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Tan MJH, Patel SK, Chiu J, Zheng ZT, Odom TW. Liquid lasing from solutions of ligand-engineered semiconductor nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154703. [PMID: 38624126 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) can function as efficient gain materials with chemical versatility because of their surface ligands. Because the properties of NCs in solution are sensitive to ligand-environment interactions, local chemical changes can result in changes in the optical response. However, amplification of the optical response is technically challenging because of colloidal instability at NC concentrations needed for sufficient gain to overcome losses. This paper demonstrates liquid lasing from plasmonic lattice cavities integrated with ligand-engineered CdZnS/ZnS NCs dispersed in toluene and water. By taking advantage of calcium ion-induced aggregation of NCs in aqueous solutions, we show how lasing threshold can be used as a transduction signal for ion detection. Our work highlights how NC solutions and plasmonic lattices with open cavity architectures can serve as a biosensing platform for lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J H Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shreya K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jessica Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | | | - Teri W Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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2
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Dannenberg PH, Wang J, Zhuo Y, Cho S, Kim KH, Yun SH. Droplet microfluidic generation of a million optical microparticle barcodes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38109-38118. [PMID: 34808870 PMCID: PMC8687102 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Micron-scale barcode particles enable labelling of small objects. Here, we demonstrate high-throughput barcode fabrication inside a microfluidic chip that can embed multiple, dye-doped high quality-factor whispering gallery mode cavities inside aqueous droplets at kilohertz rates. These droplets are then cured to form polyacrylamide hydrogel beads as small as 30 μm in diameter. Optical resonance spectra of the embedded cavities provide the hydrogels with unique barcodes with their diversity combinatorically scaled with the number of embedded cavities. Using 3 cavities per hydrogel, we obtain approximately one million uniquely identifiable, optically readable barcode microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Dannenberg
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Jie Wang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Sangyeon Cho
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kwon-Hyeon Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Toropov N, Cabello G, Serrano MP, Gutha RR, Rafti M, Vollmer F. Review of biosensing with whispering-gallery mode lasers. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:42. [PMID: 33637696 PMCID: PMC7910454 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lasers are the pillars of modern optics and sensing. Microlasers based on whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) are miniature in size and have excellent lasing characteristics suitable for biosensing. WGM lasers have been used for label-free detection of single virus particles, detection of molecular electrostatic changes at biointerfaces, and barcode-type live-cell tagging and tracking. The most recent advances in biosensing with WGM microlasers are described in this review. We cover the basic concepts of WGM resonators, the integration of gain media into various active WGM sensors and devices, and the cutting-edge advances in photonic devices for micro- and nanoprobing of biological samples that can be integrated with WGM lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Toropov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Gema Cabello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mariana P Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Rithvik R Gutha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matías Rafti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Zhang H, Palit P, Liu Y, Vaziri S, Sun Y. Reconfigurable Integrated Optofluidic Droplet Laser Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26936-26942. [PMID: 32437123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic lasers are an emerging technology for the development of miniaturized light sources and biological and chemical sensors. However, most optofluidic lasers demonstrated to date are operated at the single optical cavity level, which limits their applications in high-throughput biochemical sensing, high-speed wavelength switching, and on-chip spectroscopic analysis. Here, we demonstrated an optofluidic droplet laser array on a silicon chip with integrated microfluidics, in which four individual droplet optical cavities are generated and controlled by a 2 × 2 nozzle array. Arrays of droplets with a diameter ranging from 115 to 475 μm can be generated, removed, and regenerated on demand. The lasing threshold of the droplet laser array is in the range of 0.63-2.02 μJ/mm2. An image-based lasing threshold analysis method is developed, which enables simultaneous lasing threshold measurement for all laser units within the laser array using a low-cost camera. Compared to the conventional spectrum-based threshold analysis method, the lasing threshold obtained from the image-based method showed consistent results. Our droplet laser array is a promising technology in the development of cost-effective and integrated coherent light source on a chip for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Prithviraj Palit
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seyedmohsen Vaziri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Yuze Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Vijayan S, Hashimoto M. 3D printed fittings and fluidic modules for customizable droplet generators. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2822-2828. [PMID: 35520507 PMCID: PMC9059964 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a rapid method to prototype axisymmetric droplet generators using 3D printed fittings and commercially available components. This simple method allowed generating simple and complex emulsions of varying sizes and configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Vijayan
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore 487372
- Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore 487372
- Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre
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Zheng L, Zhi M, Chan Y, Khan SA. Multi-color lasing in chemically open droplet cavities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14088. [PMID: 30237486 PMCID: PMC6147796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate FRET-based multicolor lasing within chemically open droplet cavities that allow online modulation of the gain medium composition. To do this, we generated monodisperse microfluidic droplets loaded with coumarin 102 (donor), where the spherical droplets acted as whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical cavities in which coumarin 102 lasing (~ 470 nm) was observed. The lasing color was switched from blue to orange by the introduction of a second dye (acceptor, rhodamine 6 G) into the flowing droplet cavities; subsequent lasing from rhodamine 6 G (~ 590 nm) was observed together with the complete absence of coumarin 102 emission. The ability to control color switching online within the same droplet cavity enables sequential detection of multiple target molecules within or around the cavity. As a demonstration of this concept, we show how the presence of FITC-Dextran and methylene blue (MB) in the medium surrounding the lasing droplets can be sequentially detected by the blue and orange laser respectively. The method is simple and can be extended to a range of water-soluble dyes, thus enabling a wide spectral range for the lasing with the use of a single pump laser source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117582, Singapore
| | - Min Zhi
- Department of Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yinthai Chan
- Department of Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Saif A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117582, Singapore.
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