1
|
Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Single Step Synthesis of gem-Dinitro Methyl-1,2,4-triazole and Its Hydroxylamine Salt: An Alternative to the FOX-7 and Other Benchmark Explosives. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38809597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
gem-Dinitro methyl based high-energy-density material 5-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (2) and its hydroxylamine salt (4) were synthesized for the first time in a single step and characterized. Further, the structure of 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies. Interestengly, both the compounds show excellent density (> 1.83 g cm-3), detonation velocity (> 8700 m s-1), pressure (> 30 GPa) and are insensitive toward mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction sensitivity. Considering their synthetic fesibility and balanced energetic performance, compounds 2 and 4 show future prospects as potential next-generation energetic materials for the replacenent of many presently used benchmark high energy density materials such as RDX, FOX-7 and highly insensitive H-FOX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin Z, Huang W, Dong Y, Li M, Sun Z, Liu Y, Tang Y. From Tetranitromethane to Gem-Dinitro-Bridged Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Compound: Achieving High Heat of Detonation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14004-14011. [PMID: 37682987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Improving the detonation performance of tetranitromethane (TNM) by introducing energetic moieties is an intriguing area in the field of energetic materials. Incorporation of a mono nitrogen-rich skeleton into TNM usually results in unsatisfactory detonation performance. Now, we reported the design and synthesis of an advanced TNM-like molecule (3) containing nitrogen-rich triazole and nitro-triazinane moieties. In addition, two of its analogues (4 and 5) were also obtained. Taking advantage of the positive heat of formation brought by triazole and triazinane rings and high-density properties donated by many nitro groups, 3 shows promising heat of detonation (Q = 5859 kJ kg-1), which is 2.8 times of TNM and higher than most of its mono ring-modified derivatives (Q: 2076 to 5594 kJ kg-1). The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of 3 (Dv = 8964 m s-1 and P = 35.7 GPa) are competitive with those of RDX (Q = 5763 kJ kg-1, Dv = 8782 m s-1, and P = 34.7 GPa). Structural modification by using triazole and nitro-triazinane rings may be helpful in exploring more TNM derivatives and other types of high-performance explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhongyu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miao X, Yang X, Li Y, Pang S. Thermal stability of azole-rich energetic compounds: their structure, density, enthalpy of formation and energetic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37409442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic compounds, as a type of special material, are widely used in the fields of national defense, aerospace and exploration. Their research and production have received growing attention. Thermal stability is a crucial factor for the safety of energetic materials. Azole-rich energetic compounds have emerged as a research hotspot in recent years owing to their excellent properties. Due to the aromaticity of unsaturated azoles, many azole-rich energetic compounds have significant thermal stability, which is one of the properties that researchers focus on. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the physicochemical and energetic properties of various energetic materials, highlighting the relationship between thermal stability and the structural, physicochemical, and energetic properties of azole-rich energetic compounds. To improve the thermal stability of compounds, five aspects can be considered, including functional group modification, bridging, preparation of energetic salts, energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) and co-crystals. It was demonstrated that increasing the strength and number of hydrogen bonds of azoles and expanding the π-π stacking area are the key factors to improve thermal stability, which provides a valuable way to develop energetic materials with higher energy and thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Miao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xinbo Yang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Functionalized fused triazole-triazine: Novel multi-nitro compounds with various energetic functionalities. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
5
|
Chodkiewicz M, Pawlędzio S, Woińska M, Woźniak K. Fragmentation and transferability in Hirshfeld atom refinement. IUCRJ 2022; 9:298-315. [PMID: 35371499 PMCID: PMC8895009 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) is one of the most effective methods for obtaining accurate structural parameters for hydrogen atoms from X-ray diffraction data. Unfortunately, it is also relatively computationally expensive, especially for larger molecules due to wavefunction calculations. Here, a fragmentation approach has been tested as a remedy for this problem. It gives an order of magnitude improvement in computation time for larger organic systems and is a few times faster for metal-organic systems at the cost of only minor differences in the calculated structural parameters when compared with the original HAR calculations. Fragmentation was also applied to polymeric and disordered systems where it provides a natural solution to problems that arise when HAR is applied. The concept of fragmentation is closely related to the transferable aspherical atom model (TAAM) and allows insight into possible ways to improve TAAM. Hybrid approaches combining fragmentation with the transfer of atomic densities between chemically similar atoms have been tested. An efficient handling of intermolecular interactions was also introduced for calculations involving fragmentation. When applied in fragHAR (a fragmentation approach for polypeptides) as a replacement for the original approach, it allowed for more efficient calculations. All of the calculations were performed with a locally modified version of Olex2 combined with a development version of discamb2tsc and ORCA. Care was taken to efficiently use the power of multicore processors by simple implementation of load-balancing, which was found to be very important for lowering computational time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - Sylwia Pawlędzio
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Magdalena Woińska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Li Y, Yu T, Liu Y, Chen S, Ge Z, Sun C, Pang S. Synthesis and Properties of Energetic Hydrazinium 5-Nitro-3-dinitromethyl-2 H-pyrazole by Unexpected Isomerization of N-Nitropyrazole. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19011-19017. [PMID: 31763523 PMCID: PMC6868590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new energetic salt, hydrazinium 5-nitro-3-dinitromethyl-2H-pyrazole, was synthesized using 1-nitro-3-trinitromethylpyrazole and hydrazine as raw materials and fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The isomerization of N-nitropyrazole in the reaction condition was first reported and the possible mechanism was explained by the density functional theory method. The salt has good density, high positive enthalpy of formation superior to those of the RDX and HMX, and good detonation properties comparable to those of RDX. By denitration and isomerization reactions, the salt gains a better thermal stability and lower sensitivity toward impact and friction compared with its parent compound. Based on an overall energetic evaluation, the salt has a promising future as an alternative explosive. The research also contributes to the synthesis and application of polynitro-substituted N-heterocyclic compounds as energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhang
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Sanping Chen
- College
of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Zhongxue Ge
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Chenghui Sun
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anikin OV, Leonov NE, Klenov MS, Churakov AM, Voronin AA, Muravyev NV, Strelenko YA, Fedyanin IV, Tartakovsky VA. An Energetic (Nitro-NNO
-azoxy)triazolo-1,2,4-triazine. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nikita E. Leonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 125047 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Voronin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36; 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36; 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiong H, Yang H, Cheng G. 3-Trinitromethyl-4-nitro-5-nitramine-1H-pyrazole: a high energy density oxidizer. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02732g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel oxygen-rich compound was designed and synthesized. The combination of high density, positive heat of formation, high positive oxygen balance, high specific impulse and high detonation performance makes it a promising high energy density oxidizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu M, Cheng G, Xiong H, Wang B, Ju X, Yang H. Synthesis of high-performance insensitive energetic materials based on nitropyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of symmetric nitropyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and its energetic salts were obtained. The positive effect of ternary hydrogen bonds improve the performances of target compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minxian Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leonov NE, Klenov MS, Anikin OV, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Monogarov KA, Tartakovsky VA. First Synthesis of Aliphatic Nitro- NNO
-azoxy Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita E. Leonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Monogarov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; 4 Kosygina Street, Building 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ranjbar-Karimi R, Mehrafarin A, Mahyari A, Mehrabi H. Facile Solvent- and Metal-Free Synthesis of Polymers Including Triazole by Click Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mehrafarin
- Department of Chemistry; Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan Iran
| | - Amir Mahyari
- Department of Chemistry; Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan Iran
| | - Hossein Mehrabi
- Department of Chemistry; Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Energetic Di- and Trinitromethylpyridines: Synthesis and Characterization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 23:molecules23010002. [PMID: 29267228 PMCID: PMC5943950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine derivatives based on the addition of trinitromethyl functional groups were synthesized by the reaction of N2O4 with the corresponding pyridinecarboxaldoximes, then they were converted into dinitromethylide hydrazinium salts. These energetic compounds were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray crystallography. These pyridine derivatives have good densities, positive enthalpies of formation, and acceptable sensitivity values. Theoretical calculations carried out using Gaussian 03 and EXPLO5 programs demonstrated good to excellent detonation velocities and pressures. Each of these compounds is superior in performance to TNT, while 2,6-bis(trinitromethyl)pyridine (D = 8700 m·s−1, P = 33.2 GPa) shows comparable detonation performance to that of RDX, but its thermal stability is too low, making it inferior to RDX.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Yang Q, Wei Q, Xie G, Chen S, Gao S. Axial substitution of a precursor resulted in two high-energy copper(ii) complexes with superior detonation performances. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12893-12900. [PMID: 28920977 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of explosives with high performance, good thermal stability, and low sensitivity is an important subject for the development of energetic materials. Energetic complexes have recently emerged as a promising energetic material form. As one of the representatives, [Cu(Htztr)2(H2O)2]n (H2tztr = 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-triazole) was previously reported with good energetic performance, outstanding thermostability (Tdec = 345 °C) and low sensitivity to impact and friction stimuli. However, due to the existence of water molecules, its effective energy density is remarkably decreased, resulting in a diminished detonation performance. In order to further improve the detonation performance, using [Cu(Htztr)2(H2O)2]n as a precursor, {[Cu(Htztr)(H2O)]NO3}n (1) and [Cu(H2tztr)2(HCOO)2]n (2) were synthesized by the axial substitution reaction with NO3- and HCOO-. The structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both of them exhibit high thermal stabilities and insensitivities to impact and friction. Moreover, the same DFT calculation methodology shows that the heat of detonation of 2 (3.5663 kcal g-1) is significantly higher than that of the precursor [Cu(Htztr)2(H2O)2]n (2.1281 kcal g-1). Meanwhile, the empirical Kamlet-Jacobs equations were used to theoretically predict the detonation properties of the title complexes, and the results show that 1 and 2 have excellent detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|