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Kumari K, Singh A, Marathe D. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (D4, D5, and D6) as the emerging pollutants in environment: environmental distribution, fate, and toxicological assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38681-38709. [PMID: 36809612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) have now become a subject of environmental contamination and risk assessment due to their widespread use and occurrence in different environmental matrices. Due to their exceptional physio-chemical properties, these compounds are diversely used for formulations of consumer products and others implying their continuous and significant release to environmental compartments. This has captured the major attention of the concerned communities on the grounds of potential health hazards to human and biota. The present study aims at comprehensively reviewing its occurrence in air, water, soil, sediments, sludge, dusts, biogas, biosolids, and biota and their environmental behavior as well. Concentrations of cVMS in indoor air and biosolids were higher; however, no significant concentrations were observed in water, soil, and sediments except for wastewaters. No threat to the aquatic organisms has been identified as their concentrations do not exceed the NOEC (maximum no observed effect concentration) thresholds. Mammalian (rodents) toxicity hazards were not very evident except for the occurrence of uterine tumors in very rare cases under long-term chronic and repeated dose exposures in laboratory conditions. Human relevancy to rodents were also not strongly enough established. Therefore, more careful examinations are required to develop stringent weight of evidences in scientific domain and ease the policy making with respect to their production and use so as to combat any environmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata Zonal Centre, 700 107, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Anshika Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Marathe
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Bland GD, Abrahamsson D, Wang M, Zlatnik MG, Morello-Frosch R, Park JS, Sirota M, Woodruff TJ. Exploring applications of non-targeted analysis in the characterization of the prenatal exposome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169458. [PMID: 38142008 PMCID: PMC10947484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the breadth of chemical exposures in utero is critical in understanding their long-term health effects for mother and child. We explored methodological adaptations in a Non-Targeted Analysis (NTA) pipeline and evaluated the effects on chemical annotation and discovery for maternal and infant exposure. We focus on lesser-known/underreported chemicals in maternal and umbilical cord serum analyzed with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). The samples were collected from a demographically diverse cohort of 296 maternal-cord pairs (n = 592) recruited in San Francisco Bay area. We developed and evaluated two data processing pipelines, primarily differing by detection frequency cut-off, to extract chemical features from non-targeted analysis (NTA). We annotated the detected chemical features by matching with EPA CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (n = 860,000 chemicals) and Human Metabolome Database (n = 3140 chemicals) and applied a Kendrick Mass Defect filter to detect homologous series. We collected fragmentation spectra (MS/MS) on a subset of serum samples and matched to an experimental MS/MS database within the MS-Dial website and other experimental MS/MS spectra collected from standards in our lab. We annotated ~72 % of the features (total features = 32,197, levels 1-4). We confirmed 22 compounds with analytical standards, tentatively identified 88 compounds with MS/MS spectra, and annotated 4862 exogenous chemicals with an in-house developed annotation algorithm. We detected 36 chemicals that appear to not have been previously reported in human blood and 9 chemicals that were reported in less than five studies. Our findings underline the importance of NTA in the discovery of lesser-known/unreported chemicals important to characterize human exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret D Bland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dimitri Abrahamsson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Marya G Zlatnik
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94158, CA, United States
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Cui Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang J, Allen DT. Coupled Dynamic Material Flow, Multimedia Environmental Model, and Ecological Risk Analysis for Chemical Management: A Di(2-ethylhexhyl) Phthalate Case in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11006-11016. [PMID: 35858124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexhyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer that has adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. However, data about its stocks, flows, emission rates, as well as ecological risks are generally unknown in China, one of the world's largest producers of chemicals including DEHP, limiting sound management of chemicals. Herein, dynamic material flow analysis, coupled with a multimedia environmental model and ecological risk analysis, was performed to fill the data gap about DEHP in China mainland from 1956 to 2020. Results indicate that the in-use stocks of DEHP increased from 6.54 × 106 kg in 1956 to 8.40 × 109 kg in 2020. With growth in the emission rates, DEHP concentrations in air, soil, water, and sediment kept increasing from 1956 to 2010, which declined after 2010 and regrew after 2015. Sediment was a main sink of DEHP with the highest ecological risk quotient of >10 after 1999, necessitating measures for controlling the risk, for example, technology innovation to reduce DEHP emission rates, and substitution of DEHP with low-toxic alternatives. The coupled models that connect socio-economic data with ecological risk output may provide a systematic methodology for verification of the data necessary for risk control of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - David T Allen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
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Kim J, Kwon SY, Kim K, Han S. Import, export, and speciation of mercury in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard: Influences of glacier melt and river discharge. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113693. [PMID: 35525059 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major sources and sinks of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in Kongsfjorden were estimated based on spreadsheet-based ecological risk assessment for the fate of mercury (SERAFM). SERAFM was parameterized and calibrated to fit Kongsfjorden using the physical properties of the fjord, runoff coefficients of Hg, transformation rate constants of Hg, partition coefficients of Hg, Hg loadings from freshwater, and solid balance parameters. The modeled Hg concentrations in the seawater matched with the measured concentrations, with a mean bias of 12% and a calibration error of 0.035. The mass budget showed that the major THg sources were tidal inflow and glacial runoff, while the major MeHg sources were tidal inflow and in situ methylation in shallow halocline water, which agreed with the distributions of THg and MeHg in seawater. The coupling of observation and fate modeling in Kongsfjorden provides a basic understanding of Hg cycles in the Arctic fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Yun Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Whelan MJ, Kim J. Application of multimedia models for understanding the environmental behavior of volatile methylsiloxanes: Fate, transport, and bioaccumulation. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:599-621. [PMID: 34375022 PMCID: PMC9293016 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multimedia fate and transport models (MFTMs) describe how chemicals behave in the environment based on their inherent properties and the characteristics of receiving systems. We critically review the use of MFTMs for understanding the behavior of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS). MFTMs have been used to predict the fate of VMS in wastewater treatment, rivers, lakes, marine systems, and the atmosphere, and to assess bioaccumulation and trophic transfers. More widely, they have been used to assess the overall persistence, long-range transport potential (LRTP), and the propensity for atmosphere-surface exchange. The application of MFTMs for VMS requires particularly careful selection of model inputs because the properties of VMS differ from those of most organic compounds. For example, although n-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW ) values are high, air:water partition coefficient (KAW ) values are also high and n-octanol/air partition coefficient (KOA ) values are relatively low. In addition, organic carbon/water partition coefficient (KOC ) values are substantially lower than expectations based on KOW . This means that most empirical relationships between KOC and KOW are not appropriate. Good agreement between modeled and measured concentrations in air, sediment, and biota indicates that our understanding of environmental fate is reasonable. VMS compounds are "fliers" that principally partition to the atmosphere, implying high LRTP, although they have low redeposition potential. They are degraded in air (half-lives 3-10 days) and, thus, have low overall persistence. In water, exposure can be limited by hydrolysis, volatilization, and partitioning to sediments (where degradation half-lives are likely to be high). In food webs, they are influenced by metabolism in biota, which tends to drive trophic dilution (i.e., trophic magnification factors are often but not always <1). Key remaining uncertainties include the following: (i) the strength and direction of the temperature dependence for KOC ; (ii) the fate of atmospheric reaction products; and (iii) the magnitude of emissions to wastewater. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:599-621. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Whelan
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Jaeshin Kim
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and ConsultingThe Dow Chemical CompanyMidlandMichiganUSA
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Han W, Sun H, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Ma Y, Chen J, Li H. Hydroxyl radical oxidation of cyclic methylsiloxanes D4 ∼ D6 in aqueous phase. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125200. [PMID: 31683163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes (CMS) were listed as candidates of substances of very high concerns in 2018 by the REACH. These compounds can enter environmental waters, and potentially cause harmful effects to aquatic organisms and human beings. Until now, reaction mechanisms of these pollutants with hydroxyl radicals (HO) in aqueous phase were unknown. In this study, reaction mechanisms of three typical CMS (D4 ∼ D6) with HO in aqueous phase were investigated by employing both UV/H2O2 experiments and density functional theoretical calculations. Bimolecular reaction rate constants (kHO·) of D4 ∼ D6 with HO were determined as kHO·(D4) = 8kHO·(D5) = 12kHO·(D6) = 6.6 × 108 L mol-1 s-1. Half-lives of HO oxiding D4 ∼ D6 ranged from 12 to 140 days at [HO] = 10-15 mol L-1 in sunlit surface water, and were comparable to (D4, D5) or much shorter (D6) than hydrolytic half-lives. The reactivity to HO decreased with the increasing size of siloxane ring in aqueous phase, in an order totally opposite to that in gaseous phase. Calculation results indicated that HO oxidation of the three CMS proceeded spontaneously through an exothermic H-abstraction process at the first step. Water molecules participated into H-abstraction of CMS and caused energy barrier of D5 higher than that of D4. Thus, H-bonds formed by water molecules were responsible for the reverse reactivity of CMS in aqueous phase. This work provided basic evidences suggesting environmental persistence of CMS in aqueous phase completely different from that in gaseous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuqin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Franco A, van Egmond R. Estimation of the Contribution Made to Down-the-Drain Emissions of D5 by Personal Care Product Categories in the European Union. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:66-77. [PMID: 31436368 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic risk assessment of personal care chemicals requires quantifying the contribution of all product types containing these ingredients to down-the-drain emissions. We developed a probabilistic model framework embracing stochastic variability associated with individual consumers and their behaviors in the European Union, as well as other sources of uncertainty related to losses following applications (e.g., volatilization). The model was applied to decamethylcyclopentasoloxane (D5), an emollient used in wash-off (WO) and leave-on (LO) products. Quantifying contributions from each product category containing D5 to down-the-drain emissions is necessary to inform optimal risk management options. Simulation results for the baseline scenario in 2012 support the argument that LO products make up a minor contribution (7.1%) to down-the-drain emissions of D5, with only 0.20% of the D5 used in LO products being released to wastewater. The most influential model parameters are the release factor from WO products and the time between application and use for various LO product types, stressing the importance of embracing stochastic variability across individuals' behavior when assessing contributions of various product types to environmental emissions. The downward trend in WO use from 2010 to 2016 is reflected in declining concentrations in wastewater influent during the same period. Uncertainty remains about future levels of D5, once phasing out WO products is complete. The probabilistic model in conjunction with high-tier data of consumer habits is a promising high-tier tool for the characterization of complex emission scenarios of personal care ingredients. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:1-12. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger van Egmond
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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Trac LN, Schmidt SN, Mayer P. Headspace passive dosing of volatile hydrophobic chemicals - Aquatic toxicity testing exactly at the saturation level. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:694-700. [PMID: 30098565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to conduct aquatic tests with highly hydrophobic and volatile chemicals while avoiding substantial sorptive and evaporative losses. A simple and versatile headspace passive dosing (HS-PD) method was thus developed for such chemicals: The pure liquid test chemical was added to a glass insert, which was then placed with the open end in the headspace of a closed test system containing aqueous test medium. The test chemical served as the dominating partitioning donor for establishing and maintaining maximum exposure levels in the headspace and aqueous solution, without direct contact between the donor and the test medium. The HS-PD method was cross validated against passive dosing with a saturated silicone elastomer, using headspace gas chromatography as analytical instrument and saturated vapors as reference. The HS-PD method was then applied to control the exposure in algal growth inhibition tests with the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata. The model chemicals were C9-C14 n-alkanes and the cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes octamethyltetracyclosiloxane (D4) and decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5). Growth rate inhibition at the solubility limit was 100% for C9-C13 n-alkanes and 53 ± 31% (95% CI) for tetradecane. A moderate inhibition of 11 ± 4% (95% CI) was observed for D4, whereas no inhibition was observed for D5. The present study introduces an effective method for aquatic toxicity testing of a difficult-to-test group of chemicals and provides an improved experimental basis for investigating toxicity cut-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ngoc Trac
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stine Nørgaard Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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