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Islam MN, Hossain MM, Maktedar SS, Rahaman M, Rahman MA, Aldalbahi A, Hasnat MA. Ce-Doped TiO 2 Fabricated Glassy Carbon Electrode for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Medium. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301143. [PMID: 38376002 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The quest for sustainable and clean energy sources has intensified research on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) in recent decades. In this study, we have presented a novel Ce-doped TiO2 catalyst synthesized through the sol-gel method, showcasing its potential as a superior electrocatalyst for HER in an acidic medium. Comprehensive characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy confirms the successful formation of the catalyst. Electrocatalytic performance evaluation, including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel analysis, demonstrates that GCE-5wt.%CeTiO2 outperforms bare GCE, as well as Ce and TiO2-based electrodes. Kinetic investigations reveal a Tafel slope of 105 mV dec-1, indicating the Volmer step as the rate-determining step. The onset potential for HER at GCE-5wt.%CeTiO2 is -0.16 V vs. RHE, close to the platinum electrode. Notably, the catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 401 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 with an impressive 95 % Faradaic efficiency. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding durability, maintaining a negligible increase in overpotential during a 14-hour chronoamperometry test. These results have far-reaching implications for the development of cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurnobi Islam
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mosaraf Hossain
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Shrikant S Maktedar
- Materials Chemistry & Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, 190006, J & K (UT), India
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Atiqur Rahman
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Hasnat
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
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Kim EJ, Kim KH, Bak J, Lee K, Cho E. Carbon nanotube-titanium dioxide nanocomposite support for improved activity and stability of an iridium catalyst toward the oxygen evolution reaction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35943-35949. [PMID: 36545110 PMCID: PMC9753482 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the electrocatalytic activity and stability of an iridium (Ir) nanoparticle catalyst toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic electrolyte, carbon nanotube and titanium dioxide nanocomposites (CNT@TiO2) are presented as a high-performance support. TiO2 was synthesized on CNTs by using a novel layer-by-layer solution coating method that mimics atomic layer deposition (ALD) but is cost-effective and scalable. In the nanocomposites, CNTs serve as the electron pathways and the surface TiO2 layers protect CNTs from corrosion under the harsh OER conditions. Thus, CNT@TiO2 demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance as well as a high electrical conductivity (1.6 ± 0.2 S cm-1) comparable to that of Vulcan carbon (1.4 S cm-1). The interaction between Ir and TiO2 promotes the formation of Ir(iii) species, thereby enhancing the OER activity and stability of the Ir nanoparticle catalyst. Compared to commercial carbon-supported Ir (Ir/C) and Ir black catalysts, CNT@TiO2-supported Ir exhibits superior OER activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eom Ji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Junu Bak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - KwangHo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - EunAe Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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3
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Cathodic Activation of Titania-Fly Ash Cenospheres for Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Production: A Proposed Solution to Treat Fly Ash Waste. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fly ash (FA) is a waste product generated in huge amounts by coal-fired electric and steam-generating plants. As a result, the use of FA alone or in conjunction with other materials is an intriguing study topic worth exploring. Herein, we used FA waste in conjunction with titanium oxide (TiO2) to create (FA-TiO2) nanocomposites. For the first time, a cathodic polarization pre-treatment regime was applied to such nanocomposites to efficiently produce hydrogen from an alkaline solution. The FA-TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by a straightforward solvothermal approach in which the FA raw material was mixed with titanium precursor in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and refluxed during a given time. The obtained FA-TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were fully characterized using various tools and displayed a cenosphere-like shape. The synthesized materials were tested as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 0.1 M KOH solution in the dark, employing various electrochemical techniques. The as-prepared (unactivated) FA-TiO2 exhibited a considerable HER electrocatalytic activity, with an onset potential (EHER) value of −144 mV vs. RHE, a Tafel slope (−bc) value of 124 mV dec−1 and an exchange current density (jo) of ~0.07 mA cm−2. The FA-TiO2′s HER catalytic performance was significantly enhanced upon cathodic activation (24 h of chronoamperometry measurements performed at a high cathodic potential of −1.0 V vs. RHE). The cathodically activated FA-TiO2 recorded HER electrochemical kinetic parameters of EHER = −28 mV, −bc = 115 mV dec−1, jo = 0.65 mA cm−2, and an overpotential η10 = 125 mV to yield a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Such parameters were comparable to those measured here for the commercial Pt/C under the same experimental conditions (EHER = −10 mV, −bc = 113 mV dec−1, jo = 0.88 mA cm−2, η10 = 110 mV), as well as to the most active electrocatalysts for H2 generation from aqueous alkaline electrolytes.
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Rammal MB, El-Ghoubaira V, Omanovic S. Part II: NiMoO 4 Nanostructures Synthesized by the Solution Combustion Method: A Parametric Study on the Influence of Material Synthesis and Electrode-Fabrication Parameters on the Electrocatalytic Activity in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Molecules 2022; 27:1199. [PMID: 35208991 PMCID: PMC8876296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Earth-abundant NiMo-oxide nanostructures were investigated as efficient electrocatalytic materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media. Synthesis and non-synthesis parameters were thoroughly studied. For the non-synthesis parameters, the variation in Nafion loading resulted in a volcano-like trend, while the change in the electrocatalyst loading showed that the marginal benefit of high loadings attenuates due to mass-transfer limitations. The addition of carbon black to the electrocatalyst layer improved the HER performance at low loadings. Different carbon black grades showed a varying influence on the HER performance. Regarding the synthesis parameters, a calcination temperature of 500 °C, a calcination time between 20 and 720 min, a stoichiometric composition (Ni/Mo = 1), an acidic precursor solution, and a fuel-lean system were conditions that yielded the highest HER activity. The in-house NiMoO4/CB/Nafion electrocatalyst layer was found to offer a better long-term performance than the commercial Pt/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bassam Rammal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada; (V.E.-G.); (S.O.)
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Covalently Bonded Ir(IV) on Conducted Blue TiO2 for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acid Media. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of anode electrode has been a primary obstacle for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid media. We design Ir-oxygen of hydroxyl-rich blue TiO2 through covalent bonds (Ir–O2–2Ti) and investigate the outcome of favored exposure of different amounts of covalent Ir–oxygen linked to the conductive blue TiO2 in the acidic OER. The Ir-oxygen-blue TiO2 nanoclusters show a strong synergy in terms of improved conductivity and tiny amount usage of Ir by using blue TiO2 supporter, and enhanced stability using covalent Ir-oxygen-linking (i.e., Ir oxide) in acid media, leading to high acidic OER performance with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 342 mV, which is much higher than that of IrO2 at 438 mV in 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte. Notably, the Ir–O2–2Ti has a great mass activity of 1.38 A/mgIr at an overpotential 350 mV, which is almost 27 times higher than the mass activity of IrO2 at the same overpotential. Therefore, our work provides some insight into non-costly, highly enhanced, and stable electrocatalysts for the OER in acid media.
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Cai ZX, Goou H, Ito Y, Tokunaga T, Miyauchi M, Abe H, Fujita T. Nanoporous ultra-high-entropy alloys containing fourteen elements for water splitting electrocatalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11306-11315. [PMID: 34667541 PMCID: PMC8447928 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are near-equimolar alloys comprising five or more elements. In recent years, catalysis using HEAs has attracted considerable attention across various fields. Herein, we demonstrate the facile synthesis of nanoporous ultra-high-entropy alloys (np-UHEAs) with hierarchical porosity via dealloying. These np-UHEAs contain up to 14 elements, namely, Al, Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ir, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ti. Furthermore, they exhibit high catalytic activities and electrochemical stabilities in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media, superior to that of commercial Pt/graphene and IrO2 catalysts. Our results offer valuable insights for the selection of elements as catalysts for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xing Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada Kami City Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Hiromi Goou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada Kami City Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba 305-8573 Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tokunaga
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyauchi
- Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hideki Abe
- National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada Kami City Kochi 782-8502 Japan
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Noor S, Sajjad S, Leghari SAK, Flox C, Kallio T, Kauppinen EI, Ahmad S. Electronic transitions of SWCNTs in comparison to GO on Mn 3O 4/TiO 2 nanocomposites for hydrogen energy generation and solar photocatalysis. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conductivity of metal/metal oxide-doped TiO2 nanomaterials is enhanced by the incorporation of carbonaceous materials, e.g. single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Noor
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
- International Islamic University
- H-10 Islamabad
- Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
| | - Shamaila Sajjad
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
- International Islamic University
- H-10 Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | | | - Cristina Flox
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Aalto University
- Finland
| | - Tanja Kallio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Aalto University
- Finland
| | | | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Applied Physics
- Aalto University
- Finland
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Weber T, Vonk V, Abb MJS, Evertsson J, Sandroni M, Drnec J, Stierle A, Lundgren E, Over H. Extraordinary Stability of IrO 2(110) Ultrathin Films Supported on TiO 2(110) under Cathodic Polarization. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9057-9062. [PMID: 33045835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Down to a cathodic potentials of -1.20 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, the structure of IrO2(110) electrodes supported by TiO2(110) is found to be stable by in situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction. Such high cathodic potentials should lead to reduction to metallic Ir (Pourbaix diagram). From the IrO2 lattice parameters, determined during cathodic polarization in a H2SO4 electrolyte solution (pH 0.4), it is estimated that the unit cell volume increases by 1% due likely to proton incorporation, which is supported by the lack of significant swelling of the IrO2(110) film derived from X-ray reflectivity experiments. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that protons are incorporated into the IrO2(110) lattice below -1.0 V, although Ir remains exclusively in the IV+ oxidation state down to -1.20 V. Obviously, further hydrogenation of the lattice oxygen of IrO2(110) toward water is suppressed for kinetic reasons and hints at a rate-determining chemical step that cannot be controlled by the electrode potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel J S Abb
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Evertsson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Sandroni
- Experimental Division, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jakub Drnec
- Experimental Division, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik University Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Herbert Over
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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9
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Akbayrak M, Önal AM. Binder- free iridium based electrocatalysts: Facile preparation, high activity and outstanding stability for hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic medium. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 580:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Chen H, Shi L, Liang X, Wang L, Asefa T, Zou X. Optimization of Active Sites via Crystal Phase, Composition, and Morphology for Efficient Low‐Iridium Oxygen Evolution Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19654-19658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology & Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Xiaoxin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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11
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Chen H, Shi L, Liang X, Wang L, Asefa T, Zou X. Optimization of Active Sites via Crystal Phase, Composition, and Morphology for Efficient Low‐Iridium Oxygen Evolution Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology & Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Xiaoxin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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Sasidharan S, Sreenivasan R. Transition metal mixed oxide-embedded graphene oxide bilayers as an efficient electrocatalyst for optimizing hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrocatalyst containing different percentages of iron-titanium mixed oxide onto graphene oxide (GO) support was prepared by embedding via the thermal decomposition method (TD) and was coated on a Cu substrate through facile electroless Ni–Co–P plating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Sasidharan
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry
- DST-FIST Supported Department
- Sree Narayana College
- Affiliated to University of Kerala
- Kollam
| | - Rijith Sreenivasan
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry
- DST-FIST Supported Department
- Sree Narayana College
- Affiliated to University of Kerala
- Kollam
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Jin W, Chen J. Electrochemically activated Cu2O/Co3O4 nanocomposites on defective carbon nanotubes for the hydrogen evolution reaction. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrating an earth-abundant transition metal with modified carbon nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for emerging energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Jianping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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