1
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Dolińska MM, Kirwan AJ, Megarity CF. Retuning the potential of the electrochemical leaf. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38848142 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical leaf enables the electrification and control of multi-enzyme cascades by exploiting two discoveries: (i) the ability to electrify the photosynthetic enzyme ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (FNR), driving it to catalyse the interconversion of NADP+/NADPH whilst it is entrapped in a highly porous, metal oxide electrode, and (ii) the evidence that additional enzymes can be co-entrapped in the electrode pores where, through one NADP(H)-dependent enzyme, extended cascades can be driven by electrical connection to FNR, via NADP(H) recycling. By changing a critical active-site tyrosine to serine, FNR's exclusivity for NADP(H) is swapped for unphosphorylated NAD(H). Here we present an electrochemical study of this variant FNR, and show that in addition to the intended inversion of cofactor preference, this change to the active site has altered FNR's tuning of the flavin reduction potential, making it less reductive. Exploiting the ability to monitor the variant's activity with NADP(H) as a function of potential has revealed a trapped intermediate state, relieved only by applying a negative overpotential, which allows catalysis to proceed. Inhibition by NADP+ (very tightly bound) with respect to NAD(H) turnover was also revealed and interestingly, this inhibition changes depending on the applied potential. These findings are of critical importance for future exploitation of the electrochemical leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Dolińska
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Adam J Kirwan
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Clare F Megarity
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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2
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Siritanaratkul B. Design principles for a nanoconfined enzyme cascade electrode via reaction-diffusion modelling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9357-9363. [PMID: 36920789 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00540b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of enzymes by direct electrochemistry has been extended to enzyme cascades, with a key development being the 'electrochemical leaf': an electroactive enzyme is immobilized within a porous electrode, providing in situ cofactor (NADP(H)) regeneration for a co-immobilized downstream enzyme. This system has been further developed to include multiple downstream enzymes, and it has become an important tool in biocatalysis, however, the local environment within the porous electrode has not been investigated in detail. Here, we constructed a 1D reaction-diffusion model, comprising the porous electrode with 2 kinds of enzymes immobilized, and an enzyme-free electrolyte diffusion layer. The modelling results show that the rate of the downstream enzyme is a key parameter, and that substrate transport within the porous electrode is not a main limiting factor. The insights obtained from this model can guide future rational design and improvement of these electrodes and immobilized enzyme cascade systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZF, UK.
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3
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Megarity CF, Weald TRI, Heath RS, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. A Nanoconfined Four-Enzyme Cascade Simultaneously Driven by Electrical and Chemical Energy, with Built-in Rapid, Confocal Recycling of NADP(H) and ATP. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8811-8821. [PMID: 35966600 PMCID: PMC9361290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The importance of energized nanoconfinement for facilitating
the
study and execution of enzyme cascades that feature multiple exchangeable
cofactors is demonstrated by experiments with carboxylic acid reductase
(CAR), an enzyme that requires both NADPH and ATP during a single
catalytic cycle. Conversion of cinnamic acid to cinnamaldehyde by
a package of four enzymes loaded into and trapped in the random nanopores
of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is driven and monitored through
the simultaneous delivery of electrical and chemical energy. The electrical
energy is transduced by ferredoxin NADP+ reductase, which
undergoes rapid, direct electron exchange with ITO and regenerates
NADP(H). The chemical energy provided by phosphoenolpyruvate, a fuel
contained in the bulk solution, is cotransduced by adenylate kinase
and pyruvate kinase, which efficiently convert the AMP product back
into ATP that is required for the next cycle. The use of the two-kinase
system allows the recycling process to be dissected to evaluate the
separate roles of AMP removal and ATP supply during presteady-state
and steady-state catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Thomas R. I. Weald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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4
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Cheng B, Heath RS, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA, Megarity CF. Deracemisation and stereoinversion by a nanoconfined bidirectional enzyme cascade: dual control by electrochemistry and selective metal ion activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11713-11716. [PMID: 36178369 PMCID: PMC9578339 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability of the ‘electrochemical leaf’ (e-Leaf) to drive and control nanoconfined enzyme cascades bidirectionally, while directly monitoring their rate in real-time as electrical current, is exploited to achieve deracemisation and stereoinversion of secondary alcohols using a single electrode in one pot. Two alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes with opposing enantioselectivities, from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (selective for S) and Lactobacillus kefir (selective for R) are driven bidirectionally via coupling to the fast and quasi-reversible interconversion of NADP+/NADPH catalysed by ferredoxin NADP+ reductase – all enzymes being co-entrapped in a nanoporous indium tin oxide electrode. Activity of the Lactobacillus kefir enzyme depends on the binding of a non-catalytic Mg2+, allowing it to be switched off after an oxidative half-cycle, by adding EDTA – the S-selective enzyme, with a tightly-bound Zn2+, remaining fully active. Racemate → S or R → S conversions are thus achieved in high yield with unprecedented ease. Enzymes nanoconfined in a porous electrode are electrochemically driven for deracemisation and inversion with additional control by metal ion activation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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5
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Wan L, Heath RS, Megarity CF, Sills AJ, Herold RA, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. Exploiting Bidirectional Electrocatalysis by a Nanoconfined Enzyme Cascade to Drive and Control Enantioselective Reactions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Adam J. Sills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Ryan A. Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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6
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Banin U, Waiskopf N, Hammarström L, Boschloo G, Freitag M, Johansson EMJ, Sá J, Tian H, Johnston MB, Herz LM, Milot RL, Kanatzidis MG, Ke W, Spanopoulos I, Kohlstedt KL, Schatz GC, Lewis N, Meyer T, Nozik AJ, Beard MC, Armstrong F, Megarity CF, Schmuttenmaer CA, Batista VS, Brudvig GW. Nanotechnology for catalysis and solar energy conversion. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:042003. [PMID: 33155576 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbce8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This roadmap on Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion focuses on the application of nanotechnology in addressing the current challenges of energy conversion: 'high efficiency, stability, safety, and the potential for low-cost/scalable manufacturing' to quote from the contributed article by Nathan Lewis. This roadmap focuses on solar-to-fuel conversion, solar water splitting, solar photovoltaics and bio-catalysis. It includes dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells, and organic photovoltaics. Smart engineering of colloidal quantum materials and nanostructured electrodes will improve solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, as described in the articles by Waiskopf and Banin and Meyer. Semiconductor nanoparticles will also improve solar energy conversion efficiency, as discussed by Boschloo et al in their article on DSSCs. Perovskite solar cells have advanced rapidly in recent years, including new ideas on 2D and 3D hybrid halide perovskites, as described by Spanopoulos et al 'Next generation' solar cells using multiple exciton generation (MEG) from hot carriers, described in the article by Nozik and Beard, could lead to remarkable improvement in photovoltaic efficiency by using quantization effects in semiconductor nanostructures (quantum dots, wires or wells). These challenges will not be met without simultaneous improvement in nanoscale characterization methods. Terahertz spectroscopy, discussed in the article by Milot et al is one example of a method that is overcoming the difficulties associated with nanoscale materials characterization by avoiding electrical contacts to nanoparticles, allowing characterization during device operation, and enabling characterization of a single nanoparticle. Besides experimental advances, computational science is also meeting the challenges of nanomaterials synthesis. The article by Kohlstedt and Schatz discusses the computational frameworks being used to predict structure-property relationships in materials and devices, including machine learning methods, with an emphasis on organic photovoltaics. The contribution by Megarity and Armstrong presents the 'electrochemical leaf' for improvements in electrochemistry and beyond. In addition, biohybrid approaches can take advantage of efficient and specific enzyme catalysts. These articles present the nanoscience and technology at the forefront of renewable energy development that will have significant benefits to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - N Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - L Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Freitag
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E M J Johansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M B Johnston
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R L Milot
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - W Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - I Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - K L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - G C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - N Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Beckman Institute, 210 Noyes Laboratory, 127-72 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - T Meyer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - A J Nozik
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Department of Chemistry, 80309, United States of America
| | - M C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| | - F Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - V S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - G W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
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7
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Richter M, Vieira L, Sieber V. Sustainable Chemistry - An Interdisciplinary Matrix Approach. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:251-265. [PMID: 32945148 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of green chemistry, the continuous development of new and advanced tools for sustainable synthesis is essential. For this, multi-facetted underlying demands pose inherent challenges to individual chemical disciplines. As a solution, both interdisciplinary technology screening and research can enhance the possibility for groundbreaking innovation. To illustrate the stages from discovery to the implementing of combined technologies, a SusChem matrix model is proposed inspired by natural product biosynthesis. The model describes a multi-dimensional and dynamic exploratory space where necessary interaction is exclusively provided and guided by sustainable themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Bio- Electro-and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Luciana Vieira
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Bio- Electro-and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Bio- Electro-and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
- Technical University of Munich Campus, Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis has become one of the most important research fields in electrochemistry and provided a firm base for the application of important technology in various bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors, biofuel cells, and biosupercapacitors. The understanding and technology of bioelectrocatalysis have greatly improved with the introduction of nanostructured electrode materials and protein-engineering methods over the last few decades. Recently, the electroenzymatic production of renewable energy resources and useful organic compounds (bioelectrosynthesis) has attracted worldwide attention. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the applications of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis.
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9
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Cheng B, Wan L, Armstrong FA. Progress in Scaling up and Streamlining a Nanoconfined, Enzyme-Catalyzed Electrochemical Nicotinamide Recycling System for Biocatalytic Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2020; 7:4672-4678. [PMID: 33381377 PMCID: PMC7756331 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemically driven nicotinamide recycling system, referred to as the 'electrochemical leaf' has unique attributes that may suit it to the small-scale industrial synthesis of high-value chemicals. A complete enzyme cascade can be immobilized within the channels of a nanoporous electrode, allowing complex reactions to be energized, controlled and monitored continuously in real time. The electrode is easily prepared by depositing commercially available indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles on a Ti support, resulting in a network of nanopores into which enzymes enter and bind. One of the enzymes is the photosynthetic flavoenzyme, ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (FNR), which catalyzes the quasi-reversible electrochemical recycling of NADP(H) and serves as the transducer. The second enzyme is any NADP(H)-dependent dehydrogenase of choice, and further enzymes can be added to build elaborate cascades that are driven in either oxidation or reduction directions through the rapid recycling of NADP(H) within the pores. In this Article, we describe the measurement of key enzyme/cofactor parameters and an essentially linear scale-up from an analytical scale 4 mL reactor with a 14 cm2 electrode to a 500 mL reactor with a 500 cm2 electrode. We discuss the advantages (energization, continuous monitoring that can be linked to a computer, natural enzyme immobilization, low costs of electrodes and low cofactor requirements) and challenges to be addressed (optimizing minimal use of enzyme applied to the electrode).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Cheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QR
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QR
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QR
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10
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Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes at Nanostructured Electrodes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis, which couples the electrode reactions and catalytic functions of redox enzymes without any redox mediator, is one of the most intriguing subjects that has been studied over the past few decades in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In order to realize the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis and improve the performance, nanostructures of the electrode surface have to be carefully tuned for each enzyme. In addition, enzymes can also be tuned by the protein engineering approach for the DET-type reaction. This review summarizes the recent progresses in this field of the research while considering the importance of nanostructure of electrodes as well as redox enzymes. This review also describes the basic concepts and theoretical aspects of DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the significance of nanostructures as scaffolds for DET-type reactions, protein engineering approaches for DET-type reactions, and concepts and facts of bidirectional DET-type reactions from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint.
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11
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Abstract
The fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia by industrial technologies (such as the Haber Bosch process) has revolutionized humankind. In contrast to industrial technologies, a single enzyme is known for its ability to reduce or "fix" dinitrogen: nitrogenase. Nitrogenase is a complex oxidoreductase enzymatic system that includes a catalytic protein (where dinitrogen is reduced) and an electron-transferring reductase protein (termed the Fe protein) that delivers the electrons necessary for dinitrogen fixation. The catalytic protein most commonly contains a FeMo cofactor (called the MoFe protein), but it can also contain a VFe or FeFe cofactor. Besides their ability to fix dinitrogen to ammonia, these nitrogenases can also reduce substrates such as carbon dioxide to formate. Interestingly, the VFE nitrogenase can also form carbon-carbon bonds. The vast majority of research surrounding nitrogenase employs the Fe protein to transfer electrons, which is also associated with the rate-limiting step of nitrogenase catalysis and also requires the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. Thus, there is significant interest in artificially transferring electrons to the catalytic nitrogenase proteins. In this Account, we review nitrogenase electrocatalysis whereby electrons are delivered to nitrogenase from electrodes. We first describe the use of an electron mediator (cobaltocene) to transfer electrons from electrodes to the MoFe protein. The reduction of protons to molecular hydrogen was realized, in addition to azide and nitrite reduction to ammonia. Bypassing the rate-limiting step within the Fe protein, we also describe how this approach was used to interrogate the rate-limiting step of the MoFe protein: metal-hydride protonolysis at the FeMo-co. This Account next reviews the use of cobaltocene to mediate electron transfer to the VFe protein, where the reduction of carbon dioxide and the formation of carbon-carbon bonds (yielding the formation of ethene and propene) was realized. This approach also found success in mediating electron transfer to the FeFe catalytic protein, which exhibited improved carbon dioxide reduction in comparison to the MoFe protein. In the final example of mediated electron transfer to the catalytic protein, this Account also reviews recent work where the coupling of infrared spectroscopy with electrochemistry enabled the potential-dependent binding of carbon monoxide to the FeMo-co to be studied. As an alternative to mediated electron transfer, recent work that has sought to transfer electrons to the catalytic proteins in the absence of electron mediators (by direct electron transfer) is also reviewed. This approach has subsequently enabled a thermodynamic landscape to be proposed for the cofactors of the catalytic proteins. Finally, this Account also describes nitrogenase electrocatalysis whereby electrons are first transferred from an electrode to the Fe protein, before being transferred to the MoFe protein alongside the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. In this way, increased quantities of ammonia can be electrocatalytically produced from dinitrogen fixation. We discuss how this has led to the further upgrade of electrocatalytically produced ammonia, in combination with additional enzymes (diaphorase, alanine dehydrogenase, and transaminase), to selective production of chiral amine intermediates for pharmaceuticals. This Account concludes by discussing current and future research challenges in the field of electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Milton
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- NSF Center for Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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12
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Morello G, Siritanaratkul B, Megarity CF, Armstrong FA. Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Fixation by Nanoconfined Enzymes via a C3-to-C4 Reaction That Is Favored over H2 Production. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Morello
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X13QR, U.K
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X13QR, U.K
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X13QR, U.K
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X13QR, U.K
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13
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Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B, Cheng B, Morello G, Wan L, Sills AJ, Heath RS, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. Electrified Nanoconfined Biocatalysis with Rapid Cofactor Recycling. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Megarity
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Beichen Cheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Giorgio Morello
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Adam J. Sills
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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14
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Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B, Heath RS, Wan L, Morello G, FitzPatrick SR, Booth RL, Sills AJ, Robertson AW, Warner JH, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. Electrocatalytic Volleyball: Rapid Nanoconfined Nicotinamide Cycling for Organic Synthesis in Electrode Pores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Megarity
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Rachel S. Heath
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologySchool of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Giorgio Morello
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Rosalind L. Booth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Adam J. Sills
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Jamie H. Warner
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologySchool of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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15
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Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B, Heath RS, Wan L, Morello G, FitzPatrick SR, Booth RL, Sills AJ, Robertson AW, Warner JH, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. Electrocatalytic Volleyball: Rapid Nanoconfined Nicotinamide Cycling for Organic Synthesis in Electrode Pores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4948-4952. [PMID: 30633837 PMCID: PMC6491978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In living cells, redox chains rely on nanoconfinement using tiny enclosures, such as the mitochondrial matrix or chloroplast stroma, to concentrate enzymes and limit distances that nicotinamide cofactors and other metabolites must diffuse. In a chemical analogue exploiting this principle, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and NADP+ are cycled rapidly between ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase and a second enzyme—the pairs being juxtaposed within the 5–100 nm scale pores of an indium tin oxide electrode. The resulting electrode material, denoted (FNR+E2)@ITO/support, can drive and exploit a potentially large number of enzyme‐catalysed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rachel S Heath
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Giorgio Morello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Sarah R FitzPatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rosalind L Booth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Adam J Sills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | | | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Fraser A Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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16
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Evans RM, Siritanaratkul B, Megarity CF, Pandey K, Esterle TF, Badiani S, Armstrong FA. The value of enzymes in solar fuels research – efficient electrocatalysts through evolution. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2039-2052. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00546j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes which evolved more than 2 billion years ago set exceptional standards for electrocatalysts being sought today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Kavita Pandey
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Thomas F. Esterle
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Selina Badiani
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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17
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Höfler GT, Fernández‐Fueyo E, Pesic M, Younes SH, Choi E, Kim YH, Urlacher VB, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. A Photoenzymatic NADH Regeneration System. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2344-2347. [PMID: 30192991 PMCID: PMC6283237 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A photoenzymatic NADH regeneration system was established. The combination of deazariboflavin as a photocatalyst with putidaredoxin reductase enabled the selective reduction of NAD+ into the enzyme-active 1,4-NADH to promote an alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed stereospecific reduction reaction. The catalytic turnover of all the reaction components was demonstrated. Factors influencing the efficiency of the overall system were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T. Höfler
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández‐Fueyo
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Sabry H. Younes
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Eun‐Gyu Choi
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan689–798South Korea
| | - Yong H. Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan689–798South Korea
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Chair of Biochemistry IIHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
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