1
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Cai S, Jin Y, Lin Y, He Y, Zhang P, Ge Z, Yang W. Micromixing within microfluidic devices: Fundamentals, design, and fabrication. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:061503. [PMID: 38098692 PMCID: PMC10718651 DOI: 10.1063/5.0178396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the hot spots in the field of microfluidic chip research, micromixers have been widely used in chemistry, biology, and medicine due to their small size, fast response time, and low reagent consumption. However, at low Reynolds numbers, the fluid motion relies mainly on the diffusive motion of molecules under laminar flow conditions. The detrimental effect of laminar flow leads to difficulties in achieving rapid and efficient mixing of fluids in microchannels. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance fluid mixing by employing some external means. In this paper, the classification and mixing principles of passive (T-type, Y-type, obstructed, serpentine, three-dimensional) and active (acoustic, electric, pressure, thermal, magnetic field) micromixers are reviewed based on the presence or absence of external forces in the micromixers, and some experiments and applications of each type of micromixer are briefly discussed. Finally, the future development trends of micromixers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yawen Jin
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yun Lin
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yingzheng He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Peifan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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2
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Saravanakumar SM, Cicek PV. Microfluidic Mixing: A Physics-Oriented Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1827. [PMID: 37893264 PMCID: PMC10609072 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review paper focuses on the intricate physics of microfluidics and their application in micromixing techniques. Various methods for enhancing mixing in microchannels are explored, with a keen emphasis on the underlying fluid dynamics principles. Geometrical micromixers employ complex channel designs to induce fluid-fluid interface distortions, yielding efficient mixing while retaining manufacturing simplicity. These methods synergize effectively with external techniques, showcasing promising potential. Electrohydrodynamics harnesses electrokinetic phenomena like electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and electrothermal effects. These methods offer dynamic control over mixing parameters via applied voltage, frequency, and electrode positioning, although power consumption and heating can be drawbacks. Acoustofluidics leverages acoustic waves to drive microstreaming, offering localized yet far-reaching effects. Magnetohydrodynamics, though limited in applicability to certain fluids, showcases potential by utilizing magnetic fields to propel mixing. Selecting an approach hinges on trade-offs among complexity, efficiency, and compatibility with fluid properties. Understanding the physics of fluid behavior and rationalizing these techniques aids in tailoring the most suitable micromixing solution. In a rapidly advancing field, this paper provides a consolidated understanding of these techniques, facilitating the informed choice of approach for specific microfluidic mixing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul-Vahe Cicek
- Microtechnologies Integration & Convergence Research Group, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
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3
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Yu C, Dai S, Zhang Z, Li S, Cheng J, Hu H, Wu J, Li J. An integrated digital polymerase chain reaction chip for multiplexed meat adulteration detection. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1342-1352. [PMID: 37309725 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meat adulteration detection is a common concern of consumers. Here, we proposed a multiplex digital polymerase chain reaction method and a low-cost device for meat adulteration detection. Using a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device, polymerase chain reaction reagents could be pump-free loaded into microchambers (40 × 40 chambers) automatically. Due to the independence of multiplex fluorescence channels, deoxyribonucleic acid templates extracted from different animal species could be distinguished by one test. In this paper, we designed primers and probes for four types of meat (beef, chicken, pork, and duck) and labeled each of the four fluorescent markers (hexachlorocyclohexane [HEX], 6-carboxyfluorescein [FAM], X-rhodamine [ROX], and cyanine dyes 5 [CY5]) on the probes. Specific detection and mixed detection experiments were performed on four types of meat, realizing a limit of detection of 3 copies/µL. A mixture of four different species can be detected by four independent fluorescence channels. The quantitative capability of this method is found to meet the requirements of meat adulteration detections. This method has great potential for point-of-care testing together with portable microscopy equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhuang Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Dai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jingmeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hezhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Junwei Li
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
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4
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Nam SW, Jeon DG, Yoon YR, Lee GH, Chang Y, Won DI. Hemagglutination Assay via Optical Density Characterization in 3D Microtrap Chips. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:733. [PMID: 37504130 PMCID: PMC10377501 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutination assay has been used for blood typing and detecting viruses, thus applicable for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Therefore, the development of microfluidic devices for fast detection of hemagglutination is on-demand for point-of-care diagnosis. Here, we present a way to detect hemagglutination in 3D microfluidic devices via optical absorbance (optical density, OD) characterization. 3D printing is a powerful way to build microfluidic structures for diagnostic devices. However, mixing liquid in microfluidic chips is difficult due to laminar flow, which hampers practical applications such as antigen-antibody mixing. To overcome the issue, we fabricated 3D microfluidic chips with embedded microchannel and microwell structures to induce hemagglutination between red blood cells (RBCs) and antibodies. We named it a 3D microtrap chip. We also established an automated measurement system which is an integral part of diagnostic devices. To do this, we developed a novel way to identify RBC agglutination and non-agglutination via the OD difference. By adapting a 3D-printed aperture to the microtrap chip, we obtained a pure absorbance signal from the microchannels by eliminating the background brightness of the microtrap chip. By investigating the underlying optical physics, we provide a 3D device platform for detecting hemagglutination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea
- DanielBio Research Center, Daegu 42694, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jeon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Won
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
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5
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Facile microfluidic device for droplets emulsion from small samples. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Guo K, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Zhu S, Ni Z, Xiang N. A novel 3D Tesla valve micromixer for efficient mixing and chitosan nanoparticle production. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2184-2194. [PMID: 35730399 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Current three-dimensional micromixers for continuous flow reactions and nanoparticle synthesis are complex in structure and difficult to fabricate. This paper investigates the design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel micromixer that uses a simple spatial Tesla valve design to achieve efficient mixing of multiple solutions. The flow characteristics and mixing efficiencies of our Tesla valve micromixer are investigated using a combination of numerical simulations and experiments. The results show that in a wide range of flow rates, viscoelastic solutions with different concentrations can be well mixed in our micromixer. Finally, experiments on the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles are conducted to verify the practicability of our micromixer. Compared with nanoparticles prepared by conventional magnetic stirring, the size of nanoparticles prepared by micromixing is smaller and the distribution is more uniform. Therefore, our Tesla valve micromixer has significant advantages and implications for mixing chemical and biological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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7
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Wang A, Boroujeni SM, Schneider PJ, Christie LB, Mancuso KA, Andreadis ST, Oh KW. An Integrated Centrifugal Degassed PDMS-Based Microfluidic Device for Serial Dilution. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:482. [PMID: 33922553 PMCID: PMC8145514 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose an integrated serial dilution generator utilizing centrifugal force with a degassed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device. Using gas-soluble PDMS as a centrifugal microfluidic device material, the sample can be dragged in any arbitrary direction using vacuum-driven force, as opposed to in a single direction, without adding further actuation components. The vacuum-driven force allows the device to avoid the formation of air bubbles and exhibit high tolerance in the surface condition. The device was then used for sample metering and sample transferring. In addition, centrifugal force was used for sample loading and sample mixing. In this study, a series of ten-fold serial dilutions ranging from 100 to 10-4 with about 8 μL in each chamber was achieved, while the serial dilution ratio and chamber volume could easily be altered by changing the geometrical designs of the device. As a proof of concept of our hybrid approach with the centrifugal and vacuum-driven forces, ten-fold serial dilutions of a cDNA (complementary DNA) sample were prepared using the device. Then, the diluted samples were collected by fine needles and subject to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the results were found to be in good agreement with those for samples prepared by manual pipetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyang Wang
- Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab (SMALL), Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (A.W.); (P.J.S.); (L.B.C.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Samaneh Moghadasi Boroujeni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (S.M.B.); (S.T.A.)
| | - Philip J. Schneider
- Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab (SMALL), Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (A.W.); (P.J.S.); (L.B.C.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Liam B. Christie
- Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab (SMALL), Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (A.W.); (P.J.S.); (L.B.C.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Kyle A. Mancuso
- Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab (SMALL), Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (A.W.); (P.J.S.); (L.B.C.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Stelios T. Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (S.M.B.); (S.T.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kwang W. Oh
- Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab (SMALL), Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (A.W.); (P.J.S.); (L.B.C.); (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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8
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Li Y, Huang J, Cheng J, Xu S, Pi P, Wen X. Enhanced Movement of Two-Component Droplets on a Wedge-Shaped Ag/Cu Surface by a Wettability Gradient. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15857-15865. [PMID: 33765767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wedge-shaped Ag/Cu surface with a contact angle (CA) [droplet of 30 vol % propylene glycol (PG)] of 18.6° in the wedge track and 64.6° at its periphery was fabricated through a facile gradient displacement reaction on the Cu substrate. The aqueous droplet of 30% PG could realize directed motion on the wedge track without back-end pinning, moving in a two-stage process of front-end spreading and subsequent back-end shrinking. A wettability gradient from 64.6 to 18.6° on the wedge surface could enhance the droplet motion, especially during the second stage. A favorable length of the wettability gradient (15 mm) was obtained, capable of moving the droplet the farthest displacement of 21.6 mm at a velocity of 0.53 mm/s on a wedge track with the wedge angle of α = 10° and length of 25 mm. The driving force arising from the wettability gradient during the second stage was evaluated theoretically to elucidate the effect of the length of the wettability gradient on the movement. Finally, three T-shaped self-driven surface micromixers composed of a mixing zone with uniform wettability and a transportation zone with different gradients were designed to test the drainage ability of droplets away from the surface. The wedge track combined with the wettability gradient was found to be capable of removing the mixed droplet completely out of the mixing region and flowing away, while the droplet would attach or stay in the mixing zone if actuated by the shape gradient or the wettability gradient alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jinmei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shouping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Pihui Pi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiufang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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9
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Jančigová I, Kovalčíková K, Weeber R, Cimrák I. PyOIF: Computational tool for modelling of multi-cell flows in complex geometries. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008249. [PMID: 33075044 PMCID: PMC7595628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A user ready, well documented software package PyOIF contains an implementation of a robust validated computational model for cell flow modelling. The software is capable of simulating processes involving biological cells immersed in a fluid. The examples of such processes are flows in microfluidic channels with numerous applications such as cell sorting, rare cell isolation or flow fractionation. Besides the typical usage of such computational model in the design process of microfluidic devices, PyOIF has been used in the computer-aided discovery involving mechanical properties of cell membranes. With this software, single cell, many cell, as well as dense cell suspensions can be simulated. Many cell simulations include cell-cell interactions and analyse their effect on the cells. PyOIF can be used to test the influence of mechanical properties of the membrane in flows and in membrane-membrane interactions. Dense suspensions may be used to study the effect of cell volume fraction on macroscopic phenomena such as cell-free layer, apparent suspension viscosity or cell degradation. The PyOIF module is based on the official ESPResSo distribution with few modifications and is available under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence. PyOIF is based on Python objects representing the cells and on the C++ computational core for fluid and interaction dynamics. The source code is freely available at GitHub repository, runs natively under Linux and MacOS and can be used in Windows Subsystem for Linux. The communication among PyOIF users and developers is maintained using active mailing lists. This work provides a basic background to the underlying computational models and to the implementation of interactions within this framework. We provide the prospective PyOIF users with a practical example of simulation script with reference to our publicly available User Guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Jančigová
- Cell-in-fluid Biomedical Modelling and Computation Group, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Kovalčíková
- Cell-in-fluid Biomedical Modelling and Computation Group, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Rudolf Weeber
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ivan Cimrák
- Cell-in-fluid Biomedical Modelling and Computation Group, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia
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10
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Hassan SU, Tariq A, Noreen Z, Donia A, Zaidi SZJ, Bokhari H, Zhang X. Capillary-Driven Flow Microfluidics Combined with Smartphone Detection: An Emerging Tool for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E509. [PMID: 32708045 PMCID: PMC7459612 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) or near-patient testing allows clinicians to accurately achieve real-time diagnostic results performed at or near to the patient site. The outlook of POC devices is to provide quicker analyses that can lead to well-informed clinical decisions and hence improve the health of patients at the point-of-need. Microfluidics plays an important role in the development of POC devices. However, requirements of handling expertise, pumping systems and complex fluidic controls make the technology unaffordable to the current healthcare systems in the world. In recent years, capillary-driven flow microfluidics has emerged as an attractive microfluidic-based technology to overcome these limitations by offering robust, cost-effective and simple-to-operate devices. The internal wall of the microchannels can be pre-coated with reagents, and by merely dipping the device into the patient sample, the sample can be loaded into the microchannel driven by capillary forces and can be detected via handheld or smartphone-based detectors. The capabilities of capillary-driven flow devices have not been fully exploited in developing POC diagnostics, especially for antimicrobial resistance studies in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to open up this field of microfluidics to the ever-expanding microfluidic-based scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-Ul Hassan
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Aamira Tariq
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zobia Noreen
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Donia
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Z J Zaidi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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11
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Xu L, Wang A, Li X, Oh KW. Passive micropumping in microfluidics for point-of-care testing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:031503. [PMID: 32509049 PMCID: PMC7263483 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Suitable micropumping methods for flow control represent a major technical hurdle in the development of microfluidic systems for point-of-care testing (POCT). Passive micropumping for point-of-care microfluidic systems provides a promising solution to such challenges, in particular, passive micropumping based on capillary force and air transfer based on the air solubility and air permeability of specific materials. There have been numerous developments and applications of micropumping techniques that are relevant to the use in POCT. Compared with active pumping methods such as syringe pumps or pressure pumps, where the flow rate can be well-tuned independent of the design of the microfluidic devices or the property of the liquids, most passive micropumping methods still suffer flow-control problems. For example, the flow rate may be set once the device has been made, and the properties of liquids may affect the flow rate. However, the advantages of passive micropumping, which include simplicity, ease of use, and low cost, make it the best choice for POCT. Here, we present a systematic review of different types of passive micropumping that are suitable for POCT, alongside existing applications based on passive micropumping. Future trends in passive micropumping are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic
Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California San
Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 304, San Francisco, California
94158, USA
| | - Anyang Wang
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab),
Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic
Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California San
Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 304, San Francisco, California
94158, USA
| | - Kwang W. Oh
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab),
Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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12
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Park J, Han DH, Park JK. Towards practical sample preparation in point-of-care testing: user-friendly microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1191-1203. [PMID: 32119024 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies offer a number of advantages for sample preparation in point-of-care testing (POCT), but the requirement for complicated external pumping systems limits their wide use. To facilitate sample preparation in POCT, various methods have been developed to operate microfluidic devices without complicated external pumping systems. In this review, we introduce an overview of user-friendly microfluidic devices for practical sample preparation in POCT, including self- and hand-operated microfluidic devices. Self-operated microfluidic devices exploit capillary force, vacuum-driven pressure, or gas-generating chemical reactions to apply pressure into microchannels, and hand-operated microfluidic devices utilize human power sources using simple equipment, including a syringe, pipette, or simply by using finger actuation. Furthermore, this review provides future perspectives to realize user-friendly integrated microfluidic circuits for wider applications with the integration of simple microfluidic valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Narayanamurthy V, Jeroish ZE, Bhuvaneshwari KS, Bayat P, Premkumar R, Samsuri F, Yusoff MM. Advances in passively driven microfluidics and lab-on-chip devices: a comprehensive literature review and patent analysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11652-11680. [PMID: 35496619 PMCID: PMC9050787 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of passively driven microfluidic labs on chips has been increasing over the years. In the passive approach, the microfluids are usually driven and operated without any external actuators, fields, or power sources. Passive microfluidic techniques adopt osmosis, capillary action, surface tension, pressure, gravity-driven flow, hydrostatic flow, and vacuums to achieve fluid flow. There is a great need to explore labs on chips that are rapid, compact, portable, and easy to use. The evolution of these techniques is essential to meet current needs. Researchers have highlighted the vast potential in the field that needs to be explored to develop rapid passive labs on chips to suit market/researcher demands. A comprehensive review, along with patent analysis, is presented here, listing the latest advances in passive microfluidic techniques, along with the related mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneswaran Narayanamurthy
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
- InnoFuTech No: 42/12, 7th Street, Vallalar Nagar Chennai Tamil Nadu 600072 India
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, University Malaysia Pahang Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
| | - Z E Jeroish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai 602105 India
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang Pekan 26600 Malaysia
| | - K S Bhuvaneshwari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai 602105 India
- Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
| | - Pouriya Bayat
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University Montreal QC Canada H3A 0E9
| | - R Premkumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai 602105 India
| | - Fahmi Samsuri
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang Pekan 26600 Malaysia
| | - Mashitah M Yusoff
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, University Malaysia Pahang Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
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Abstract
Accurate blood typing is required before transfusion. A number of methods have been developed to improve blood typing, but these are not user-friendly. Here, we have developed a microfluidic smart blood-typing device operated by finger actuation. The blood-typing result is displayed by means of microfluidic channels with the letter and the symbol of the corresponding blood type. To facilitate the mixing of blood and reagents, the two sample inlets are connected to a single actuation chamber. According to the agglutination aspect in the mixture, the fluids are directed to both the microslit filter channels and bypass channels, or only to the bypass channels. The dimension of the microslit filter being clogged by the red blood cell aggregates was optimized to achieve reliable blood-typing results. The flow rate ratio between two channels in the absence of agglutination was subjected to numerical analysis. With this device, blood typing was successfully performed by seven button pushes using less than 10 μL of blood within 30 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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15
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Wang A, Koh D, Schneider P, Breloff E, Oh KW. A Compact, Syringe-Assisted, Vacuum-Driven Micropumping Device. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10080543. [PMID: 31426526 PMCID: PMC6723763 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple syringe‑assisted pumping method is introduced. The proposed fluidic micropumping system can be used instead of a conventional pumping system which tends to be large, bulky, and expensive. The micropump was designed separately from the microfluidic channels and directly bonded to the outlet of the microfluidic device. The pump components were composed of a dead‑end channel which was surrounded by a microchamber. A syringe was then connected to the pump structure by a short tube, and the syringe plunger was manually pulled out to generate low pressure inside the microchamber. Once the sample was loaded in the inlet, air inside the channel diffused into the microchamber through the PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) wall, acting as a dragging force and pulling the sample toward the outlet. A constant flow with a rate that ranged from 0.8 nl · s - 1 to 7.5 nl · s - 1 was achieved as a function of the geometry of the pump, i.e., the PDMS wall thickness and the diffusion area. As a proof-of-concept, microfluidic mixing was demonstrated without backflow. This method enables pumping for point-of-care testing (POCT) with greater flexibility in hand-held PDMS microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Domin Koh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Philip Schneider
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Evan Breloff
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kwang W Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Lim E, Lee L, Yeo LY, Hung YM, Tan MK. Acoustically Driven Micromixing: Effect of Transducer Geometry. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2019; 66:1387-1394. [PMID: 31180889 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2920683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to drive efficient micromixing on a microfluidic platform is crucial for a wide range of lab-on-a-chip applications. Here, we investigate the ability of acoustic waves generated on different geometric surfaces (concave and convex) to enhance the micromixing efficiency in droplet acoustomicrofluidic systems, and, concomitantly, to reduce the power consumption in these devices for a given performance requirement. Quite counterintuitively, we observe that although the acoustic streaming velocity, which scaled inversely with the droplet size, tended to be generally lower (by approximately 45%) when the flow is generated by transducers with convex surfaces compared to those with concave surfaces, the mixing efficiency is disproportionately higher: compared to pure diffusional mixing in the absence of the acoustic forcing, the mixing efficiency due to the acoustically driven convection increased by up to 25% and 43% on these respective surfaces. As such, the mixing enhancement cannot simply be attributed to an increase in the convective flow arising from the acoustic forcing. Rather, we observe the mixing enhancement to be due to the stronger chaotic advection arising in the transducer with the convex surface due to its diverging acoustic field into the droplet.
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Lee Y, Seder I, Kim SJ. Influence of surface tension-driven network parameters on backflow strength. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10345-10351. [PMID: 35520946 PMCID: PMC9062321 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes the effect of device elements on backflow of a surface tension-driven microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Islam Seder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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