, a technique that can distinguish contrast-enhanced blood vessels from tissues such as bone. Small molecule Gd3+ chelates are available, but are excreted too rapidly. At the same time, a lack of rapid clearance from the body for long-circulating agents presents toxicity concerns. To address these challenges, we describe here the use of self-immolative polymers for the development of new degradable chelates that depolymerize completely from end-to-end following the cleavage of a single end-cap from the polymer terminus. We demonstrate that tuning the end-cap allows the rate of depolymerization to be controlled, while tuning the polymer length enables the polymer to exhibit long circulation times in the blood of mice. After successfully providing one hour of blood contrast, depolymerization led to excretion of the resulting small molecule chelates into the bladder. Despite the high doses required for micro-CT, the agents were well tolerated in mice. Thus, these self-immolative polymeric chelates provide a new platform for the development of medical imaging contrast agents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vascular imaging is used clinically to diagnose and monitor vascular disease and in research to understand the progression of disease and study responses to new therapies. For techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray computed tomography (CT), long circulating contrast agents are needed to differentiate the vasculature from surrounding tissues. However, if these agents are not rapidly excreted from the body, they can lead to toxicity. We present here a new polymeric system that can chelate hundreds of lanthanide ions for imaging contrast and can circulate for one hour in the blood, but then after end-cap cleavage breaks down completely into small molecules for excretion. The successful application of this system in micro-CT in mice is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Grolman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Quinton E A Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joy Dunmore-Buyze
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Charmainne Cruje
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Maria Drangova
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
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2
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Gong J, Borecki A, Gillies ER. Self-Immolative Hydrogels with Stimulus-Mediated On-Off Degradation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3629-3637. [PMID: 37418699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are of interest for a wide range of applications from sensors to drug delivery and tissue engineering. Self-immolative polymers, which depolymerize from end-to-end following a single backbone or end-cap cleavage, offer advantages such as amplification of the stimulus-mediated cleavage event through a cascade degradation process. It is also possible to change the active stimulus by changing only a single end-cap or linker unit. However, there are very few examples of self-immolative polymer hydrogels, and the reported examples exhibited relatively poor stability in their nontriggered state or slow degradation after triggering. Described here is the preparation of hydrogels composed of self-immolative poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Hydrogels formed from 2 kg/mol 4-arm PEG and 1.2 kg/mol PEtG with a light-responsive linker end-cap had high gel content (90%), an equilibrium water content of 89%, and a compressive modulus of 26 kPa. The hydrogel degradation could be turned on and off repeatedly through alternating cycles of irradiation and dark storage. Similar cycles could also be used to control the release of the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib. These results demonstrate the potential for self-immolative hydrogels to afford a high degree of control over responses to stimuli in the context of smart materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Gong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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3
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Blocher McTigue WC, Sing CE. Competing Time Scales in Surface-Driven Solution Depolymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C. Blocher McTigue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania18015, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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4
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Liang X, Gillies ER. Self-immolative Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers with Individually Triggerable Blocks. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:313-323. [PMID: 36254315 PMCID: PMC9562457 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Self-immolative polymers
are a growing class of degradable polymers
that undergo end-to-end depolymerization after the stimuli-responsive
cleavage of an end-cap or backbone unit. Their incorporation into
amphiphilic block copolymers can lead to functions such as the disintegration
of copolymer nanoassemblies when depolymerization is triggered. However,
diblock copolymers have not yet been developed where both blocks are
self-immolative. Described here is the synthesis, self-assembly, and
triggered depolymerization of self-immolative block copolymers with
individually triggerable hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks. Neutral
and cationic hydrophilic polyglyxoylamides (PGAm) with acid-responsive
end caps were synthesized and coupled to an ultraviolet (UV) light-triggerable
poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG) hydrophobic block. The resulting block
copolymers self-assembled to form nanoparticles in aqueous solution,
and their depolymerization in response to acid and UV light was studied
by techniques including light scattering, NMR spectroscopy, and electron
microscopy. Acid led to selective depolymerization of the PGAm blocks,
leading to aggregation, while UV light led to selective depolymerization
of the PEtG block, leading to disassembly. This self-immolative block
copolymer system provides an enhanced level of control over smart
copolymer assemblies and their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
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5
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Husic CC, Hu X, Robb MJ. Incorporation of a Tethered Alcohol Enables Efficient Mechanically Triggered Release in Aprotic Environments. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:948-953. [PMID: 35816562 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising for a wide variety of applications. While offering a general platform for mechanically triggered release, previous mechanophore designs based on masked 2-furylcarbinol derivatives are limited to polar protic solvent environments for efficient release of the chemical payload. Here, we report a masked furfuryl carbonate mechanophore incorporating a tethered primary alcohol that enables efficient release of a hydroxycoumarin cargo in the absence of a protic solvent. Density functional calculations also implicate an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the tethered alcohol and the carbonyl oxygen of the carbonate that reduces the activation barrier for carbonate fragmentation leading to molecular release. This new mechanophore design expands the generality of the masked 2-furylcarbinol platform for mechanically triggered release, enabling the implementation of this strategy in a wider range of chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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7
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Versaw BA, Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. Harnessing the Power of Force: Development of Mechanophores for Molecular Release. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21461-21473. [PMID: 34927426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications ranging from sensing and catalysis to targeted drug delivery. Within the rapidly growing field of polymer mechanochemistry, stress-sensitive molecules known as mechanophores are particularly attractive for enabling the release of covalently bound payloads with excellent selectivity and control. Here, we review recent progress in the development of mechanophore-based molecular release platforms and provide an optimistic, yet critical perspective on the fundamental and technological advancements that are still required for this promising research area to achieve significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Versaw
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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8
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Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.
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9
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Sirianni QEA, Liang X, Such GK, Gillies ER. Polyglyoxylamides with a pH-Mediated Solubility and Depolymerization Switch. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton E. A. Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Georgina K. Such
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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10
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Galkin KI, Ananikov VP. Intermolecular Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of Furfural-Based Chemicals from Renewable Resources: A Focus on the Regio- and Diastereoselectivity in the Reaction with Alkenes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11856. [PMID: 34769287 PMCID: PMC8584476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent strong trend toward green and sustainable chemistry has promoted the intensive use of renewable carbon sources for the production of polymers, biofuels, chemicals, monomers and other valuable products. The Diels-Alder reaction is of great importance in the chemistry of renewable resources and provides an atom-economic pathway for fine chemical synthesis and for the production of materials. The biobased furans furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, which can be easily obtained from the carbohydrate part of plant biomass, were recognized as "platform chemicals" that will help to replace the existing oil-based refining to biorefining. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of furanic dienes with various dienophiles represents the ideal example of a "green" process characterized by a 100% atom economy and a reasonable E-factor. In this review, we first summarize the literature data on the regio- and diastereoselectivity of intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions of furfural derivatives with alkenes with the aim of establishing the current progress in the efficient production of practically important low-molecular-weight products. The information provided here will be useful and relevant to scientists in many fields, including medical and pharmaceutical research, polymer development and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I. Galkin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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11
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Ravasco JMJM, Gomes RFA. Recent Advances on Diels-Alder-Driven Preparation of Bio-Based Aromatics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3047-3053. [PMID: 34058082 PMCID: PMC8453924 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of high value-added chemicals from renewable resources is a crucial approach towards a sustainable economy. One prominent alternative to the production of petroleum-based chemicals from fossil resources is through the sequential Diels-Alder/aromatization reactions of biomass-derived furan platforms. This Concept is focused on the recent boom in bio-based furan DA strategies for aromatization of bio-based platform chemicals, particularly that of furfurals, ranging from indirect use and activation strategies to recent examples of direct DA reaction of these electron-withdrawing biomass-derived furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao M. J. M. Ravasco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonAvenida Professor Gama Pinto1649-003LisbonPortugal
| | - Rafael F. A. Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonAvenida Professor Gama Pinto1649-003LisbonPortugal
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12
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Hu X, Zeng T, Husic CC, Robb MJ. Mechanically Triggered Release of Functionally Diverse Molecular Payloads from Masked 2-Furylcarbinol Derivatives. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1216-1224. [PMID: 34345671 PMCID: PMC8323246 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules in response to mechanical force are appealing targets for drug delivery, sensing, catalysis, and many other applications. Mechanically sensitive molecules called mechanophores are uniquely suited to enable molecular release with excellent selectivity and control, but mechanophore designs capable of releasing cargo with diverse chemical functionality are limited. Here, we describe a general and highly modular mechanophore platform based on masked 2-furylcarbinol derivatives that spontaneously decompose under mild conditions upon liberation via a mechanically triggered reaction, resulting in the release of a covalently installed molecular payload. We identify key structure-property relationships for the reactivity of 2-furylcarbinol derivatives that enable the mechanically triggered release of functionally diverse molecular cargo with release kinetics being tunable over several orders of magnitude. In particular, the incorporation of an electron-donating phenoxy group on the furan ring in combination with an α-methyl substituent dramatically lowers the activation barrier for fragmentation, providing a highly active substrate for molecular release. Moreover, we find that phenoxy substitution enhances the thermal stability of the mechanophore without adversely affecting its mechanochemical reactivity. The generality and efficacy of this molecular design platform are demonstrated using ultrasound-induced mechanical force to trigger the efficient release of a broad scope of cargo molecules, including those bearing alcohol, phenol, alkylamine, arylamine, carboxylic acid, and sulfonic acid functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Wan J, Fan B, Thang SH. Sonochemical preparation of polymer-metal nanocomposites with catalytic and plasmonic properties. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3306-3315. [PMID: 36133657 PMCID: PMC9418413 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-metal nanocomposites are of increasing interest for a wide range of applications; however, the preparation of these nanocomposites often requires the addition of external initiation and reducing agents for the synthesis of polymer and metal nanoparticles, respectively. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of polymer-metal nanocomposites for improved catalytic performance by utilizing ultrasound as both the initiation and reducing source. Specifically, synthesis of the macro-RAFT agent containing poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], followed by ultrasound-initiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (sono-PISA), provides triblock copolymer nanoparticles containing tertiary amine groups. These polymer nanoparticles were further used as the scaffold for the in situ reduction of metal ions (Au and Pd ions) by radicals generated via sonolysis of water without additional reducing agents. The immobilization of metal nanoparticles has been confirmed by TEM and electron diffraction patterns. Polymer-Au nanocomposites with stepwise-grown AuNPs can be applied as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) detection. Furthermore, the catalytic performances of these prepared polymer-Au and polymer-Pd nanocomposites were examined for aerobic alcohol oxidation and the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, respectively. Overall, this strategy is expected to greatly expand the utility of ultrasound in the preparation of polymer-metal nanocomposites and promote the catalytic applications of these nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Bo Fan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - San H Thang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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14
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Fan B, Wan J, Zhai J, Chen X, Thang SH. Triggered Degradable Colloidal Particles with Ordered Inverse Bicontinuous Cubic and Hexagonal Mesophases. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4688-4698. [PMID: 33646766 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a facile strategy to prepare triggered degradable block copolymer nano/macro-objects, ranging from typical micelles, worms, jellyfish, and vesicles to rarely achieved spongosomes, cubosomes, and hexosomes via RAFT-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). The morphological transitions from a simple spherical micelle to a spongosome, ordered Im3¯m cubosome, and p6mm hexosome were captured and demonstrated by TEM, SEM, and synchrotron SAXS. In addition, morphological phase diagrams including important factors, such as solid contents, degree of polymerization (DP), and stabilizer block chain length, were constructed to unveil the formation mechanism and guide the scalable preparation of complex morphologies with packing parameter (P) > 1. This study not only represents an example that achieved inverse mesophases via acrylate-based monomers with high conversion but also reports a triggered degradable system in the most extended morphological range via PISA. The facile synthesis and stimuli-responsiveness of our system should greatly expand the utility of polymer inverse mesophases for triggered releasing, templating, and many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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15
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Hewitt DRO, Grubbs RB. Amine-Catalyzed Chain Polymerization of Ethyl Glyoxylate from Alcohol and Thiol Initiators. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:370-374. [PMID: 35549067 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyacetals have significant potential as degradable polymers, but aldehyde polymerizations are generally difficult to control. Here we show that polymerization of ethyl glyoxylate can be initiated from alcohols or thiols by activation with triethylamine to afford poly(ethyl glyoxylate) with controllable molecular weights and relatively low dispersities (Đ = 1.3-1.4), as evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Stabilization against depolymerization by chain-capping with benzyl chloroformate was found to proceed without side reactions observed from chain-capping with tolyl isocyanate. The use of the stronger base DBU leads to competing side reactions that limit polymer molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. O. Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Robert B. Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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16
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Rizzo A, Peterson GI, Bhaumik A, Kang C, Choi T. Sugar‐Based Polymers from
d
‐Xylose: Living Cascade Polymerization, Tunable Degradation, and Small Molecule Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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17
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Rizzo A, Peterson GI, Bhaumik A, Kang C, Choi TL. Sugar-Based Polymers from d-Xylose: Living Cascade Polymerization, Tunable Degradation, and Small Molecule Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:849-855. [PMID: 33067845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enyne monomers derived from D-xylose underwent living cascade polymerizations to prepare new polymers with a ring-opened sugar and degradable linkage incorporated into every repeat unit of the backbone. Polymerizations were well-controlled and had living character, which enabled the preparation of high molecular weight polymers with narrow molecular weight dispersity values and a block copolymer. By tuning the type of acid-sensitive linkage (hemi-aminal ether, acetal, or ether functional groups), we could change the degradation profile of the polymer and the identity of the resulting degradation products. For instance, the large difference in degradation rates between hemi-aminal ether and ether-based polymers enabled the sequential degradation of a block copolymer. Furthermore, we exploited the generation of furan-based degradation products, from an acetal-based polymer, to achieve the release of covalently bound reporter molecules upon degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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18
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Gonzaga RV, do Nascimento LA, Santos SS, Machado Sanches BA, Giarolla J, Ferreira EI. Perspectives About Self-Immolative Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3262-3281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Yardley RE, Rabiee Kenaree A, Liang X, Gillies ER. Transesterification of Poly(ethyl glyoxylate): A Route to Structurally Diverse Polyglyoxylates. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Yardley
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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20
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21
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Qin X, Li Y. Strategies To Design and Synthesize Polymer‐Based Stimuli‐Responsive Drug‐Delivery Nanosystems. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1236-1253. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials ChemistryKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P.R.China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials ChemistryKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P.R.China
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22
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Joo W, Wang W, Mesch R, Matsuzawa K, Liu D, Willson CG. Synthesis of Unzipping Polyester and a Study of its Photochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14736-14741. [PMID: 31460760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of an unzipping polyester is reported. The monomer was prepared from benzoic acid in a four-step sequence. Step growth polymerization of the monomer provides the target polymer. Efficient depolymerization upon irradiation at 254 nm was confirmed with a quantum yield of >0.8. The photolysis mechanism was investigated, and the results of radical trapping experiments are consistent with an initial Norrish type I like homolysis followed by a radical mediated depropagation reaction driven by aromatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wontae Joo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Wade Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ryan Mesch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Kensuke Matsuzawa
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - C Grant Willson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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23
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Hu X, Zeng T, Husic CC, Robb MJ. Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release from a Masked Furfuryl Carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15018-15023. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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24
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Neary WJ, Isais TA, Kennemur JG. Depolymerization of Bottlebrush Polypentenamers and Their Macromolecular Metamorphosis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14220-14229. [PMID: 31403783 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The depolymerization of bottlebrush (BB) polymers with varying lengths of polycyclopentene (PCP) backbone and polystyrene (PS) grafts is investigated. In all cases, ring closing metathesis (RCM) depolymerization of the PCP BB backbone appears to occur through an end-to-end depolymerization mechanism as evidenced by size exclusion chromatography. Investigation on the RCM depolymerization of linear PCP reveals a more random chain degradation process. Quantitative depolymerization occurs under thermodynamic conditions (higher temperature and dilution) that drives RCM into cyclopentenes (CPs), each bearing one of the original PS grafts from the BB. Catalyst screening reveals Grubbs' third (G3) and second (G2) generation catalyst depolymerize BBs significantly faster than Grubbs' first generation (G1) and Hoveyda-Grubbs' second generation (HG2) catalyst under identical conditions while solvent (toluene versus CHCl3) plays a less significant role. The length of the BB backbone and PS side chains also play a minor role in depolymerization kinetics, which is discussed. The ability to completely deconstruct these BB architectures into linear grafts provides definitive insights toward the ATRP "grafting-from" mechanism originally used to construct the BBs. Core-shell BB block copolymers (BBCPs) are shown to quantitatively depolymerize into linear diblock polymer grafts. Finally, the complete depolymerization of BBs into α-cyclopentenyl-PS allows further transformation to other architectures, such as 3-arm stars, through thiol-ene coupling onto the CP end group. These unique materials open the door to stimuli-responsive reassembly of BBs and BBCPs into new morphologies driven by macromolecular metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Taylor A Isais
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Justin G Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
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25
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Zang C, Wang H, Li T, Zhang Y, Li J, Shang M, Du J, Xi Z, Zhou C. A light-responsive, self-immolative linker for controlled drug delivery via peptide- and protein-drug conjugates. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8973-8980. [PMID: 31762977 PMCID: PMC6857671 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoirradiation of the PC4AP linker generates an active intermediate that reacts intramolecularly with a primary amine on the carrier peptide/protein, leading to rapid release of the drug without generating any toxic side products.
When designing prodrugs, choosing an appropriate linker is the key to achieving efficient, controlled drug delivery. Herein, we report the use of a photocaged C4′-oxidized abasic site (PC4AP) as a light-responsive, self-immolative linker. Any amine- or hydroxyl-bearing drug can be loaded onto the linker via a carbamate or carbonate bond, and the linker is then conjugated to a carrier peptide or protein via an alkyl chain. The PC4AP linker is stable under physiologically relevant conditions. However, photodecaging of the linker generates an active intermediate that reacts intramolecularly with a primary amine (the ε-amine of a lysine residue and the N-terminal amine) on the carrier, leading to rapid and efficient release of the drug via an addition–elimination cascade, without generating any toxic side products. We demonstrated that the use of this self-immolative linker to conjugate the anticancer drug doxorubicin to a cell-penetrating peptide or an antibody enabled targeted, controlled delivery of the drug to cells. Our results suggest that the linker can be used with a broad range of carriers, such as cell-penetrating peptides, proteins, antibodies, and amine-functionalized polymers, and thus will find a wide range of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Huawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tsinghua University , 30 Shuangqing Rd. , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Mengdi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Juanjuan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tsinghua University , 30 Shuangqing Rd. , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
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26
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Yardley RE, Kenaree AR, Gillies ER. Triggering Depolymerization: Progress and Opportunities for Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Liu JF, Jang B, Issadore D, Tsourkas A. Use of magnetic fields and nanoparticles to trigger drug release and improve tumor targeting. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1571. [PMID: 31241251 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery strategies aim to maximize a drug's therapeutic index by increasing the concentration of drug at target sites while minimizing delivery to off-target tissues. Because biological tissues are minimally responsive to magnetic fields, there has been a great deal of interest in using magnetic nanoparticles in combination with applied magnetic fields to selectively control the accumulation and release of drug in target tissues while minimizing the impact on surrounding tissue. In particular, spatially variant magnetic fields have been used to encourage accumulation of drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles at target sites, while time-variant magnetic fields have been used to induce drug release from thermally sensitive nanocarriers. In this review, we discuss nanoparticle formulations and approaches that have been developed for magnetic targeting and/or magnetically induced drug release, as well as ongoing challenges in using magnetism for therapeutic applications. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bian Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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28
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Janus multi-responsive superparamagnetic nanoparticles functionalized with two on-demand and independently cleavable ligands for Actinide separation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 538:546-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Triggering antitumoural drug release and gene expression by magnetic hyperthermia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:326-343. [PMID: 30339825 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are promising tools for a wide array of biomedical applications. One of their most outstanding properties is the ability to generate heat when exposed to alternating magnetic fields, usually exploited in magnetic hyperthermia therapy of cancer. In this contribution, we provide a critical review of the use of MNPs and magnetic hyperthermia as drug release and gene expression triggers for cancer therapy. Several strategies for the release of chemotherapeutic drugs from thermo-responsive matrices are discussed, providing representative examples of their application at different levels (from proof of concept to in vivo applications). The potential of magnetic hyperthermia to promote in situ expression of therapeutic genes using vectors that contain heat-responsive promoters is also reviewed in the context of cancer gene therapy.
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30
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Nichol MF, Clark KD, Dolinski ND, Read de Alaniz J. Multi-stimuli responsive trigger for temporally controlled depolymerization of self-immolative polymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of a multi-stimuli trigger enables temporal control over trigger cleavage and subsequent depolymerization of self-immolative polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F. Nichol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Kyle D. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department
- Materials Research Laboratory
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
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31
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Heuchan SM, MacDonald JP, Bauman LA, Fan B, Henry HAL, Gillies ER. Photoinduced Degradation of Polymer Films Using Polyglyoxylate-Polyester Blends and Copolymers. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18603-18612. [PMID: 31458428 PMCID: PMC6643861 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric coatings are commonly employed to alter surface properties. While some coatings are designed to remain stable over a prolonged period, in applications such as pharmaceuticals or fertilizers, the coating is designed to erode and reveal or release the underlying material. Self-immolative polymers (SIPs) undergo depolymerization following the cleavage of stimuli-responsive end-caps from their termini, enabling controlled depolymerization in the solid state and in solution. Poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG) is a promising SIP because of its depolymerization to benign products, but its amorphous structure and low glass-transition temperature make it unsuitable alone for coating applications. This study explored the blending of PEtG with polyesters including polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(l-lactic acid), and poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate). Block copolymers of PEtG with PCL were also synthesized and studied. It was found that the phase separation behavior and consequently the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials could be tuned according to the composition of the blend, while the stimuli-responsive degradation of PEtG was retained in the blends. This work therefore provides a framework for the application of PEtG-based coatings in applications ranging from pharmaceuticals to agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M. Heuchan
- Department
of Biology and Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and
Biomaterials Research, The University of
Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jarret P. MacDonald
- Department
of Biology and Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and
Biomaterials Research, The University of
Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lukas A. Bauman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Hugh A. L. Henry
- Department
of Biology and Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and
Biomaterials Research, The University of
Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Biology and Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and
Biomaterials Research, The University of
Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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32
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Sirianni QEA, Rabiee Kenaree A, Gillies ER. Polyglyoxylamides: Tuning Structure and Properties of Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton E. A. Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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33
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Yardley RE, Gillies ER. Multi-stimuli-responsive self-immolative polymer assemblies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Yardley
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research; The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research; The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B9
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34
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Gambles M, Fan B, Borecki A, Gillies ER. Hybrid Polyester Self-Immolative Polymer Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Release. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5002-5011. [PMID: 31458713 PMCID: PMC6641706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Delivery systems have been developed to address problematic properties of drugs, but the specific release of drugs at their targets is still a challenge. Polymers that depolymerize end-to-end in response to the cleavage of stimuli-responsive end-caps from their termini, commonly referred to as self-immolative polymers, offer high sensitivity to stimuli and have potential for the development of new high-performance delivery systems. In this work, we prepared hybrid particles composed of varying ratios of self-immolative poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG) and slowly degrading poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PLA). These systems were designed to provide a dual release mechanism consisting of a rapid burst release of drug from the PEtG domains and a slower release from the PLA domains. Using end-caps responsive to UV light and reducing thiols, it was found that triggered particles exhibited partial degradation, as indicated by a reduction in their dynamic light-scattering count rate that depended on the PEtG:PLA ratio. The particles were also shown to release the hydrophobic dye Nile red and the drug celecoxib in a manner that depended on triggering and the PEtG:PLA ratio. In vitro toxicity assays showed an effect of the stimuli on the toxicity of the celecoxib-loaded particles but also suggested it would be ideal to replace the sodium cholate surfactant that was used in the particle synthesis procedure in order to reduce the background toxicity of the delivery system. Overall, these hybrid systems show promise for tuning and controlling the release of drugs in response to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
T. Gambles
- Department
of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials
Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
| | - Bo Fan
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department
of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials
Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials
Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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35
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Fan B, Salazar R, Gillies ER. Depolymerization of Trityl End-Capped Poly(Ethyl Glyoxylate): Potential Applications in Smart Packaging. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800173. [PMID: 29700924 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent depolymerization of self-immolative poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG) capped with triphenylmethyl (trityl) groups is studied and its potential application for smart packaging is explored. PEtGs with four different trityl end-caps are prepared and found to undergo depolymerization to volatile products from the solid state at different rates depending on temperature and the electron-donating substituents on the trityl aromatic rings. Through the incorporation of hydrophobic dyes including Nile red and IR-780, the depolymerization is visualized as a color change of the dye as it changes from a dispersed to aggregated state. The ability of this platform to provide information on thermal history through an easily readable signal makes it promising in smart packaging applications for sensitive products such a food and other cargo that is susceptible to degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Rómulo Salazar
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, ECO90902 PO Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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36
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Taimoory SM, Sadraei SI, Fayoumi RA, Nasri S, Revington M, Trant JF. Preparation and Characterization of a Small Library of Thermally-Labile End-Caps for Variable-Temperature Triggering of Self-Immolative Polymers. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4427-4440. [PMID: 29589930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between furans and maleimides has increasingly become a method of interest as its reversibility makes it a useful tool for applications ranging from self-healing materials, to self-immolative polymers, to hydrogels for cell culture and for the preparation of bone repair. However, most of these applications have relied on simple monosubstituted furans and simple maleimides and have not extensively evaluated the potential thermal variability inherent in the process that is achievable through simple substrate modification. A small library of cycloadducts suitable for the above applications was prepared, and the temperature dependence of the retro-Diels-Alder processes was determined through in situ 1H NMR analyses complemented by computational calculations. The practical range of the reported systems ranges from 40 to >110 °C. The cycloreversion reactions are more complex than would be expected based on simple trends expected based on frontier molecular orbital analyses of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maryamdokht Taimoory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - S Iraj Sadraei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Rose Anne Fayoumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Sarah Nasri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Matthew Revington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada.,Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
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37
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Smith LJ, Taimoory SM, Tam RY, Baker AEG, Binth Mohammad N, Trant JF, Shoichet MS. Diels-Alder Click-Cross-Linked Hydrogels with Increased Reactivity Enable 3D Cell Encapsulation. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:926-935. [PMID: 29443512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineered hydrogels have been extensively used to direct cell function in 3D cell culture models, which are more representative of the native cellular microenvironment than conventional 2D cell culture. Previously, hyaluronan-furan and bis-maleimide polyethylene glycol hydrogels were synthesized via Diels-Alder chemistry at acidic pH, which did not allow encapsulation of viable cells. In order to enable gelation at physiological pH, the reaction kinetics were accelerated by replacing the hyaluronan-furan with the more electron-rich hyaluronan-methylfuran. These new click-cross-linked hydrogels gel faster and at physiological pH, enabling encapsulation of viable cells, as demonstrated with 3D culture of 5 different cancer cell lines. The methylfuran accelerates Diels-Alder cycloaddition yet also increases the retro Diels-Alder reaction. Using computational analysis, we gain insight into the mechanism of the increased Diels-Alder reactivity and uncover that transition state geometry and an unexpected hydrogen-bonding interaction are important contributors to the observed rate enhancement. This cross-linking strategy serves as a platform for bioconjugation and hydrogel synthesis for use in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Donnelly Centre , University of Toronto , 160 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E1 , Canada
| | | | - Roger Y Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Donnelly Centre , University of Toronto , 160 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E1 , Canada
| | - Alexander E G Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Donnelly Centre , University of Toronto , 160 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E1 , Canada
| | - Niema Binth Mohammad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Donnelly Centre , University of Toronto , 160 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E1 , Canada
| | - John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Donnelly Centre , University of Toronto , 160 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E1 , Canada
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38
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Fan B, Yardley RE, Trant JF, Borecki A, Gillies ER. Tuning the hydrophobic cores of self-immolative polyglyoxylate assemblies. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers containing different self-immolative polyglyoxylates were synthesized and self-assembled to provide drug carriers with variable celecoxib loading capacities and release rates, as well as different in vitro toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | | | - John F. Trant
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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39
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Blin T, Niederberger A, Benyahia L, Fresnais J, Montembault V, Fontaine L. Thermoresponsive hybrid double-crosslinked networks using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as crossing points. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preparation and characterization of stimuli-sensitive hybrid double-crosslinked hydrogels based on iron oxide nanoparticles as the nano-crosslinkers and a difuran-functionalized PEO as the diene partner for the thermoreversible Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blin
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)
- UMR 6283 CNRS – Le Mans Université
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9
- France
| | - Antoine Niederberger
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)
- UMR 6283 CNRS – Le Mans Université
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9
- France
| | - Lazhar Benyahia
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)
- UMR 6283 CNRS – Le Mans Université
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9
- France
| | - Jérôme Fresnais
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX)
- UMR 8234 CNRS
- Sorbonne Université
- 75252 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Véronique Montembault
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)
- UMR 6283 CNRS – Le Mans Université
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9
- France
| | - Laurent Fontaine
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)
- UMR 6283 CNRS – Le Mans Université
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9
- France
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