1
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Meng T, Xu Z, Wang HJ, Huang J, Wen JL, Huang MP, Zhou CY, Zhong JP. Mitochondria-localizing triphenylphosphine-8-hydroxyquinoline Ru complexes induce ferroptosis and their antitumor evaluation. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112585. [PMID: 38718498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are one of the most promising anticancer drugs and ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death, the study on the effect of Ru complexes on ferroptosis is helpful to find more effective antitumor drugs. Here, the synthesis and characterization of two Ru complexes containing 8-hydroxylquinoline and triphenylphosphine as ligands, [Ru(L1) (PPh3)2Cl2] (Ru-1), [Ru(L2) (PPh3)2Cl2] (Ru-2), were reported. Complexes Ru-1 ∼ Ru-2 showed good anticancer activity in Hep-G2 cells. Researches indicated that complexes Ru-1 ∼ Ru-2 could be enriched and appear as red fluorescence in the mitochondria, arouse dysfunction of mitochondria, induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), while the morphology of nuclei and cell apoptosis had no significant change. Further experiments proved that GPX4 and Ferritin were down-regulated, which eventually triggered ferroptosis in Hep-G2 cells. Remarkably, Ru-1 showed high inhibitory activity against xenograft tumor growth in vivo (TGIR = 49%). This study shows that the complex Ru-1 could act as a novel drug candidate by triggering cell ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Meng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Han-Jie Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jia-Li Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mei-Ping Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Jing-Ping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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2
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Riisom M, Morrow SJ, Herbert CD, Tremlett WDJ, Astin JW, Jamieson SMF, Hartinger CG. In vitro and in vivo accumulation of the anticancer Ru complexes [Ru II(cym)(HQ)Cl] and [Ru II(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:767-775. [PMID: 37962611 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The cellular accumulation and the underlying mechanisms for the two ruthenium-based anticancer complexes [RuII(cym)(HQ)Cl] 1 (cym = η6-p-cymene, HQ = 8-hydroxyquinoline) and [RuII(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl 2 (PCA = N-fluorophenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamide) were investigated in HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. The results showed that the cellular accumulation of both complexes increased over time and with higher concentrations, and that 2 accumulates in greater quantities in cells than 1. Inhibition studies of selected cellular accumulation mechanisms indicated that both 1 and 2 may be transported into the cells by both passive diffusion and active transporters, similar to cisplatin. Efflux experiments indicated that 1 and 2 are subjected to efflux through a mechanism that does not involve p-glycoprotein, as addition of verapamil did not make any difference. Exploring the influence of the Cu transporter by addition of CuCl2 resulted in a higher accumulation of 1 and 2 whilst the amount of Pt detected was slightly reduced when cells were treated with cisplatin. Complexes 1 and 2 were further explored in zebrafish where accumulation and distribution were determined with ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS. The results correlated with the in vitro observations and zebrafish treated with 2 showed higher Ru contents than those treated with 1. The distribution studies suggested that both complexes mainly accumulated in the intestines of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stuart J Morrow
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin D Herbert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - William D J Tremlett
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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3
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Riisom M, Jamieson SMF, Hartinger CG. Critical evaluation of cell lysis methods for metallodrug studies in cancer cells. Metallomics 2023; 15:mfad048. [PMID: 37596065 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation studies are a key step in metallodrug development but often variable results are obtained. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate different protocols for efficient and reproducible lysis of cancer cells in terms of protein content in lysates and in cell uptake studies of the Ru anticancer complex [chlorido(8-oxyquinolinato)(η6-p-cymene)ruthenium(II)] ([Ru(cym)(HQ)Cl]). The physical lysis methods osmosis and sonication were chosen for comparison with chemical lysis with the radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer. Based on the protein content and the total Ru accumulated in the lysates, the latter determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, RIPA buffer was the most efficient lysis method. Measurements of plastic adsorption blanks revealed that the higher Ru content determined in the RIPA buffer lysis samples may be due a higher amount of Ru extracted from the plastic incubation plates compared with osmosis and sonication. Overall, we found that the choice of lysis method needs to be matched to the information sought and we suggest the least disruptive osmosis method might be the best choice for labile drug-biomolecule adducts. Minimal differences were found for experiments aimed at measuring the overall cell uptake of the Ru complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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4
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Kumar S, Riisom M, Jamieson SMF, Kavianinia I, Harris PWR, Metzler-Nolte N, Brimble MA, Hartinger CG. On-Resin Conjugation of the Ruthenium Anticancer Agent Plecstatin-1 to Peptide Vectors. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14310-14317. [PMID: 37611203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium piano-stool complexes have been explored for their anticancer activity and some promising compounds have been reported. Herein, we conjugated a derivative of plecstatin-1 to peptides in order to increase their cancer cell targeting ability. For this purpose, plecstatin-1 was modified at the arene ligand to introduce a functional amine handle (3), which resulted in a compound that showed similar activity in an in vitro anticancer activity assay. The cell-penetrating peptide TAT48-60, tumor-targeting neurotensin8-13, and plectin-targeting peptide were functionalized with succinyl or β-Ala-succinyl linkers under standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) conditions to spatially separate the peptide backbones from the bioactive metal complexes. These modifications allowed for conjugating precursor 3 to the peptides on resin yielding the desired metal-peptide conjugates (MPCs), as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). The MPCs were studied for their behavior in aqueous solution and under acidic conditions and resembled that of the parent compound plecstatin-1. In in vitro anticancer activity studies in a small panel of cancer cell lines, the TAT-based MPCs showed the highest activity, while the other MPCs were virtually inactive. However, the MPCs were significantly less active than the small molecules plecstatin-1 and 3, which can be explained by the reduced cell uptake as determined by inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP-MS). Although the MPCs did not display potent anticancer activities, the developed conjugation strategy can be extended toward other metal complexes, which may be able to utilize the targeting properties of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saawan Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Iman Kavianinia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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5
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Kljun J, Rebernik M, Balsa LM, Kladnik J, Rapuš U, Trobec T, Sepčić K, Frangež R, León IE, Turel I. Exploring pta Alternatives in the Development of Ruthenium-Arene Anticancer Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062499. [PMID: 36985471 PMCID: PMC10058425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoruthenium pyrithione (1-hydroxypyridine-2-thione) complexes have been shown in our recent studies to be a promising family of compounds for development of new anticancer drugs. The complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(pyrithionato)(pta)]PF6 contains phosphine ligand pta (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) as a functionality that improves the stability of the complex and its aqueous solubility. Here, we report our efforts to find pta alternatives and discover new structural elements to improve the biological properties of ruthenium anticancer drugs. The pta ligand was replaced by a selection of phosphine, phosphite, and arsine ligands to identify new functionalities, leading to improvement in inhibitory potency towards enzyme glutathione S-transferase. In addition, cytotoxicity in breast, bone, and colon cancers was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Rebernik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucía M Balsa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N°1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Rapuš
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N°1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Novel 4-/5-bromo-8-hydroxyquinoline cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as highly potent anticancer and bioimaging agents. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Pivarcsik T, Dömötör O, Mészáros JP, May NV, Spengler G, Csuvik O, Szatmári I, Enyedy ÉA. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-Amino Acid Hybrids and Their Half-Sandwich Rh and Ru Complexes: Synthesis, Anticancer Activities, Solution Chemistry and Interaction with Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011281. [PMID: 34681939 PMCID: PMC8570331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution chemical properties of two novel 8-hydroxyquinoline-D-proline and homo-proline hybrids were investigated along with their complex formation with [Rh(η5-C5Me5)(H2O)3]2+ and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(H2O)3]2+ ions by pH-potentiometry, UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Due to the zwitterionic structure of the ligands, they possess excellent water solubility as well as their complexes. The complexes exhibit high solution stability in a wide pH range; no significant dissociation occurs at physiological pH. The hybrids and their Rh(η5-C5Me5) complexes displayed enhanced cytotoxicity in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines and exhibited multidrug resistance selectivity. In addition, the Rh(η5-C5Me5) complexes showed increased selectivity to the chemosensitive cancer cells over the normal cells; meanwhile, the Ru(η6-p-cymene) complexes were inactive, most likely due to arene loss. Interaction of the complexes with human serum albumin (HSA) and calf-thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was investigated by capillary electrophoresis, fluorometry and circular dichroism. The complexes are able to bind strongly to HSA and ct-DNA, but DNA cleavage was not observed. Changing the five-membered proline ring to the six-membered homoproline resulted in increased lipophilicity and cytotoxicity of the Rh(η5-C5Me5) complexes while changing the configuration (L vs. D) rather has an impact on HSA or ct-DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János P. Mészáros
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra V. May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis U. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Oszkár Csuvik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös U. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (O.C.); (I.S.)
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös U. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (O.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lee BYT, Sullivan MP, Yano E, Tong KKH, Hanif M, Kawakubo-Yasukochi T, Jamieson SMF, Soehnel T, Goldstone DC, Hartinger CG. Anthracenyl Functionalization of Half-Sandwich Carbene Complexes: In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Reactions with Biomolecules. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14636-14644. [PMID: 34528438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are widely investigated in medicinal inorganic chemistry. Here, we report the preparation and characterization of a series of half-sandwich [M(L)(NHC)Cl2] (M = Ru, Os, Rh, Ir; L = cym/Cp*) complexes with a N-flanking anthracenyl moiety attached to imidazole- and benzimidazole-derived NHC ligands. The anticancer activity of the complexes was investigated in cell culture studies where, in comparison to a Rh derivative with an all-carbon-donor-atom-based ligand (5a), they were found to be cytotoxic with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. The Ru derivative 1a was chosen as a representative for stability studies as well as for biomolecule interaction experiments. It underwent partial chlorido/aqua ligand exchange in DMSO-d6/D2O to rapidly form an equilibrium in aqueous media. The reactions of 1a with biomolecules proceeded quickly and resulted in the formation of adducts with amino acids, DNA, and protein. Hen egg white lysozyme crystals were soaked with 1a, and the crystallographic analysis revealed an interaction with an l-aspartic acid residue (Asp119), resulting in the cleavage of the p-cymene ligand but the retention of the NHC moiety. Cell morphology studies for the Rh analog 3a suggested that the cytotoxicity is exerted via mechanisms different from that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ena Yano
- OBT (Oral Health-Brain Health-Total Health) Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoyo Kawakubo-Yasukochi
- OBT (Oral Health-Brain Health-Total Health) Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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9
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Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Özcan E, Uslu A. Effect of the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Pendants on Physicochemical Properties: Applications Based on Cyclotriphosphazene Core. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Özcan
- Department of Chemistry Gebze Technical University Gebze 41400, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Aylin Uslu
- Department of Chemistry Gebze Technical University Gebze 41400, Kocaeli Turkey
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11
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Conti L, Mengoni A, Giacomazzo GE, Mari L, Perfetti M, Fagorzi C, Sorace L, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Exploring the potential of highly charged Ru(II)- and heteronuclear Ru(II)/Cu(II)-polypyridyl complexes as antimicrobial agents. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 220:111467. [PMID: 33932708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial potential of two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(phen)2L1]2+ and [Ru(phen)2L2]2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) containing the 4,4'-(2,5,8,11,14-pentaaza[15])-2,2'-bipyridilophane (L1) and the 4,4'-bis-[methylen-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)]-2,2' bipyridine (L2) units, is herein investigated. These peculiar polyamine frameworks afford the formation of highly charged species in solution, influence the DNA-binding and cleavage properties of compounds, but they do not undermine their singlet oxygen sensitizing capacities, thus making these complexes attractive 1O2 generators in aqueous solution. L1 and L2 also permit to stably host Fenton -active Cu2+ ion/s, leading to the formation of mixed Ru2+/Cu2+ forms capable to further strengthen the oxidative damages to biological targets. Herein, following a characterization of the Cu2+ binding ability by [Ru(phen)2L2]2+, the water-octanol distribution coefficients, the DNA binding, cleavage and 1O2 sensitizing properties of [Ru(phen)2L2]2+ and [Cu2Ru(phen)2L2]6+ were analysed and compared with those of [Ru(phen)2L1]2+ and [CuRu(phen)2L1]4+. The antimicrobial activity of all compounds was evaluated against B. subtilis, chosen as a model for gram-positive bacteria, both under dark and upon light-activation. Our results unveil a notable phototoxicity of [Ru(phen)2L2]2+ and [Cu2Ru(phen)2L2]6+, with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentrations) values of 3.12 μM. This study highlights that the structural characteristics of polyamine ligands gathered on highly charged Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes are versatile tools that can be exploited to achieve enhanced antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mauro Perfetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sorace
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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12
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Yano E, Riisom M, Tong KKH, Hanif M, Leung E, Hartinger CG. Tracing the anticancer compound [Ru II(η 6-p-cymene)(8-oxyquinolinato)Cl] in a biological environment by mass spectrometric methods. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1463-1469. [PMID: 33683234 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based complexes have attracted attention as promising anticancer candidates due to their lower general toxicity than the widely used platinum drugs. The complex [RuII(η6-p-cymene)(8-oxyquinolinato)Cl] 1 has shown significant cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, independent of the cellular uptake. In an attempt to rationalize this finding, we investigated the fate of 1 in cells as well as developed an analysis method for 1 and its derivatives based on molecular mass spectrometry. The methods were applied for the analysis of cell medium and HCT116 human colorectal cancer cell lysate samples. The amount of Ru detected in cell lysate after treatment with 1 by ICP-MS was virtually time-independent, while the Ru content in the cell pellet increased significantly over the course of 24 h. The compound was still detectable by LC-ESI-TOF-MS after 24 h in cell lysate as its [1- Cl]+ ion that may be formed directly from 1 or after a chlorido-aqua ligand exchange reaction facilitated in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Yano
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Science Centre Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Nain‐Perez A, Barbosa LCA, Araujo MH, Martins JPA, Takahashi JA, Oliveira G, Diniz R, Heller L, Hoenke S, Csuk R. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Ruthenium‐
p
‐cymene Complexes with 2‐Methylquinolin‐8‐ol Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalyn Nain‐Perez
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296, Göteborg Sweden
| | - Luiz C. A. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Viçosa Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Maria H. Araujo
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
| | - João P. A. Martins
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
| | - Jacqueline A. Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
| | - Geane Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
| | - Renata Diniz
- Department of Chemistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627. Campus Pampulha. CEP 31270-901. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
| | - Lucie Heller
- Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str.2. D-06120 Halle (Saale Germany
| | - Sophie Hoenke
- Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str.2. D-06120 Halle (Saale Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str.2. D-06120 Halle (Saale Germany
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14
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Impact of the Metal Center and Leaving Group on the Anticancer Activity of Organometallic Complexes of Pyridine-2-carbothioamide. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040833. [PMID: 33562622 PMCID: PMC7914729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RuII(cym)Cl (cym = η6-p-cymene) complexes of pyridinecarbothioamides have shown potential for development as orally active anticancer metallodrugs, underlined by their high selectivity towards plectin as the molecular target. In order to investigate the impact of the metal center on the anticancer activity and their physicochemical properties, the Os(cym), Rh- and Ir(Cp*) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) analogues of the most promising and orally active compound plecstatin 2 were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction analysis. Dissolution in aqueous medium results in quick ligand exchange reactions; however, over time no further changes in the 1H NMR spectra were observed. The Rh- and Ir(Cp*) complexes were investigated for their reactions with amino acids, and while they reacted with Cys, no reaction with His was observed. Studies on the in vitro anticancer activity identified the Ru derivatives as the most potent, independent of their halido leaving group, while the Rh derivative was more active than the Ir analogue. This demonstrates that the metal center has a significant impact on the anticancer activity of the compound class.
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15
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Gupta R, Luxami V, Paul K. Insights of 8-hydroxyquinolines: A novel target in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104633. [PMID: 33513476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) is a significant heterocyclic scaffold in organic and analytical chemistry because of the properties of chromophore and is used to detect various metal ions and anions. But from the last 2 decades, this moiety has been drawn great attention of medicinal chemists due to its significant biological activities. Synthetic modification of 8-hydroxyquinoline is under exploration on large scale to develop more potent target-based broad spectrum drug molecules for the treatment of several life-threatening diseases such as anti-cancer, HIV, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Metal chelation properties of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its derivatives also make these potent drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. This review comprises 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives reported in the literature in last five years (2016-2020) and we anticipate that it will assist medicinal chemists in the synthesis of novel and pharmacologically potent agents for various therapeutic targets, mainly anti-proliferative, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral as well as for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Gupta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004, India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147 004, India.
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16
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Mészáros JP, Poljarević JM, Szatmári I, Csuvik O, Fülöp F, Szoboszlai N, Spengler G, Enyedy ÉA. An 8-hydroxyquinoline-proline hybrid with multidrug resistance reversal activity and the solution chemistry of its half-sandwich organometallic Ru and Rh complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7977-7992. [PMID: 32500882 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein the design and synthesis of a new 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative, (S)-5-chloro-7-((proline-1-yl)methyl)8-hydroxyquinoline (HQCl-Pro), with good water solubility and multidrug resistance reversal activity are reported. In this work the proton dissociation processes of HQCl-Pro and its complex formation with [Rh(η5-C5Me5)(H2O)3]2+, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(H2O)3]2+ and [Ru(η6-toluene)(H2O)3]2+ were investigated by the combined use of pH-potentiometry, UV-visible spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Our results revealed the prominent solution stability of the complexes in all cases. The lipophilicity of the complexes increased with the chloride ion concentration, and the complexes showed moderate log D values (-0.8 to +0.4) at pH 7.4 at all tested Cl- concentrations. The formation of mixed hydroxido complexes from the aqua complexes was characterized by relatively high pKa values (8.45-9.62 in chloride-free medium). Complexation processes are much slower with the Ru(η6-arene) triaqua cations than with [Rh(η5-C5Me5)(H2O)3]2+. Both the pKa values and H2O/Cl- exchange constants of the Ru-complexes are lower by 0.5-1.0 orders of magnitude than those of the Rh analogue. Arene loss (p-cymene and toluene) and oxidation were found in the case of Ru-complexes when an excess of HQCl-Pro and aromatic (N,N) bidentate ligands was added. The cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effect of HQCl-Pro and its complexes were assayed in vitro. In contrast to the structurally familiar 8-hydroxyquinoline, HQCl-Pro and its Rh(η5-C5Me5) complex were somewhat more effective against drug resistant Colo 320 adenocarcinoma human cells compared to the drug sensitive Colo 205 cells. The Ru- and Rh-complexes showed a similar metal uptake level after 4 h, while a longer incubation time resulted in higher cellular Rh concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- János P Mészáros
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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17
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Hanif M, Hartinger CG. From the hypothesis-driven development of organometallic anticancer drugs to new methods in mode of action studies. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Gozzi M, Murganic B, Drača D, Popp J, Coburger P, Maksimović‐Ivanić D, Mijatović S, Hey‐Hawkins E. Quinoline-Conjugated Ruthenacarboranes: Toward Hybrid Drugs with a Dual Mode of Action. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:2061-2074. [PMID: 31675152 PMCID: PMC6973020 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of autophagy in cancer is often complex, ranging from tumor-promoting to -suppressing effects. In this study, two novel hybrid molecules were designed, containing a ruthenacarborane fragment conjugated with a known modulator of autophagy, namely a quinoline derivative. The complex closo-[3-(η6 -p-cymene)-1-(quinolin-8-yl-acetate)-3,1,2-RuC2 B9 H10 ] (4) showed a dual mode of action against the LN229 (human glioblastoma) cell line, where it inhibited tumor-promoting autophagy, and strongly inhibited cell proliferation, de facto blocking cellular division. These results, together with the tendency to spontaneously form nanoparticles in aqueous solution, make complex 4 a very promising drug candidate for further studies in vivo, for the treatment of autophagy-prone glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gozzi
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
| | - Blagoje Murganic
- National Institute of Republic of Serbia Department of Immunology Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”University of BelgradeBul. despota Stefana 14211060BelgradeSerbia
| | - Dijana Drača
- National Institute of Republic of Serbia Department of Immunology Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”University of BelgradeBul. despota Stefana 14211060BelgradeSerbia
| | - John Popp
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
| | - Peter Coburger
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
| | - Danijela Maksimović‐Ivanić
- National Institute of Republic of Serbia Department of Immunology Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”University of BelgradeBul. despota Stefana 14211060BelgradeSerbia
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- National Institute of Republic of Serbia Department of Immunology Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”University of BelgradeBul. despota Stefana 14211060BelgradeSerbia
| | - Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
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19
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El Faydy M, Benhiba F, Lakhrissi B, Touhami ME, Warad I, Bentiss F, Zarrouk A. The inhibitive impact of both kinds of 5-isothiocyanatomethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives on the corrosion of carbon steel in acidic electrolyte. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Mono- and binuclear Ru(II) arene complexes with (fluoro substituted) picolinic acid: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Tremlett WD, Tong KK, Steel TR, Movassaghi S, Hanif M, Jamieson SM, Söhnel T, Hartinger CG. Hydroxyquinoline-derived anticancer organometallics: Introduction of amphiphilic PTA as an ancillary ligand increases their aqueous solubility. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 199:110768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Mitrović A, Kljun J, Sosič I, Uršič M, Meden A, Gobec S, Kos J, Turel I. Organoruthenated Nitroxoline Derivatives Impair Tumor Cell Invasion through Inhibition of Cathepsin B Activity. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12334-12347. [PMID: 31464130 PMCID: PMC6751773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lysosomal
cysteine peptidase cathepsin B (catB) is an important tumor-promoting
factor involved in tumor progression and metastasis representing a
relevant target for the development of new antitumor agents. In the
present study, we synthesized 11 ruthenium compounds bearing either
the clinical agent nitroxoline that was previously identified as potent
selective reversible inhibitor of catB activity or its derivatives.
We demonstrated that organoruthenation is a viable strategy for obtaining
highly effective and specific inhibitors of catB endo- and exopeptidase
activity, as shown using enzyme kinetics and microscale thermophoresis.
Furthermore, we showed that the novel metallodrugs by catB inhibition
significantly impair processes of tumor progression in in vitro cell
based functional assays at low noncytotoxic concentrations. Generally,
by using metallodrugs we observed an improvement in catB inhibition,
a reduction of extracellular matrix degradation and tumor cell invasion
in comparison to free ligands, and a correlation with the reactivity
of the monodentate halide leaving ligand. Eleven ruthenium
compounds bearing either the clinical agent nitroxoline or its potent
cathepsin B (catB) inhibiting derivatives were evaluated as antimetastatic
agents. We demonstrated that organoruthenation is a viable strategy
for obtaining highly effective and specific inhibitors of catB activities,
as shown using enzyme kinetics and microscale thermophoresis. Furthermore,
we showed that the novel metallodrugs significantly impair processes
of tumor progression in in vitro cell based functional assays at low
noncytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mitrović
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva c. 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova c. 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva c. 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Matija Uršič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Anton Meden
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva c. 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva c. 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova c. 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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23
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Muralisankar M, Dheepika R, Haribabu J, Balachandran C, Aoki S, Bhuvanesh NSP, Nagarajan S. Design, Synthesis, DNA/HSA Binding, and Cytotoxic Activity of Half-Sandwich Ru(II)-Arene Complexes Containing Triarylamine-Thiosemicarbazone Hybrids. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11712-11723. [PMID: 31460277 PMCID: PMC6682138 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organoruthenium complexes are potent alternatives for platinum-based complexes because of their superior anticancer activity. In this investigation, a series of new Ru(II)-arene complexes with triarylamine-thiosemicarbazone hybrid ligands with higher anticancer activity than cisplatin are reported. The molecular structure of the ligands and complexes was confirmed spectroscopically and supported by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. These complexes adopted a three-leg piano stool geometry. All the Ru(II)-arene complexes were systematically investigated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human cervical (HeLa S3), lung (A549) cancer, and human normal lung (IMR-90) cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Interestingly, a pyrrolidine-attached Ru(II)-benzene complex exhibited superior activity against cancer cells with low IC50 values, and colony formation study showed complete inhibition at 5 and 10 μM concentration. Furthermore, morphological changes assessed by acridine orange and propidium iodide staining revealed that the cell death occurred by apoptosis. In addition, the interaction between synthesized Ru(II)-arene complexes and DNA/protein was explored by absorption and emission spectroscopy methods. These synthesized new organoruthenium complexes can be used for developing new metal-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute
of Science and
Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chandrasekar Balachandran
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute
of Science and
Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute
of Science and
Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | | | - Samuthira Nagarajan
- Department
of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil
Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
- E-mail:
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24
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Pape VFS, May NV, Gál GT, Szatmári I, Szeri F, Fülöp F, Szakács G, Enyedy ÉA. Impact of copper and iron binding properties on the anticancer activity of 8-hydroxyquinoline derived Mannich bases. Dalton Trans 2019; 47:17032-17045. [PMID: 30460942 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of 8-hydroxyquinolines relies on complex formation with redox active copper and iron ions. Here we employ UV-visible spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy to compare proton dissociation and complex formation processes of the reference compound 8-hydroxyquinoline (Q-1) and three related Mannich bases to reveal possible correlations with biological activity. The studied derivatives harbor a CH2-N moiety at position 7 linked to morpholine (Q-2), piperidine (Q-3), and chlorine and fluorobenzylamino (Q-4) substituents. Solid phase structures of Q-3, Q-4·HCl·H2O, [(Cu(HQ-2)2)2]·(CH3OH)2·Cl4·(H2O)2, [Cu(Q-3)2]·Cl2 and [Cu(HQ-4)2(CH3OH)]·ZnCl4·CH3OH were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the redox properties of the copper and iron complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and the direct reaction with physiologically relevant reductants (glutathione and ascorbic acid) was monitored. In vitro cytotoxicity studies conducted with the human uterine sarcoma MES-SA/Dx5 cell line reveal the significant cytotoxicity of Q-2, Q-3, and Q-4 in the sub- to low micromolar range (IC50 values 0.2-3.3 μM). Correlation analysis of the anticancer activity and the metal binding properties of the compound series indicates that, at physiological pH, weaker copper(ii) and iron(iii) binding results in elevated toxicity (e.g.Q4: pCu = 13.0, pFe = 6.8, IC50 = 0.2 μM vs.Q1: pCu = 15.1, pFe = 13.0 IC50 = 2.5 μM). Although the studied 8-hydroxyquinolines preferentially bind copper(ii) over iron(iii), the cyclic voltammetry data revealed that the more cytotoxic ligands preferentially stabilize the lower oxidation state of the metal ions. A linear relationship between the pKa (OH) and IC50 values of the studied 8-hydroxyquinolines was found. In summary, we identify Q-4 as a potent and selective anticancer candidate with significant toxicity in drug resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika F S Pape
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Nandanwar SK, Kim HJ. Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity of Transition Metal Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sondavid K. Nandanwar
- Department of Marine Convergence ProgramPukyong National University Busan 48513 Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of ChemistryPukyong National University Busan 48513 Republic of Korea
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26
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Kenny RG, Marmion CJ. Toward Multi-Targeted Platinum and Ruthenium Drugs-A New Paradigm in Cancer Drug Treatment Regimens? Chem Rev 2019; 119:1058-1137. [PMID: 30640441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While medicinal inorganic chemistry has been practised for over 5000 years, it was not until the late 1800s when Alfred Werner published his ground-breaking research on coordination chemistry that we began to truly understand the nature of the coordination bond and the structures and stereochemistries of metal complexes. We can now readily manipulate and fine-tune their properties. This had led to a multitude of complexes with wide-ranging biomedical applications. This review will focus on the use and potential of metal complexes as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. With major advances in technologies and a deeper understanding of the human genome, we are now in a strong position to more fully understand carcinogenesis at a molecular level. We can now also rationally design and develop drug molecules that can either selectively enhance or disrupt key biological processes and, in doing so, optimize their therapeutic potential. This has heralded a new era in drug design in which we are moving from a single- toward a multitargeted approach. This approach lies at the very heart of medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this review, we have endeavored to showcase how a "multitargeted" approach to drug design has led to new families of metallodrugs which may not only reduce systemic toxicities associated with modern day chemotherapeutics but also address resistance issues that are plaguing many chemotherapeutic regimens. We have focused our attention on metallodrugs incorporating platinum and ruthenium ions given that complexes containing these metal ions are already in clinical use or have advanced to clinical trials as anticancer agents. The "multitargeted" complexes described herein not only target DNA but also contain either vectors to enable them to target cancer cells selectively and/or moieties that target enzymes, peptides, and intracellular proteins. Multitargeted complexes which have been designed to target the mitochondria or complexes inspired by natural product activity are also described. A summary of advances in this field over the past decade or so will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Kenny
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Celine J Marmion
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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27
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K.S. N, Eswaran J, M. T, Nattamai S.P B, M.A. N, Velusamy KM. Organoruthenium (II) complexes featuring pyrazole-linked Schiff base ligands: Crystal structure, DNA/BSA interactions, cytotoxicity and molecular docking. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neethu K.S.
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore 641 046 India
| | - Jayanthi Eswaran
- Department of Chemistry; Kongunadu Arts and Science College; Coimbatore 641049 India
| | - Theetharappan M.
- Chemistry Research Centre, National Engineering College; K. R. Nagar, Kovilpatti 628503 Thoothukudi District Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Neelakantan M.A.
- Chemistry Research Centre, National Engineering College; K. R. Nagar, Kovilpatti 628503 Thoothukudi District Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kaveri M. Velusamy
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore 641 046 India
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28
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Biggs GS, O'Neill MJ, Carames Mendez P, Scrase TG, Lin Y, Bin-Maarof AM, Bond AD, Boss SR, Barker PD. Use of a fluorinated probe to quantitatively monitor amino acid binding preferences of ruthenium(ii) arene complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6910-6920. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Speciation of Ru(ii) arene complexes in mixtures of amino acids with coordinating sidechains is easily resolved by 19F NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Biggs
- University of Cambridge
- Chemistry Department
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Michael J. O'Neill
- University of Cambridge
- Chemistry Department
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
| | | | | | - Yulu Lin
- University of Cambridge
- Chemistry Department
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | - Andrew D. Bond
- University of Cambridge
- Chemistry Department
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Sally R. Boss
- University of Cambridge
- Chemistry Department
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Paul D. Barker
- University of Cambridge
- Chemistry Department
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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29
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Movassaghi S, Leung E, Hanif M, Lee BYT, Holtkamp HU, Tu JKY, Söhnel T, Jamieson SMF, Hartinger CG. A Bioactive l-Phenylalanine-Derived Arene in Multitargeted Organoruthenium Compounds: Impact on the Antiproliferative Activity and Mode of Action. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8521-8529. [PMID: 29949354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RuII(η6-arene) compounds carrying bioactive flavonol ligands have shown promising anticancer activity against tumor cells via a multitargeting mode of action, i.e., through interaction with DNA and inhibition of topoisomerase IIα. By introducing a novel arene ligand based on the amino acid l-phenylalanine (Phe), we aimed to alter the pharmacological properties of the complexes. We report here a series of novel RuII(η6-arene)Cl complexes with different substituents on the phenyl ring of the flavonol which should maintain the multitargeting capability of the parent η6- p-cymene (cym) complexes. Studies with selected examples revealed stability in aqueous solution after quickly forming aqua complexes but rapid decomposition in pure DMSO. The reactions with protein and DNA models proceeded quickly and resulted in cleavage of the flavonol or adduct formation, respectively. The compounds were found to be cytotoxic with significant antiproliferative activity in cancer cells with IC50 values in the low μM range, while not following the same trends as observed for the cym analogues. Notably, the cellular accumulation of the new derivatives was significantly higher than for their respective cym complexes, and they induced DNA damage in a manner similar to that of cisplatin but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Movassaghi
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Betty Y T Lee
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Hannah U Holtkamp
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Jason K Y Tu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
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30
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Movassaghi S, Singh S, Mansur A, Tong KKH, Hanif M, Holtkamp HU, Söhnel T, Jamieson SMF, Hartinger CG. (Pyridin-2-yl)-NHC Organoruthenium Complexes: Antiproliferative Properties and Reactivity toward Biomolecules. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Movassaghi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sukhjit Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Aewan Mansur
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin K. H. Tong
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hannah U. Holtkamp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M. F. Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Giringer K, Holtkamp HU, Movassaghi S, Tremlett WDJ, Lam NYS, Kubanik M, Hartinger CG. Analysis of ruthenium anticancer agents by MEEKC-UV and MEEKC-ICP-MS: Impact of structural motifs on lipophilicity and biological activity. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1201-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Giringer
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hannah U. Holtkamp
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Sanam Movassaghi
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Nelson Y. S. Lam
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mario Kubanik
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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