1
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Bhatia P, Pandey K, Kumar D. Zwitterionic Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Energetic Properties. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400481. [PMID: 38856102 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic compounds are an emergent class of energetic materials and have gained synthetic interest of many in the recent years. Due to their better packing efficiencies and strong inter/intramolecular electrostatic interactions, they often ensue superior energetic properties than their salt analogues. A systematic review from the perspective of design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties evaluation of the zwitterionic energetic materials is presented. Depending on the parent ring(s) used for the synthesis and the type of moieties bearing positive and negative charges, different classes of energetic materials, such as primary explosives, secondary explosives, heat resistant explosives, oxidizers, etc., may result. The properties of some of the energetic zwitterionic compounds are also compared with analogous energetic salts. This review will encourage readers to explore the possibility of designing new zwitterionic energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Lease N, Spielvogel KD, Davis JV, Tisdale JT, Klamborowski LM, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Halogenated PETN derivatives: interplay between physical and chemical factors in explosive sensitivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7044-7056. [PMID: 37389270 PMCID: PMC10306076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01627g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the factors that influence and can help predict energetic material sensitivity has long been a challenge in the explosives community. Decades of literature reports identify a multitude of factors both chemical and physical that influence explosive sensitivity; however no unifying theory has been observed. Recent work by our team has demonstrated that the kinetics of "trigger linkages" (i.e., the weakest bonds in the energetic material) showed strong correlations with experimental drop hammer impact sensitivity. These correlations suggest that the simple kinetics of the first bonds to break are good indicators for the reactivity observed in simple handling sensitivity tests. Herein we report the synthesis of derivatives of the explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in which one, two or three of the nitrate ester functional groups are substituted with an inert group. Experimental and computational studies show that explosive sensitivity correlates well with Q (heat of explosion), due to the change in the number of trigger linkages removed from the starting material. In addition, this correlation appears more significant than other observed chemical or physical effects imparted on the material by different inert functional groups, such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, heat capacity, oxygen balance, and the crystal structure of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Kyle D Spielvogel
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jack V Davis
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jeremy T Tisdale
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Lisa M Klamborowski
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - M J Cawkwell
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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3
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Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Pang S, He C. Asymmetrical Methylene-Bridge Linked Fully Iodinated Azoles as Energetic Biocidal Materials with Improved Thermal Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10711. [PMID: 37445889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The instability and volatility of iodine is high, however, effective iodine biocidal species can be readily stored in iodinated azoles and then be released upon decomposition or detonation. Iodine azoles with high iodine content and high thermal stability are highly desired. In this work, the strategy of methylene bridging with asymmetric structures of 3,4,5-triiodo-1-H-pyrazole (TIP), 2,4,5-triiodo-1H-imidazol (TIM), and tetraiodo-1H-pyrrole (TIPL) are proposed. Two highly stable fully iodinated methylene-bridged azole compounds 3,4,5-triiodo-1-((2,4,5-triiodo-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrazole (3) and 3,4,5-triiodo-1-((tetraiodo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrazole (4) were obtained with high iodine content and excellent thermal stability (iodine content: 84.27% for compound 3 and 86.48% for compound 4; Td: 3: 285 °C, 4: 260 °C). Furthermore, their composites with high-energy oxidant ammonium perchlorate (AP) were designed. The combustion behavior and thermal decomposition properties of the formulations were tested and evaluated. This work may open a new avenue to develop advanced energetic biocidal materials with well-balanced energetic and biocidal properties and versatile functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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4
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Marrs FW, Davis JV, Burch AC, Brown GW, Lease N, Huestis PL, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Chemical Descriptors for a Large-Scale Study on Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity of High Explosives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:753-769. [PMID: 36695777 PMCID: PMC9930127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The drop-weight impact test is an experiment that has been used for nearly 80 years to evaluate handling sensitivity of high explosives. Although the results of this test are known to have large statistical uncertainties, it is one of the most common tests due to its accessibility and modest material requirements. In this paper, we compile a large data set of drop-weight impact sensitivity test results (mainly performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory), along with a compendium of molecular and chemical descriptors for the explosives under test. These data consist of over 500 unique explosives, over 1000 repeat tests, and over 100 descriptors, for a total of about 1500 observations. We use random forest methods to estimate a model of explosive handling sensitivity as a function of chemical and molecular properties of the explosives under test. Our model predicts well across a wide range of explosive types, spanning a broad range of explosive performance and sensitivity. We find that properties related to explosive performance, such as heat of explosion, oxygen balance, and functional group, are highly predictive of explosive handling sensitivity. Yet, models that omit many of these properties still perform well. Our results suggest that there is not one or even several factors that explain explosive handling sensitivity, but that there are many complex, interrelated effects at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Jack V. Davis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Balancing Energy and Stability of Nitroamino-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles through a Planar Bridge. Org Lett 2022; 24:8832-8836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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6
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Wang T, Gao H, Shreeve JM. Functionalized Tetrazole Energetics: A Route to Enhanced Performance. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research Department of Applied Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research Department of Applied Chemistry China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 United States
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Chang J, Zhao G, Zhao X, He C, Pang S, Shreeve JM. New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:332-343. [PMID: 33300791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For a very long time, frequent occurrences of biocrises have wreaked havoc on human beings, animals, and the environment. As a result, it is necessary to develop biocidal agents to destroy or neutralize active agents by releasing large amounts of strong biocides which are obtained upon detonation. Iodine is an efficient biocidal agent for bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, spores, and protozoan parasites, and it is the sole element in the periodic table that can destroy microbes without contaminating the environment. Based on chemical biology, the mechanism of iodine as a bactericide may arise from oxidation and iodination reactions of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. However, because of the high vapor pressure causing elemental iodine to sublime readily at room temperature, it is inconvenient to use this material in its normal solid state directly as a biocidal agent under ambient conditions. Iodine-rich compounds where iodine is firmly bonded in molecules as a C-I or I-O moiety have been observed to be among the most promising energetic biocidal compounds. Gaseous products comprised of large amounts of iodine or iodine-containing components as strong biocides are released in the decomposition or explosion of iodine-rich compounds. Because of the detonation pressure, the iodine species are distributed over a large area greatly improving the efficacy of the system and requiring considerably less effort compared to traditional biocidal methods. The commercially available tetraiodomethane and tetraiodoethene, which possess superb iodine content also have the disadvantages of volatility, light sensitivity, and chemically reactivity, and therefore, are not suitable for use directly as biocidal agents. It is absolutely critical to synthesize new iodine-rich compounds with good thermal and chemical stabilities.In this Account, we describe our strategies for the syntheses of energetic iodine-rich compounds while maintaining the maximum iodine content with concomitant stability and routes for the synthesis of oxygen-containing iodine-rich compounds to improve the oxygen balance and achieve both high-energy and high-iodine content. In the other work, which involves cocrystals, iodine-containing polymers were also summarized. It is hoped that this Account will provide guidelines for the design and syntheses of new iodine-rich compounds and a route for the development of inexpensive, more efficient, and safer iodine-rich antibiological warfare agents of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Chang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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8
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Benz M, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Combining Performance with Thermal Stability: Synthesis and Characterization of 5‐(3,5‐Dinitro‐1
H
‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1
H
‐tetrazole and its Energetic Derivatives. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry Univeristy of Munich (LMU) Butendandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Univeristy of Munich (LMU) Butendandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Univeristy of Munich (LMU) Butendandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
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9
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Yin X, Wang J, Ma Q, Wang SM. Crystal Structure and Properties of bis(5-Nitroimino-1,2,4-Triazolate-3-yl) Methane Aminoguanidium Salt. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Kumar D, Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Multipurpose Energetic Materials by Shuffling Nitro Groups on a 3,3′‐Bipyrazole Moiety. Chemistry 2018; 24:17220-17224. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
- Department of Chemistry IIT Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington D.C. USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington D.C. USA
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11
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Bölter MF, Klapötke TM, Kustermann T, Lenz T, Stierstorfer J. Improving the Energetic Properties of Dinitropyrazoles by Utilization of Current Concepts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc F. Bölter
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5‐13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5‐13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Tessa Kustermann
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5‐13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5‐13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5‐13 (D) 81377 München Germany
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12
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Yang J, Wang G, Gong X, Zhang J, Wang YA. High-Energy Nitramine Explosives: A Design Strategy from Linear to Cyclic to Caged Molecules. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9739-9745. [PMID: 31459103 PMCID: PMC6645143 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After carefully analyzing the Kamlet-Jacobs (K-J) equations and the structural traits of well-known explosives, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazin (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtizitane (CL-20), diverse nitramine explosives including linear (Models IAn, IBn, and ICn), cyclic (Model IIn), and caged (Models IIIAn and IIIBn) molecules were designed by incorporating various number (n) of -CH2NNO2- structural unit and studied using the B3LYP/6-31G* and B3PW91/6-31G** methods of the density functional theory. Computational results show that all of the energetic parameters, that is, density (ρ), detonation velocity (D), and detonation pressure (P), follow the order of IIIBn > IIIAn > IIn > IAn > IBn > ICn. With the increasing n, the D and P of linear nitramines eventually keep stable. This clearly indicates that elongating the chain length (e.g., polymerization) brings little or even negative benefit in boosting the explosive properties. The oxygen balance and the K-J equation parameter ϕ both have a significant influence on the detonation properties. Caged compound IIIA2 has not only comparable energetic properties but also better sensitivity and thermal stability than CL-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Alexander Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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13
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Kumar D, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. N
‐Acetonitrile Functionalized Nitropyrazoles: Precursors to Insensitive Asymmetric
N
‐Methylene‐C Linked Azoles. Chemistry 2017; 23:7876-7881. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. USA
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Wang Q, Lu T, Wang C, Fan G, Yin H, Chen FX. Synthesis of 5,5′-azoxybistetrazole via nitration and de-oxygen rearrangement of triazene. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unusual transformation of tetrazole triazene into 5,5′-azoxybistetrazole by a sequential treatment with fuming nitric acid and acetyl anhydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Chenbin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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