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Driver T, Mountney M, Wang J, Ortmann L, Al-Haddad A, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Champenois EG, DiMauro LF, Duris J, Garratt D, Glownia JM, Guo Z, Haxton D, Isele E, Ivanov I, Ji J, Kamalov A, Li S, Lin MF, Marangos JP, Obaid R, O'Neal JT, Rosenberger P, Shivaram NH, Wang AL, Walter P, Wolf TJA, Wörner HJ, Zhang Z, Bucksbaum PH, Kling MF, Landsman AS, Lucchese RR, Emmanouilidou A, Marinelli A, Cryan JP. Attosecond delays in X-ray molecular ionization. Nature 2024; 632:762-767. [PMID: 39169246 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The photoelectric effect is not truly instantaneous but exhibits attosecond delays that can reveal complex molecular dynamics1-7. Sub-femtosecond-duration light pulses provide the requisite tools to resolve the dynamics of photoionization8-12. Accordingly, the past decade has produced a large volume of work on photoionization delays following single-photon absorption of an extreme ultraviolet photon. However, the measurement of time-resolved core-level photoionization remained out of reach. The required X-ray photon energies needed for core-level photoionization were not available with attosecond tabletop sources. Here we report measurements of the X-ray photoemission delay of core-level electrons, with unexpectedly large delays, ranging up to 700 as in NO near the oxygen K-shell threshold. These measurements exploit attosecond soft X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser to scan across the entire region near the K-shell threshold. Furthermore, we find that the delay spectrum is richly modulated, suggesting several contributions, including transient trapping of the photoelectron owing to shape resonances, collisions with the Auger-Meitner electron that is emitted in the rapid non-radiative relaxation of the molecule and multi-electron scattering effects. The results demonstrate how X-ray attosecond experiments, supported by comprehensive theoretical modelling, can unravel the complex correlated dynamics of core-level photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taran Driver
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Miles Mountney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Ortmann
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Nora Berrah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elio G Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Garratt
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoheng Guo
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Erik Isele
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jiabao Ji
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Kamalov
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jon P Marangos
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Razib Obaid
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jordan T O'Neal
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Rosenberger
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Niranjan H Shivaram
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Anna L Wang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Robert R Lucchese
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Agostino Marinelli
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - James P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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