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Bajorek A, Szostak B, Dulski M, Greneche JM, Lewińska S, Liszka B, Pawlyta M, Ślawska-Waniewska A. A Comprehensive Study of Pristine and Calcined f-MWCNTs Functionalized by Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030977. [PMID: 35160923 PMCID: PMC8838665 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the study of pristine and calcined f-MWCNTs functionalized by nitrogen-containing functional groups. We focus on the structural and microstructural modification tuned by the previous annealing. However, our primary goal was to analyze the electronic structure and magnetic properties in relation to the structural properties using a multi-technique approach. The studies carried out by X-ray diffraction, XPS, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry revealed the presence of γ-Fe nanoparticles, Fe3C, and α-FeOOH as catalyst residues. XPS analysis based on the deconvolution of core level lines confirmed the presence of various nitrogen-based functional groups due to the purification and functionalization process of the nanotubes. The annealing procedure leads to a structural modification mainly associated with removing surface impurities as purification residues. Magnetic studies confirmed a significant contribution of Fe3C as evidenced by a Curie temperature estimated at TC = 452 ± 15 K. A slight change in magnetic properties upon annealing was revealed. The detailed studies performed on nanotubes are extremely important for the further synthesis of composite materials based on f-MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bajorek
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bogumiła Szostak
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Jean-Marc Greneche
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France;
| | - Sabina Lewińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (S.L.); (A.Ś.-W.)
| | - Barbara Liszka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Mirosława Pawlyta
- Materials Research Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Ślawska-Waniewska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (S.L.); (A.Ś.-W.)
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Jamrozik A, Przewoznik J, Krysiak S, Korecki J, Trykowski G, Małolepszy A, Stobiński L, Burda K. Effect of Grinding and the Mill Type on Magnetic Properties of Carboxylated Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4057. [PMID: 34300975 PMCID: PMC8303930 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the grinding process on the magnetic properties of as prepared and functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented. We have observed that 3 h mechanical grinding at 400 rpm in contrast to functionalization does not remove the iron contamination from MWCNTs. However, it changes the Fe chemical states. The magnetic properties of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) embedded in the carbon matrix of MWCNTs have been analyzed in detail. We have proven that single-domain non-interacting Fe(C,O)-NPs enriched in the Fe3C phase (~10 nm) enclosed inside these nanotubes are responsible for their magnetic properties. Mechanical grinding revealed a unique impact of -COOH groups (compared to -COONH4 groups) on the magnetism of functionalized MWCNTs. In MWCNT-COOH ground in a steel mill, the contribution of the Fe2O3 and α-Fe phases increased while the content of the magnetically harder Fe3C phase decreased. This resulted in a 2-fold coercivity (Hc) decrease and saturation magnetization (MS) increase. A 2-fold remanence (Mr) decrease in MWCNT-COOH ground in an agate mill is related to the modified Fe(C,O)-NP magnetization dynamics. Comparison of the magnetostatic exchange and effective anisotropy length estimated for Fe(C,O)-NPs allows concluding that the anisotropy energy barrier is higher than the magnetostatic energy barrier. The enhanced contribution of surface anisotropy to the effective anisotropy constant and the unique effect of the -COOH groups on the magnetic properties of MWCNTs are discussed. The procedure for grinding carboxylated MWCNTs with embedded iron nanoparticles using a steel mill has a potential application for producing Fe-C nanocomposites with desired magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jamrozik
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Janusz Przewoznik
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sonia Krysiak
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Jozef Korecki
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Trykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Artur Małolepszy
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Leszek Stobiński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Kvetoslava Burda
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (S.K.)
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