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Sui X, Xu B, Kostko O, Yu XY. Investigation of pyruvic acid photolysis at the air-liquid interface as a source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172729. [PMID: 38670353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvic acid (PA) is a ubiquitous 2-oxocarboxylic acid in the atmosphere. Its photochemical process at the air-liquid (a-l) interface has been suggested as an important source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. We investigated the photochemical reaction pathways of PA at the a-l interface using synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPI-MS) coupled with the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) microreactor. Results from mass spectral analysis and the determination of appearance energies (AEs) indicate that photolysis of PA can generate radicals, then they recombine with carboxylic acids and simple molecular oligomers. Furthermore, the preliminary products could form larger oligomers via radical reaction or esterification in the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. Mass spectral comparison shows that most photochemical reactions would complete within 4 h. The expanded photochemistry-driven reaction flowchart of PA is proposed based on the newly discovered products. Our results reveal that the interfacial PA photochemical reactions have different mechanisms from the bulk liquid due to the interfacial properties, such as molecular density, composition, and ion concentration. Our findings show that in situ mass spectral analysis with bright photon ionization is useful to elucidate the contribution of a-l interfacial reactions leading to aqSOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-6136, United States.
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2
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Interfacial Dark Aging Is an Overlooked Source of Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the relative yields of aqueous secondary organic aerosols (aqSOAs) at the air–liquid (a–l) interface are investigated between photochemical and dark aging using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Our results show that dark aging is an important source of aqSOAs despite a lack of photochemical drivers. Photochemical reactions of glyoxal and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produce oligomers and cluster ions at the aqueous surface. Interestingly, different oligomers and cluster ions form intensely in the dark at the a–l interface, contrary to the notion that oligomer formation mainly depends on light irradiation. Furthermore, cluster ions form readily during dark aging and have a higher water molecule adsorption ability. This finding is supported by the observation of more frequent organic water cluster ion formation. The relative yields of water clusters in the form of protonated and hydroxide ions are presented using van Krevelen diagrams to explore the underlying formation mechanisms of aqSOAs. Large protonated and hydroxide water clusters (e.g., (H2O)nH+, 17 < n ≤ 44) have reasonable yields during UV aging. In contrast, small protonated and hydroxide water clusters (e.g., (H2O)nH+, 1 ≤ n ≤ 17) form after several hours of dark aging. Moreover, cluster ions have higher yields in dark aging, indicating the overlooked influence of dark aging interfacial products on aerosol optical properties. Molecular dynamic simulation shows that cluster ions form stably in UV and dark aging. AqSOAs molecules produced from dark and photochemical aging can enhance UV absorption of the aqueous surface, promote cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities, and affect radiative forcing.
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3
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Studying Interfacial Dark Reactions of Glyoxal and Hydrogen Peroxide Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Single Photon Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation from volatile and semivolatile organic compounds at the air–liquid interface is considered as an important source of fine particles in the atmosphere. However, due to the lack of in situ detecting techniques, the detailed interfacial reaction mechanism and dynamics still remain uncertain. In this study, synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPI-MS) was coupled with the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) to investigate glyoxal dark oxidation products at the aqueous surface. Mass spectral analysis and determination of appearance energies (AEs) suggest that the main products of glyoxal dark interfacial aging are carboxylic acid related oligomers. Furthermore, the VUV SPI-MS results were compared and validated against those of in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The reaction mechanisms of the dark glyoxal interfacial oxidation, obtained using two different approaches, indicate that differences in ionization and instrument operation principles could contribute to their abilities to detect different oligomers. Therefore, the mechanistic differences revealed between the VUV SPI-MS and ToF-SIMS indicate that more in situ and real-time techniques are needed to investigate the contribution of the air–liquid interfacial reactions leading to aqSOA formation.
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4
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Kappes KJ, Deal AM, Jespersen MF, Blair SL, Doussin JF, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Hopper BN, Johnson MS, Vaida V. Chemistry and Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1036-1049. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keaten J. Kappes
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Deal
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Malte F. Jespersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sandra L. Blair
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris (UP), 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris (UP), 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris (UP), 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Brianna N. Hopper
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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5
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Sui X, Xu B, Yao J, Kostko O, Ahmed M, Yu XY. New Insights into Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation at the Air-Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:324-329. [PMID: 33352051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air-liquid interfacial processing of volatile organic compound photooxidation has been suggested as an important source of secondary organic aerosols. However, owing to the lack of techniques for studying the air-liquid interface, the detailed interfacial mechanism remains speculative. To obviate this, we enabled in situ synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization mass spectrometry using the system for analysis at the liquid-vacuum interface microreactor to study glyoxal photooxidation at the air-liquid interface. Determination of reaction intermediates and new oxidation products, including polymers and oligomers, by mass spectral analysis and appearance energy measurements has been reported for the first time. Furthermore, an expanded reaction mechanism of photooxidation and free radical induced reactions as a source of aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation is proposed. Single photon ionization can provide new insights into interfacial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. 94720, United States
| | - Jenn Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. 94720, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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6
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Wei W, Plymale A, Zhu Z, Ma X, Liu F, Yu XY. In Vivo Molecular Insights into Syntrophic Geobacter Aggregates. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10402-10411. [PMID: 32614167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has been considered as a novel and highly efficient strategy in both natural anaerobic environments and artificial microbial fuel cells. A syntrophic model consisting of Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens was studied in this work. We conducted in vivo molecular mapping of the outer surface of the syntrophic community as the interface of nutrients and energy exchange. System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface combined with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was employed to capture the molecular distribution of syntrophic Geobacter communities in the living and hydrated state. Principal component analysis with selected peaks revealed that syntrophic Geobacter aggregates were well differentiated from other control samples, including syntrophic planktonic cells, pure cultured planktonic cells, and single population biofilms. Our in vivo imaging indicated that a unique molecular surface was formed. Specifically, aromatic amino acids, phosphatidylethanolamine components, and large water clusters were identified as key components that favored the DIET of syntrophic Geobacter aggregates. Moreover, the molecular changes in depths of the Geobacter aggregates were captured using dynamic depth profiling. Our findings shed new light on the interface components supporting electron transfer in syntrophic communities based on in vivo molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.,Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Plymale
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Grand View University, Des Moines, Iowa 50316, United States
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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7
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Yu X, Yao J, Buck EC, Zhu Z. In situ liquid SIMS analysis of uranium oxide. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ying Yu
- Energy Processes and Materials Division, Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Jennifer Yao
- Energy Processes and Materials Division, Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Edgar C. Buck
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering Division, Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Scientific Resources Division, W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science LaboratoryPacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
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8
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Shen Y, Yao J, Son J, Zhu Z, Yu XY. Liquid ToF-SIMS revealing the oil, water, and surfactant interface evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11771-11782. [PMID: 32227050 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bilge water from ships is regarded as a major pollutant in the marine environment. Bilge water exists in a stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion form. However, little is known about the O/W liquid-liquid (l-l) interface. Traditional bulk characterization approaches are not capable of capturing the chemical changes at the O/W l-l interface. Although surfactants are deemed essential in droplet formation, their roles in bilge water stabilization have not been fully revealed. We have utilized novel in situ chemical imaging tools including in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to study the evolving O/W interface using a NAVY bilge model for the first time. The droplet size distribution (DSD) does not change significantly without the addition of X-100 surfactants under static or rocking conditions. Both the oil components and the water clusters are shown to evolve over time at the O/W droplet interface by in situ liquid SIMS imaging. Of particular interest to droplet stabilization, the contribution of surfactants to the aged bilge droplets becomes more significant as the droplet size increases. The higher mass surfactant component does not appear on the droplet surface immediately while many lower mass surfactants are solvated inside the droplet. We have provided the first three-dimensional images of the evolving O/W interface and demonstrated that in situ surface chemical mapping is powerful enough to reveal the complex and dynamic l-l interface in the liquid state. Our observational insights suggest that surfactants are important in mediating droplet growth and facilitating effective separation of bilge water emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Jenn Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Jiyoung Son
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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9
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Son J, Shen Y, Yao J, Paynter D, Yu XY. Surface evolution of synthetic bilgewater emulsion. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124345. [PMID: 31545184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bilgewater is a regulated shipboard produced waste stream that often contains oil-in-water emulsion. Fundamental knowledge of emulsion surface changes is required for improved wastewater treatment; however, limited information is currently available. We have reported the first surface characterization of synthetic bilgewater emulsions using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) coupled with optical microscopy. A Navy standard bilgewater solution consisting of a hydrocarbon and detergent mixture is used as the synthetic bilgewater emulsion model. Both fresh and aged emulsion samples are analyzed to determine their droplet size distributions (DSDs) and surface chemical composition. Our results show that fresh emulsions are largely mono-modal with hydrocarbon fragments as the main surface composition. Aged emulsions are also mono-modal with slightly larger size. Both SIMS spectral comparison and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) show that some surfactant components appear on the fresh emulsion surface while larger molecular weight components appear at the aged bilge droplet surface. Our results indicate that the oil-water interface evolves after emulsion droplet formation. More importantly, surface evolution not only changes the bilgewater DSD, but also alters the surface chemical composition and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Son
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Jenn Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Danielle Paynter
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, West Bethesda, MD, 20817, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States.
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10
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Jia F, Wu K, Che Y, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Luo Q, Yu X, Zhu Z, Zhao Y, Wang F. ToF‐SIMS analysis of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kui Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringWuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yanli Che
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesRenmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesRenmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Qun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiao‐Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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11
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Zhang F, Yu X, Sui X, Chen J, Zhu Z, Yu XY. Evolution of aqSOA from the Air-Liquid Interfacial Photochemistry of Glyoxal and Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10236-10245. [PMID: 31361474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of photochemical reaction time on glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide at the air-liquid (a-l) interface is investigated using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) enabled by a system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface (SALVI) microreactor. Carboxylic acids are formed mainly by reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the initial reactions. Oligomers, cluster ions, and water clusters formed due to longer photochemistry. Our results provide direct molecular evidence that water clusters are associated with proton transfer and the formation of oligomers and cluster ions at the a-l interface. The oligomer formation is facilitated by water cluster and cluster ion formation over time. Formation of higher m/z oligomers and cluster ions indicates the possibility of highly oxygenated organic components formation at the a-l interface. Furthermore, new chemical reaction pathways, such as surface organic cluster, hydration shell, and water cluster formation, are proposed based on SIMS spectral observations, and the existing understanding of glyoxal photochemistry is expanded. Our in situ findings verify that the a-l interfacial reactions are important pathways for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao Sui
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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12
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Zhang Y, Zeng W, Huang L, Liu W, Jia E, Zhao Y, Wang F, Zhu Z. In Situ Liquid Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Surprisingly Soft Ionization Process for Investigation of Halide Ion Hydration. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7039-7046. [PMID: 30950268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of ion solvation phenomena is of significance due to their influences on many important chemical, biological, and environmental processes. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods have been used to investigate this topic with molecular insights. As ion-solvent interactions are weak, ionization processes should be as soft as possible in order to retain solvation structures. An in situ liquid secondary ion MS (SIMS) approach developed in our group has been recently utilized in investigations of Li ion solvation in nonaqueous solution, and it detected a series of solvated Li ions. As traditionally SIMS has long been recognized as a hard ionization process with strong damage occurring at the sputtering interface, it is very interesting to study further how soft in situ liquid SIMS can be. In this work, we used halide ion hydration as an example to compare the ionization performance of the in situ liquid SIMS approach with regular electrospray ionization MS (ESI-MS). Results show that, although ESI has been recognized as a soft ionization method, nearly no solvated halide ions were detected by ESI-MS analysis, which acquired only strong signals of salt ion clusters. In contrast, in liquid SIMS spectra, a series of obvious hydrated halide ion compositions could be observed. We further evaluated the hydration numbers of halide ions and revealed the effects of the ion size, charge density, and polarizability on the hydration phenomenon. Our findings demonstrated that the in situ liquid SIMS approach is surprisingly soft, and it is expected to have very broad applications on investigation of various ion-solvent interactions and many other interesting chemical processes (e.g., the initial nucleation of nanoparticle formation) in liquid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wenjuan Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Liuqin Huang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Endong Jia
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China.,The Key Laboratory of Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic System , Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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13
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Komorek R, Xu B, Yao J, Ablikim U, Troy TP, Kostko O, Ahmed M, Yu XY. Enabling liquid vapor analysis using synchrotron VUV single photon ionization mass spectrometry with a microfluidic interface. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:115105. [PMID: 30501361 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) single photon ionization mass spectrometry (SPI-MS) is a vacuum-based technique typically used for the analysis of gas phase and solid samples, but not for liquids due to the challenge in introducing volatile liquids in a vacuum. Here we present the first demonstration of in situ liquid analysis by integrating the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) microfluidic reactor into VUV SPI-MS. Four representative volatile organic compound (VOC) solutions were used to illustrate the feasibility of liquid analysis. Our results show the accurate mass identification of the VOC molecules and the reliable determination of appearance energy that is consistent with ionization energy for gaseous species in the literature as reported. This work validates that the vacuum-compatible SALVI microfluidic interface can be utilized at the synchrotron beamline and enable the in situ study of gas-phase molecules evaporating off the surface of a liquid, which holds importance in the study of condensed matter chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Komorek
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, PNNL, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - B Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Yao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, PNNL, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - U Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T P Troy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - O Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - X Y Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, PNNL, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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14
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Zheng J, Zhang W, Wang F, Yu XY. Enabling liquid solvent structure analysis using hard x-ray absorption spectroscopy with a transferrable microfluidic reactor. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:18LT01. [PMID: 29561738 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab87f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a vacuum compatible microfluidic device, system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface, is integrated to hard x-ray absorption spectroscopy to obtain the local structure of K3[Fe(CN)6] in aqueous solutions with three concentrations of 0.5 M, 0.05 M, and 0.005 M. The solutions were sealed in a microchannel 500 µm wide and 300 µm deep in a portable microfluidic device. The Fe K-edge x-ray absorption spectra indicate a presence of Fe(III) in the complex in water, with an octahedral geometry coordinated with 6 C atoms in the first shell with a distance of ~1.92 Å and 6 N atoms in the second shell with a distance of ~3.10 Å. Varying the concentration has no observable influence on the structure of K3[Fe(CN)6]. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using microfluidic based liquid cells in large synchrotron facilities. Using portable microfludic reactors provides a viable approach to enable multifaceted measurements of liquids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Sui X, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhu Z, Yu X. ToF‐SIMS
characterization of glyoxal surface oxidation products by hydrogen peroxide: A comparison between dry and liquid samples. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- Environment Research Institute Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Xiao‐Ying Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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17
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Huang D, Hua X, Xiu GL, Zheng YJ, Yu XY, Long YT. Secondary ion mass spectrometry: The application in the analysis of atmospheric particulate matter. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 989:1-14. [PMID: 28915935 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, considerable attention has been paid to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) investigation due to its importance in human health and global climate change. Surface characterization, single particle analysis and depth profiling of PM is important for a better understanding of its formation processes and predicting its impact on the environment and human being. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a surface technique with high surface sensitivity, high spatial resolution chemical imaging and unique depth profiling capabilities. Recent research shows that SIMS has great potential in analyzing both surface and bulk chemical information of PM. In this review, we give a brief introduction of SIMS working principle and survey recent applications of SIMS in PM characterization. Particularly, analyses from different types of PM sources by various SIMS techniques were discussed concerning their advantages and limitations. The future development and needs of SIMS in atmospheric aerosol measurement are proposed with a perspective in broader environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Guang-Li Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yong-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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