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Prachařová J, Kostrhunová H, Barbanente A, Margiotta N, Brabec V. The mechanism of antiproliferative activity of the oxaliplatin pyrophosphate derivative involves its binding to nuclear DNA in cancer cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:669-678. [PMID: 37624480 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
(1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)(dihydropyrophosphato) platinum(II), also abbreviated as RRD2, belongs to a class of potent antitumor platinum cytostatics called phosphaplatins. Curiously, several published studies have suggested significant mechanistic differences between phosphaplatins and conventional platinum antitumor drugs. Controversial findings have been published regarding the role of RRD2 binding to DNA in the mechanism of its antiproliferative activity in cancer cells. This prompted us to perform detailed studies to confirm or rule out the role of RRD2 binding to DNA in its antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. Here, we show that RRD2 exhibits excellent antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in the low micromolar or submicromolar range. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate that DNA lesions caused by RRD2 contribute to killing cancer cells treated with this phosphaplatin derivative. Additionally, our data indicate that RRD2 accumulates in cancer cells but to a lesser extent than cisplatin. On the other hand, the efficiency of cisplatin and RRD2, after they accumulate in cancer cells, in binding to nuclear DNA is similar. Our results also show that RRD2 in the medium, in which the cells were cultured before RRD2 accumulated inside the cells, remained intact. This result is consistent with the view that RRD2 is activated by releasing free pyrophosphate only in the environment of cancer cells, thereby allowing RRD2 to bind to nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Prachařová
- Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandra Barbanente
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Bakhonsky VV, Pashenko AA, Becker J, Hausmann H, De Groot HJM, Overkleeft HS, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of hindered, chiral 1,2-diaminodiamantane platinum(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:14009-14016. [PMID: 33078783 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based antineoplastic agents play a major role in the treatment of numerous types of cancer. A new bulky, lipophilic, and chiral ligand based on 1,2-diaminodiamantane in both of its enantiomeric forms was employed for the preparation of new platinum(ii) complexes with chloride and oxalate ligands. The dichloride complexes have a higher solubility and were evaluated as anti-proliferation agents for human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780cis. Its R,R-enantiomer showed increased efficacy compared to cisplatin for both cancer cell lines. A chromatographic approach was used to estimate the solvent partition coefficient of the dichloride complex. The binding of diamondoid-based platinum complexes to nucleotides was tested for both enantiomers with guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and occurs at a similar or faster rate for both isomers compared to cisplatin despite greatly increased steric demand. These findings highlight the potential in 1,2-diaminodiamantane as a viable pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V Bakhonsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany. and Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Pobedy Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Aleksander A Pashenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Pobedy Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine. and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heike Hausmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Huub J M De Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrey A Fokin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany. and Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Pobedy Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Barbanente A, Iacobazzi RM, Azzariti A, Hoeschele JD, Denora N, Papadia P, Pacifico C, Natile G, Margiotta N. New Oxaliplatin-Pyrophosphato Analogs with Improved In Vitro Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2021; 26:3417. [PMID: 34200051 PMCID: PMC8200237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new Pt(II)-pyrophosphato complexes containing the carrier ligands cis-1,3-diaminocyclohexane (cis-1,3-DACH) and trans-1,2-diamine-4-cyclohexene (1,2-DACHEX), variants of the 1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane ligand present in the clinically used Pt-drug oxaliplatin, have been synthesized with the aim of developing new potential antitumor drugs with high bone tropism. The complexes are more stable at physiological pH than in acid conditions, with Na2[Pt(pyrophosphato)(cis-1,3-DACH)] (1) slightly more stable than [Pt(dihydrogenpyrophosphato)(1,2-DACHEX)] (2). The greater reactivity at acidic pH ensures a greater efficacy at the tumor site. Preliminary NMR studies indicate that 1 and 2 react slowly with 5'-GMP (used as a model of nucleic acids), releasing the pyrophosphate ligand and affording the bis 5'-GMP adduct. In vitro cytotoxicity assays performed against a panel of four human cancer cell lines have shown that both compounds are more active than oxaliplatin. Flow cytometry studies on HCT116 cells showed that the pyrophosphato compounds with the non-classical 1,3- and 1,4-diaminocyclohexane ligands (1 and 4) are the most capable to induce cells' death by apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barbanente
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Laboratorio di Farmacologia Sperimentale, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, O. Flacco St., 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.M.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratorio di Farmacologia Sperimentale, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, O. Flacco St., 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.M.I.); (A.A.)
| | - James D. Hoeschele
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA;
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paride Papadia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Concetta Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (G.N.)
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Barbanente A, Nadar RA, Esposti LD, Palazzo B, Iafisco M, van den Beucken JJJP, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Margiotta N. Platinum-loaded, selenium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles selectively reduce proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells co-cultured in the presence of stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2792-2804. [PMID: 32159578 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic treatment of patients with bone tumors or bone metastases often leads to severe side effects such as high drug toxicity, lack of tumor specificity and induced drug resistance. A novel strategy to treat early stages of bone metastases involves local co-delivery of multiple chemotherapeutic agents to synergistically improve the curative effect and overcome shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy. Herein we show that selenite-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles loaded with a hydroxyapatite-binding anti-tumor platinum complex (PtPP-HASe) selectively reduce proliferation of cancer cells without reducing proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. These PtPP-HASe particles were nanocrystalline with selenium (Se) and platinum (Pt) contents ranging between 0-10 and 1.5-3 wt%, respectively. Release kinetics of Se and Pt from PtPP-HASe nanoparticles resulted in a cumulative release of ∼10 and ∼66 wt% after 7 days, respectively. At a Pt/Se ratio of 8, released Pt and Se species selectively reduced cell number of human prostate (PC3) and human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by a factor of >10 with limited effects on co-cultured human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSc). These novel nanoparticles demonstrate high anti-cancer selectivity, which offers ample opportunities for the design of novel biomaterials with potent and selective chemotherapeutic efficacy against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barbanente
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Robin A Nadar
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Degli Esposti
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Barbara Palazzo
- Ghimas S.p.A., c/o Distretto Tecnologico High Tech Scarl, Campus Ecotekne, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C G Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Hoeschele JD, Kasparkova J, Kostrhunova H, Novakova O, Pracharova J, Pineau P, Brabec V. Synthesis, antiproliferative activity in cancer cells and DNA interaction studies of [Pt(cis-1,3-diaminocycloalkane)Cl 2] analogs. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:913-924. [PMID: 32851480 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The search for more effective platinum anticancer drugs has led to the design, synthesis, and preclinical testing of hundreds of new platinum complexes. This search resulted in the recognition and subsequent FDA approval of the third-generation Pt(II) anticancer drug, [Pt(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)(oxalate)], oxaliplatin, as an effective agent in treating colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers. Another promising example of the class of anticancer platinum(II) complexes incorporating the Pt(1,n-diaminocycloalkane) moiety is kiteplatin ([Pt(cis-1,4-DACH)Cl2], DACH = diaminocyclohexane). We report here our progress in evaluating the role of the cycloalkyl moiety in these complexes focusing on the synthesis, characterization, evaluation of the antiproliferative activity in tumor cells and studies of the mechanism of action of new [Pt(cis-1,3-diaminocycloalkane)Cl2] complexes wherein the cis-1,3-diaminocycloalkane group contains the cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl moieties. We demonstrate that [Pt(cis-1,3-DACH)Cl2] destroys cancer cells with greater efficacy than the other two investigated 1,3-diamminocycloalkane derivatives, or cisplatin. Moreover, the investigated [Pt(cis-1,3-diaminocycloalkane)Cl2] complexes show selectivity toward tumor cells relative to non-tumorigenic normal cells. We also performed several mechanistic studies in cell-free media focused on understanding some early steps in the mechanism of antitumor activity of bifunctional platinum(II) complexes. Our data indicate that reactivities of the investigated [Pt(cis-1,3-diaminocycloalkane)Cl2] complexes and cisplatin with glutathione and DNA binding do not correlate with antiproliferative activity of these platinum(II) complexes in cancer cells. In contrast, we show that the higher antiproliferative activity in cancer cells of [Pt(cis-1,3-DACH)Cl2] originates from its highest hydrophobicity and most efficient cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Hoeschele
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Novakova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Pineau
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Nadar RA, Asokan N, Degli Esposti L, Curci A, Barbanente A, Schlatt L, Karst U, Iafisco M, Margiotta N, Brand M, van den Beucken JJJP, Bornhäuser M, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Preclinical evaluation of platinum-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13582-13594. [PMID: 32555916 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles are commonly used as building blocks in the design of bone-substituting biomaterials. Recently, these nanoparticles have been considered for the treatment of metastasis disease, since their pH-dependent dissolution behavior allows for precise tuning of release kinetics of loaded cargo. Herein we show that the capacity of drug-loaded nanoparticles stabilized with citrate ions reduce cancer cell survival in an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model. In particular, in vitro studies demonstrate that PtPP-loaded HA nanoparticles exhibit anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cells at reduced pH. In vivo studies using an embryonic zebrafish xenograft model reveal that PtPP co-delivered with human breast cancer cells strongly reduce cancer cell survival. Similarly, co-injection of breast cancer cells with citrate-functionalized and PtPP-loaded HA nanoparticles into zebrafish significantly reduces survival of cancer cells due to release of chemotherapeutically active kiteplatin species. These results demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles against human breast cancer cells in a xenogenic embryonic in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Nadar
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Hreusová M, Nováková O, Kostrhunová H, Prachařová J, Brabec V, Kašpárková J. DNA modification by cisplatin-like Pt(II) complexes containing 1,1′-binaphtyl-2,2′-diamine ligand does not correlate with their antiproliferative activity in cancer cells. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ge X, Liu X, Tian Z, Chen S, Liu X, Guo L, Gong P, Ling B, Yuan X, Liu Z. Half‐sandwich Ruthenium (II) complexes with triphenylamine modified dipyridine skeleton and application in biology/luminescence imaging. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Ge
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xicheng Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shujiao Chen
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Peiwei Gong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Baoping Ling
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xiang‐Ai Yuan
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
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Barbanente A, Gandin V, Ditaranto N, Marzano C, Hoeschele JD, Suranna GP, Papadia P, Natile G, Margiotta N. A Pt(IV) prodrug of kiteplatin with the bone-targeting pyrophosphate ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pages BJ, Sakoff J, Gilbert J, Zhang Y, Kelly SM, Hoeschele JD, Aldrich-Wright JR. Combining the platinum(ii) drug candidate kiteplatin with 1,10-phenanthroline analogues. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2156-2163. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug candidate kiteplatin has been combined with analogues of 1,10-phenanthroline, and the DNA affinity and cytotoxicity have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Pages
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- Western Sydney University
- Campbelltown
- Australia
| | | | | | - Yingjie Zhang
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Kirrawee DC
- Australia
| | - Sharon M. Kelly
- Institute of Molecular
- Cell and Systems Biology
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Sciences
- University of Glasgow
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