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Geldenhuys G, Orasche J, Jakobi G, Zimmermann R, Forbes PBC. Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted During Preharvest Burning of Sugar Cane in Different Regions of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:778-792. [PMID: 36718764 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a significant anthropogenic source of air pollution, including the preharvest burning of sugar cane. These burn events result in atmospheric emissions, including semivolatile organic compounds, that may have adverse impacts on air quality and human health on a local, regional, and even a global scale. Gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from various sugar cane burn events in the province of Kwa-Zulu Natal in South Africa were simultaneously sampled using a portable denuder sampling technology, consisting of a quartz fiber filter sandwiched between two polydimethylsiloxane multichannel traps. Total gas and particle phase PAH concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 9.85 µg m-3 per individual burn event, and nine PAHs were quantified. Over 85% of all PAHs were found to exist in the gas phase, with smaller two- and three-ring PAHs, primarily naphthalene, 1-methyl naphthalene, and acenaphthylene, being the most dominant and causing the majority of variance between the burn sites. The PAH profiles differed between the different burn events at different sites, emphasizing the significant influence that the crop variety, prevailing weather conditions, and geographical location has on the type and number of pollutants emitted. The potential carcinogenicity of the PAH exposure was estimated based on toxic equivalency factors that showed varying risk potentials per burn event, with the highest value of 5.97 ng m-3 . Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:778-792. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Geldenhuys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Processing Laboratory, Impala Platinum, Rustenburg, South Africa
- Skin Rejuvenation Technologies, Irene, South Africa
| | - J Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics," Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics," Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics," Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patricia B C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Binder S, Rastak N, Karg E, Huber A, Kuhn E, Dragan GC, Monsé C, Breuer D, Di Bucchianico S, Delaval MN, Oeder S, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. Construction of an In Vitro Air-Liquid Interface Exposure System to Assess the Toxicological Impact of Gas and Particle Phase of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds. TOXICS 2022; 10:730. [PMID: 36548563 PMCID: PMC9782028 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and industrialization render continuous human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) inevitable. Occupational monitoring and safety implementations consider the inhalation exposure of SVOCs as critically relevant. Due to the inherent properties of SVOCs as gas/particle mixtures, risk assessment strategies should consider particle size-segregated SVOC association and the relevance of released gas phase fractions. We constructed an in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system to study the distinct toxic effects of the gas and particle phases of the model SVOC dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in A549 human lung epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and genotoxic effects were measured by the alkaline and enzyme versions of the comet assay. Deposited doses were assessed by model calculations and chemical analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The novel ALI exposure system was successfully implemented and revealed the distinct genotoxic effects of the gas and particle phases of DBP. The empirical measurements of cellular deposition and the model calculations of the DBP particle phase were concordant.The model SVOC DBP showed that inferred oxidative DNA damage may be attributed to particle-related effects. While pure gas phase exposure may follow a distinct mechanism of genotoxicity, the contribution of the gas phase to total aerosol was comparably low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - George C. Dragan
- Berufsgenossenschaft Handel und Warenlogistik (BGHW), 80639 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Monsé
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietmar Breuer
- Institute of Occupational Safety of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathilde N. Delaval
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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Geldenhuys GL, Mason Y, Dragan GC, Zimmermann R, Forbes P. Novel Graphene Wool Gas Adsorbent for Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24765-24776. [PMID: 34604658 PMCID: PMC8482492 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in ambient air and occupational settings are of great concern due to their associated adverse human health and environmental impacts. Novel graphene wool samplers have been developed and tested to overcome limitations of commercially available sorbents that can only be used once and typically require solvent extraction. Graphene wool (GW) was synthesized by non-catalytic chemical vapor deposition with optimized conditions, resulting in a novel fibrous graphene wool that is very easy to manage and less rigid than other forms of graphene, lending itself to a wide range of potential applications. Here, the air pollutant sampling capabilities of the GW were of interest. The optimal packing weight of GW inside a glass tube (length 178 mm, i.d. 4 mm, o.d. 6 mm) was investigated by the adsorption of vaporized alkane standards on the GW, using a condensation aerosol generator in a temperature-controlled chamber and subsequent detection using a flame ionization detector. The optimized GW packing density was found to be 0.19 mg mm-3 at a flow rate of 500 mL min-1, which provided a gas collection efficiency of >90% for octane, decane, and hexadecane. The humidity uptake of the sampler is less than 1% (m/m) for ambient humidities <70%. Breakthrough studies showed the favorable adsorption of polar molecules, which is attributed to the defective nature of the graphene and the inhomogeneous coating of the graphene layers on the quartz wool, suggesting that the polar versus non-polar uptake potential of the GW can be tuned by varying the graphene layering on the quartz wool substrate during synthesis. Oxidized domains at the irregular edges of the graphene layers, due to a broken, non-pristine sp2 carbon network, allow for adsorption of polar molecules. The GW was applied and used in a combustion sampling campaign where the samplers proved to be comparable to frequently used polydimethylsiloxane sorbents in terms of sampling and thermal desorption of non-polar semivolatile organic compounds. The total alkane concentrations detected after thermal desorption of GW and PDMS samplers were found to be 17.96 ± 13.27 and 18.30 ± 16.42 μg m-3, respectively; thus, the difference in the alkane sampling concentration between the two sorbent systems was negligible. GW provides a new, exciting possibility for the monitoring of organic air pollutants with numerous advantages, including high sampling efficiencies, simple and cost-effective synthesis of the thermally stable GW, solvent-free and environmentally friendly analysis, and, importantly, the reusability of samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna-Leigh Geldenhuys
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road,
Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Processing
Laboratory, Impala Platinum Limited, 123 Bethlehem Drive, Rustenburg 0299, South Africa
| | - Yvonne Mason
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road,
Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - George C. Dragan
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group
“Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg D-85758, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group
“Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg D-85758, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - Patricia Forbes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road,
Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Kohlmeier V, Dragan GC, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Breuer D, Zimmermann R. Carbonaceous Monolithic Multi-Channel Denuders as Vapour-Particle Partitioning Tools for the Occupational Sampling of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:899-903. [PMID: 29897385 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Denuders are gas-particle partitioning tools and can be used in combination with filters and adsorbers for phase-separated collection of hazardous semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) aerosols. Here, we investigated the suitability of carbonaceous monolithic multi-channel denuders for this approach. Particle transmission efficiency through the denuders was investigated using particles of polystyrene latex (PSL) and droplets of n-hexadecane and diethylene glycol. The time-dependent vapour collection efficiency was analysed for n-hexadecane and diethylene glycol vapours and also compared to calculated predictions. Our measurements showed an averaged transmission efficiency of 97 ± 4.4% for PSL particles with diameters of 0.51, 0.99, 1.93, and 3.00 µm. Measurements with one denuder and 1.08, 1.98, and 2.97 µm particles consisting of n-hexadecane or diethylene glycol resulted in an averaged transmission efficiency of 99 ± 6.5%. Regarding the vapour collection efficiency at a flow rate of 5 l min-1, n-hexadecane vapour could be adsorbed to a similar extent (91 ± 1.4% for one denuder, 98 ± 0.3% for two denuders) as diethylene glycol vapour (93 ± 1.8% for one denuder, 97 ± 0.9% for two denuders). The comparison between experimental and theoretical vapour collection efficiencies revealed differences around 2.8% for n-hexadecane and around 12.3% for diethylene glycol. The results show that the tested denuders can be used as vapour collection tools for SVOCs, and can be integrated in currently used personal air samplers for separated vapour and particle collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesta Kohlmeier
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - George C Dragan
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Breuer
- German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Angelstad MA, Krogh ET, Agnes GR, Gill CG. Online measurement of phthalate-particulate matter interactions by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:702-707. [PMID: 29473786 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1439858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To enable further study and assessment of indoor inhalation exposure risk, an online apparatus enabling measurement of semi-volatile compound partitioning on household particulates was developed. An example for use of the apparatus is described using dimethyl phthalate (DMP). The system employs direct measurement by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). The MIMS system was calibrated using known gas phase DMP concentrations produced by gravimetrically calibrated permeation devices. The quantity of DMP sorbed by particles is described first using a model particle type, a reverse-phase liquid chromatography packing material, and then with a household dust sample. In addition, the desorption of semi-volatile compounds from a household dust sample was monitored using the apparatus, and characteristic fragment ion signals for phthalate compounds were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Angelstad
- a Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , BC , Canada
- b Chemistry Department , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- a Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , BC , Canada
- c Chemistry Department , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , Canada
| | - George R Agnes
- b Chemistry Department , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- a Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , BC , Canada
- b Chemistry Department , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
- c Chemistry Department , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , Canada
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