1
|
Min Y, Xu X, Lv X, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Hao X, Tan J. Probing the electron motion in molecules using forward-scattering photoelectron holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:857-870. [PMID: 38175105 DOI: 10.1364/oe.513783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Charge migration initiated by the coherent superposition of several electronic states is a basic process in intense laser-matter interactions. Observing this process on its intrinsic timescale is one of the central goals of attosecond science. Here, using forward-scattering photoelectron holography we theoretically demonstrate a scheme to probe the charge migration in molecules. In our scheme, by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the photoelectron momentum distributions (PEMDs) for strong-field tunneling ionization of the molecule are obtained. For a superposition state, it is shown that an intriguing shift of the holographic interference appears in the PEMDs, when the molecule is aligned perpendicularly to the linearly polarized laser field. With the quantum-orbit analysis, we demonstrate that this shift of the interference fringes is caused by the time evolution of the non-stationary superposition state. By analyzing the dependence of the shift on the final parallel momentum of the electrons, the relative phase and the expansion coefficient ratio of the two electronic states involved in the superposition state are determined accurately. Our study provides an efficient method for probing the charge migration in molecules. It will facilitate the application of the forward-scattering photoelectron holography to survey the electronic dynamics in more complex molecules.
Collapse
|
2
|
Matselyukh DT, Despré V, Golubev NV, Kuleff AI, Wörner HJ. Decoherence and Revival in Attosecond Charge Migration Driven by Non-adiabatic Dynamics. NATURE PHYSICS 2022; 18:1206-1213. [PMID: 36524215 PMCID: PMC7613930 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond charge migration is a periodic evolution of the charge density at specific sites of a molecule on a time scale defined by the energy intervals between the electronic states involved. Here, we report the observation of charge migration in neutral silane (SiH4) in 690 as, its decoherence within 15 fs, and its revival after 40-50 fs, using X-ray attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. We observe the migration of charge as pairs of quantum beats with a characteristic spectral phase in the transient spectrum, in agreement with theory. The decay and revival of the degree of electronic coherence is found to be a result of both adiabatic and non-adiabatic dynamics in the populated Rydberg and valence states. The experimental results are supported by fully quantum-mechanical ab-initio calculations that include both electronic and nuclear dynamics, which additionally support the experimental evidence that conical intersections can mediate the transfer of electronic coherence from an initial superposition state to another one involving a different lower-lying state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Despré
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut (PCI), Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolay V. Golubev
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander I. Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut (PCI), Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma MY, Wang JP, Jing WQ, Guan Z, Jiao ZH, Wang GL, Chen JH, Zhao SF. Controlling the atomic-orbital-resolved photoionization for neon atoms by counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33245-33256. [PMID: 34809140 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the atomic-orbital-resolved vortex-shaped photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) and ionization probabilities by solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation (2D-TDSE) of neon in a pair of delayed counter-rotating circularly polarized attosecond pulses. We found that the number of spiral arms in vortex patterns is twice the number of absorbed photons when the initial state is the ψm=±1 state, which satisfy a change from c2n+2 to c2n (n is the number of absorbed photons) rotational symmetry of the vortices if the 2p state is replaced by 2p+ or 2p- states. For two- and three-photon ionization, the magnetic quantum number dependence of ionization probabilities is quite weak. Interestingly, single-photon ionization is preferred when the electron and laser field corotate and ionization probabilities of 2p- is much larger than that of 2p+ if the proper time delay and wavelength are used. The relative ratio of ionization probabilities between 2p- and 2p+ is insensitive to laser peak intensity, which can be controlled by changing the wavelength, time delay, relative phase and amplitude ratio of two attosecond pulses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Electron Symmetry Breaking during Attosecond Charge Migration Induced by Laser Pulses: Point Group Analyses for Quantum Dynamics. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum simulations of the electron dynamics of oriented benzene and Mg-porphyrin driven by short (<10 fs) laser pulses yield electron symmetry breaking during attosecond charge migration. Nuclear motions are negligible on this time domain, i.e., the point group symmetries G = D6h and D4h of the nuclear scaffolds are conserved. At the same time, the symmetries of the one-electron densities are broken, however, to specific subgroups of G for the excited superposition states. These subgroups depend on the polarization and on the electric fields of the laser pulses. They can be determined either by inspection of the symmetry elements of the one-electron density which represents charge migration after the laser pulse, or by a new and more efficient group-theoretical approach. The results agree perfectly with each other. They suggest laser control of symmetry breaking. The choice of the target subgroup is restricted, however, by a new theorem, i.e., it must contain the symmetry group of the time-dependent electronic Hamiltonian of the oriented molecule interacting with the laser pulse(s). This theorem can also be applied to confirm or to falsify complementary suggestions of electron symmetry breaking by laser pulses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Haase D, Manz J, Tremblay JC. Attosecond Charge Migration Can Break Electron Symmetry While Conserving Nuclear Symmetry. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3329-3334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Haase
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Manz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jean Christophe Tremblay
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, UMR7019, 57070 Metz, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan KJ, Bandrauk AD. Ultrafast X-ray photoelectron diffraction in triatomic molecules by circularly polarized attosecond light pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:325-336. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically study ultrafast photoelectron diffraction in triatomic molecules with cyclic geometry by ultrafast circular soft X-ray attosecond pulses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jun Yuan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
| | - André D. Bandrauk
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Québec
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jia D, Manz J, Yang Y. Timing the recoherences of attosecond electronic charge migration by quantum control of femtosecond nuclear dynamics: A case study for HCCI . J Chem Phys 2019; 151:244306. [PMID: 31893866 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work suggests an approach to a new target of laser control of charge migration in molecules or molecular ions. The target is motivated by the fact that nuclear motions can not only cause decoherence of charge migration, typically within few femtoseconds, but they may also enable the reappearance of charge migration after much longer times, typically several tens or even hundreds of femtoseconds. This phenomenon is called recoherence of charge migration, opposite to its decoherence. The details depend on the initiation of the original charge migration by an ultrashort strong intense pump laser pulse. It may reappear quasiperiodically, with reference period Tr. We show that a well-designed pump-dump laser pulse can enforce recoherences of charge migration at different target times Tc, for example, at Tc ≈ Tr/2. The approach is demonstrated by quantum dynamics simulations of the laser driven electronic and nuclear motions in the oriented linear cation HCCI+. First, the concept is explained in terms of a didactic one-dimensional (1D) model that accounts for the decisive CI stretch. The 1D results are then confirmed by a three-dimensional model for the complete set of the CH, CC, and CI stretches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jörn Manz
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van den Wildenberg S, Mignolet B, Levine RD, Remacle F. Temporal and spatially resolved imaging of the correlated nuclear-electronic dynamics and of the ionized photoelectron in a coherently electronically highly excited vibrating LiH molecule. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:134310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van den Wildenberg
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Research Unit Molecular Systems, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Mignolet
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Research Unit Molecular Systems, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R. D. Levine
- The Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F. Remacle
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Research Unit Molecular Systems, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
- The Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Inhester L, Greenman L, Rudenko A, Rolles D, Santra R. Detecting coherent core-hole wave-packet dynamics in N2 by time- and angle-resolved inner-shell photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Loren Greenman
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Probing Attosecond Electron Coherence in Molecular Charge Migration by Ultrafast X-Ray Photoelectron Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electron coherence is a fundamental quantum phenomenon in today’s ultrafast physics and chemistry research. Based on attosecond pump–probe schemes, ultrafast X-ray photoelectron imaging of molecules was used to monitor the coherent electron dynamics which is created by an XUV pulse. We performed simulations on the molecular ion H 2 + by numerically solving time-dependent Schrödinger equations. It was found that the X-ray photoelectron angular and momentum distributions depend on the time delay between the XUV pump and soft X-ray probe pulses. Varying the polarization and helicity of the soft X-ray probe pulse gave rise to a modulation of the time-resolved photoelectron distributions. The present results provide a new approach for exploring ultrafast coherent electron dynamics and charge migration in reactions of molecules on the attosecond time scale.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan KJ, Bandrauk AD. Ultrafast X-ray Photoelectron Imaging of Attosecond Electron Dynamics in Molecular Coherent Excitation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1328-1336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jun Yuan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - André D. Bandrauk
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Time-Resolved Photoelectron Imaging of Molecular Coherent Excitation and Charge Migration by Ultrashort Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2241-2249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|