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Chatziorfanou E, Romero AR, Chouchane L, Dömling A. Crystal Clear: Decoding Isocyanide Intermolecular Interactions through Crystallography. J Org Chem 2024; 89:957-974. [PMID: 38175810 PMCID: PMC10804414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The isocyanide group is the chameleon among the functional groups in organic chemistry. Unlike other multiatom functional groups, where the electrophilic and nucleophilic moieties are typically separated, isocyanides combine both functionalities in the terminal carbon. This unique feature can be rationalized using the frontier orbital concept and has significant implications for its intermolecular interactions and the reactivity of the functional group. In this study, we perform a Cambridge Crystallographic Database-supported analysis of isocyanide intramolecular interactions to investigate the intramolecular interactions of isocyanides in the solid state, excluding isocyanide-metal complexes. We discuss examples of different interaction classes, including the isocyanide as a hydrogen bond acceptor (RNC···HX), halogen bonding (RNC···X), and interactions involving the isocyanide and carbon atoms (RNC···C). The latter interaction serves as an intriguing illustration of a Bürgi-Dunitz trajectory and represents a crucial experimental detail in the well-known multicomponent reactions such as the Ugi- and Passerini-type mechanisms. Understanding the spectrum of intramolecular interactions that isocyanides can undergo holds significant implications in fields such as medicinal chemistry, materials science, and asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Chatziorfanou
- Innovative
Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and
Research Institute, Palacky University in
Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Genetic
Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O.
Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Genetic
Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O.
Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Innovative
Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and
Research Institute, Palacky University in
Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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2
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Burt LK, Hill AF. Isonitrile μ 2-carbido complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13906-13922. [PMID: 37750400 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The μ-carbido complex [WPt(μ-C)Br(CO)2(PPh3)2(Tp*)] (Tp = hydrotris(dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) undergoes substitution of one phosphine ligand with isonitriles to afford complexes [WPt(μ-C)Br(CNR)(CO)2(PPh3)(Tp*)] (R = tBu, C6H3Me2-2,6, C6H2Me3-2,4,6). For aryl but not alkyl isocyanides disubstitution follows to afford [WPt(μ-C)Br(CNR)2(CO)2(Tp*)] (R = C6H2Me2-2,6, C6H2Me3-2,4,6). The bis(isonitrile) derivatives, including [WPt(μ-C)Br(CNtBu)2(CO)2(Tp*)], may also be prepared from the reactions of triangulo-[Pt3(CNR)6] with [W(CBr)(CO)2(Tp*)]. Bis- and tris(dimethylpyrazolyl)borate pro-ligand salts replace the bromide and one phosphine in [WPt(μ-C)Br(CNC6H2Me3)(CO)2(PPh3)(Tp*)] or the bromide and one isonitrile in [WPt(μ-C)Br(CNC6H2Me3)2(CO)2(Tp*)] to afford [WPt(μ-C)(CNC6H2Me3)(CO)2(Tp*)(L)] (L = κ2-Tp*, dihydrobis(pyrazolyl)borate). Structural, spectroscopic and computational data for the complexes are discussed to interrogate the nature of the WC-Pt carbido bridge by analogy with a range of other sp-C1 and sp-B1 ligands (CN, CCH, CP, CAs, CSb, CNO, BO, BNH and BCH2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam K Burt
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Anthony F Hill
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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3
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Zars E, Gravogl L, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ. Isostructural bridging diferrous chalcogenide cores [Fe II(μ-E)Fe II] (E = O, S, Se, Te) with decreasing antiferromagnetic coupling down the chalcogenide series. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6770-6779. [PMID: 37350823 PMCID: PMC10283490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron compounds containing a bridging oxo or sulfido moiety are ubiquitous in biological systems, but substitution with the heavier chalcogenides selenium and tellurium, however, is much rarer, with only a few examples reported to date. Here we show that treatment of the ferrous starting material [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(OEt2)] (1-OEt2) (tBupyrpyrr2 = 3,5-tBu2-bis(pyrrolyl)pyridine) with phosphine chalcogenide reagents E = PR3 results in the neutral phosphine chalcogenide adduct series [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(EPR3)] (E = O, S, Se; R = Ph; E = Te; R = tBu) (1-E) without any electron transfer, whereas treatment of the anionic starting material [K]2[(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe2(μ-N2)] (2-N2) with the appropriate chalcogenide transfer source yields cleanly the isostructural ferrous bridging mono-chalcogenide ate complexes [K]2[(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe2(μ-E)] (2-E) (E = O, S, Se, and Te) having significant deviation in the Fe-E-Fe bridge from linear in the case of E = O to more acute for the heaviest chalcogenide. All bridging chalcogenide complexes were analyzed using a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including 1H NMR, UV-Vis electronic absorbtion, and 57Fe Mössbauer. The spin-state and degree of communication between the two ferrous ions were probed via SQUID magnetometry, where it was found that all iron centers were high-spin (S = 2) FeII, with magnetic exchange coupling between the FeII ions. Magnetic studies established that antiferromagnetic coupling between the ferrous ions decreases as the identity of the chalcogen is tuned from O to the heaviest congener Te.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Zars
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Lisa Gravogl
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen - Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Bavaria Germany
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen - Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Bavaria Germany
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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Abstract
Carbide complexes remain a rare class of molecules. Their paucity does not reflect exceptional instability but is rather due to the generally narrow scope of synthetic procedures for constructing carbide complexes. The preparation of carbide complexes typically revolves around generating LnM-CEx fragments, followed by cleavage of the C-E bonds of the coordinated carbon-based ligands (the alternative being direct C atom transfer). Prime examples involve deoxygenation of carbonyl ligands and deprotonation of methyl ligands, but several other p-block fragments can be cleaved off to afford carbide ligands. This Review outlines synthetic strategies toward terminal carbide complexes, bridging carbide complexes, as well as carbide-carbonyl cluster complexes. It then surveys the reactivity of carbide complexes, covering stoichiometric reactions where the carbide ligands act as C1 reagents, engage in cross-coupling reactions, and enact Fischer-Tropsch-like chemistry; in addition, we discuss carbide complexes in the context of catalysis. Finally, we examine spectroscopic features of carbide complexes, which helps to establish the presence of the carbide functionality and address its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Munz D, Meyer K. Charge frustration in ligand design and functional group transfer. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:422-439. [PMID: 37118028 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with different resonance structures of similar importance, such as heterocumulenes and mesoionics, are prominent in many applications of chemistry, including 'click chemistry', photochemistry, switching and sensing. In coordination chemistry, similar chameleonic/schizophrenic entities are referred to as ambidentate/ambiphilic or cooperative ligands. Examples of these had remained, for a long time, limited to a handful of archetypal compounds that were mere curiosities. In this Review, we describe ambiphilicity - or, rather, 'charge frustration' - as a general guiding principle for ligand design and functional group transfer. We first give a historical account of organic zwitterions and discuss their electronic structures and applications. Our discussion then focuses on zwitterionic ligands and their metal complexes, such as those of ylidic and redox-active ligands. Finally, we present new approaches to single-atom transfer using cumulated small molecules and outline emerging areas, such as bond activation and stable donor-acceptor ligand systems for reversible 1e- chemistry or switching.
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Aghazada S, Fehn D, Heinemann FW, Munz D, Meyer K. Cobalt Diazo‐Compounds: From Nitrilimide to Isocyanoamide via a Diazomethanediide Fleeting Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadig Aghazada
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Current address: Saarland University Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Campus 4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Aghazada S, Fehn D, Heinemann FW, Munz D, Meyer K. Cobalt Diazo-Compounds: From Nitrilimide to Isocyanoamide via a Diazomethanediide Fleeting Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11138-11142. [PMID: 33559940 PMCID: PMC8251593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lithium trimethylsilyldiazomethanide and a cobalt (II) precursor with an N-anchored tris-NHC (TIMENmes ) ligand provide access to the cobalt nitrilimide 1. Complex 1 was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry (SC-XRD) and its electronic structure was examined in detail, including EPR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry and computational analyses. The desilylation of the C-(trimethylsilyl)nitrilimide reveals a transient complex with an elusive diazomethanediide ligand, which substitutes one of the mesitylene rings of the ancillary ligand through C-N bond cleavage. This transformation results in the cyclometalated cobalt(II) complex 2, featuring a rare isocyanoamido-κ-C ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadig Aghazada
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Current address: Saarland University, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Campus 4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Kent GT, Staun SL, Wu G, Hayton TW. Reactivity of [Ce(NR 2) 3] (R = SiMe 3) with Prospective Carbon Atom Transfer Reagents. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greggory T. Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Selena L. Staun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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9
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Geeson MB, Transue WJ, Cummins CC. Identification of Reactive Intermediates Relevant to Dimethylgermylene Group Transfer Reactions of an Anthracene-Based Precursor. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Geeson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wesley J. Transue
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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10
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Reinholdt A, Bendix J. Platinum(ii) as an assembly point for carbide and nitride ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8270-8273. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sequential treatment of (Cy3P)2Cl2RuC with [PtCl2(C2H4)]2 and (dbm)2CrN affords a platinum(ii) center coordinated by both carbide and nitride ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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11
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Transue WJ, Nava M, Terban MW, Yang J, Greenberg MW, Wu G, Foreman ES, Mustoe CL, Kennepohl P, Owen JS, Billinge SJL, Kulik HJ, Cummins CC. Anthracene as a Launchpad for a Phosphinidene Sulfide and for Generation of a Phosphorus–Sulfur Material Having the Composition P2S, a Vulcanized Red Phosphorus That Is Yellow. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:431-440. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J. Transue
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maxwell W. Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew W. Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S. Foreman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chantal L. Mustoe
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Jonathan S. Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Simon J. L. Billinge
- Department of Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Heather J. Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Reinholdt A, Hill AF, Bendix J. Synthons for carbide complex chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5708-5711. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing lability, the miniaturized ligand sphere in a [RuC–Pt] complex establishes a straightforward building-block approach to carbide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
- Research School of Chemistry
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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