Ammonium [11C]thiocyanate: revised preparation and reactivity studies of a versatile nucleophile for carbon-11 radiolabelling

Recent Developments in Carbon-11 Chemistry and Applications for First-In-Human PET Studies

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique that makes use of radiolabelled molecules for in vivo evaluation. Carbon-11 is a frequently used radionuclide for the labelling of small molecule PET tracers and can be incorporated into organic molecules without changing their physicochemical properties. While the short half-life of carbon-11 (11C; t½ = 20.4 min) offers other advantages for imaging including multiple PET scans in the same subject on the same day, its use is limited to facilities that have an on-site cyclotron, and the radiochemical transformations are consequently more restrictive. Many researchers have embraced this challenge by discovering novel carbon-11 radiolabelling methodologies to broaden the synthetic versatility of this radionuclide. This review presents new carbon-11 building blocks and radiochemical transformations as well as PET tracers that have advanced to first-in-human studies over the past five years.

11C-Labeled Radiotracer for Noninvasive and Quantitative Assessment of the Thiocyanate Efflux System in the Brain

Thiocyanate (SCN^-) alters the potency of certain agonists for the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, and dysfunctions in AMPA receptor signaling are considered to underlie a number of neurological diseases. While humans may be exposed to SCN^- from the environment, including food sources, a carrier-mediated system transports SCN^- from the brain into the blood and is an important regulator of SCN^- distribution in the central nervous system. The assessment of this SCN^- efflux system in the brain would thus be useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of SCN^- and for elucidating the relationship between the efflux system and brain diseases. However, the currently available technique for studying SCN^- efflux is severely limited by its invasiveness. Here, we describe the development of a SCN^- protracer, 9-pentyl-6-[¹¹C]thiocyanatopurine ([¹¹C]1), to overcome this limitation. [¹¹C]1 was synthesized by the reaction of the iodo-precursor and [¹¹C]SCN^- or the reaction of the disulfide precursor with [¹¹C]NH₄CN. The protracer [¹¹C]1 entered the brain after intravenous injection into mice and was rapidly metabolized to [¹¹C]SCN^-, which was then eliminated from the brain. The efflux of [¹¹C]SCN^- was dose-dependently inhibited by perchlorate, a monovalent anion, and the highest dose caused an 82% reduction in the efflux rate. Our findings demonstrate that [¹¹C]1 can be used for the noninvasive and quantitative assessment of the SCN^- efflux system in the brain.

Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.

Synthesis of carbon-11 radiolabelled transition metal complexes using 11C-dithiocarbamates

A novel radiolabelling method exploiting ¹¹C-dithiocarbamate ligands has been used to generate ¹¹C-labelled Au(I), Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes in high radiochemical yields (71-99%). Labelled complexes were prepared in a rapid one-pot procedure via the substitution reaction of ¹¹C-dithiocarbamate ligands with appropriate transition metal chloride precursors.

Visible-Light-Mediated Additive-Free Decarboxylative Ketonization Reaction of Acrylic Acids: An Access to α-Thiocyanate Ketones

Visible-light-mediated additive-free decarboxylative functionalization of acrylic acids has been developed. The reaction uses inexpensive organic dye 9,10-dicyanoanthracene as a photocatalyst and uses the ubiquitous dioxygen as both an oxygen source and an oxidant. Through this mild and environmentally friendly method, a series of important α-thiocyanate ketones can be generated from easily available acrylic acids and ammonium thiocyanate. In addition, the facile transformation of product α-thiocyanate ketones makes this method have great potential for application in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry.

Lewis Base/Brønsted Acid Cocatalysis for Thiocyanation of Amides and Thioamides

Lewis base/Brønsted acid cocatalysis for electrophilic thiocyanation of olefins is reported. Using a combination of triphenylphosphine selenide and diphenyl phosphate as a catalyst, a wide range of unsaturated amides and thioamides underwent thiocyanation to furnish thiocyanated thiazoline and oxazoline derivatives in high yields (up to 97%).

[11C]Carbon monoxide: advances in production and application to PET radiotracer development over the past 15 years

[¹¹C]Carbon monoxide is an appealing synthon for introducing carbon-11 at a carbonyl position (C=O) in a wide variety of chemotypes (e.g., amides, ketones, acids, esters, and ureas). The prevalence of the carbonyl group in drug molecules and the present-day broad versatility of carbonylation reactions have led to an upsurge in the production of this synthon and in its application to PET radiotracer development. This review focuses on the major advances of the past 15 years.