1
|
Zhao W, Wang L, Zhang M, Liu Z, Wu C, Pan X, Huang Z, Lu C, Quan G. Photodynamic therapy for cancer: mechanisms, photosensitizers, nanocarriers, and clinical studies. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e603. [PMID: 38911063 PMCID: PMC11193138 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a temporally and spatially precisely controllable, noninvasive, and potentially highly efficient method of phototherapy. The three components of PDT primarily include photosensitizers, oxygen, and light. PDT employs specific wavelengths of light to active photosensitizers at the tumor site, generating reactive oxygen species that are fatal to tumor cells. Nevertheless, traditional photosensitizers have disadvantages such as poor water solubility, severe oxygen-dependency, and low targetability, and the light is difficult to penetrate the deep tumor tissue, which remains the toughest task in the application of PDT in the clinic. Here, we systematically summarize the development and the molecular mechanisms of photosensitizers, and the challenges of PDT in tumor management, highlighting the advantages of nanocarriers-based PDT against cancer. The development of third generation photosensitizers has opened up new horizons in PDT, and the cooperation between nanocarriers and PDT has attained satisfactory achievements. Finally, the clinical studies of PDT are discussed. Overall, we present an overview and our perspective of PDT in the field of tumor management, and we believe this work will provide a new insight into tumor-based PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Meihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guilan Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability AssessmentJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang C, Wang X, Ma W, Wang Z, Tan G, Fang W, Jin Y. Improving the photodynamic therapy of pyropheophorbide a through the combination of hypoxia-sensitive molecule and infrared light-excited d-TiO2−X nanoparticles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involving the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species under light in the presence of sufficient oxygen has been widely used in diagnosing and treating cancer. However, the ubiquitous hypoxia in many solid tumors due to their abnormal proliferation and vascularization has greatly compromised the therapeutic effect. We have designed and prepared a tumor therapeutic nanoplatform for improving PDT based on defective TiO[Formula: see text] (d-TiO[Formula: see text] with the consideration that the continuous PDT would cause hypoxic tumor microenvironment (HTM) in which many hypoxia-sensitive drugs might be activated to exert the antitumor activities. The inorganic d-TiO[Formula: see text] nanoparticles (NPs) were firstly prepared and then modified by APTES to obtain the mesoporous d-TiO[Formula: see text]@SiO2NPs. The organic photosensitizer pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) and hypoxic-sensitive agent 6-aminoflavone (AF) were then adsorbed in the mesoporous SiO2, followed by further hydrophilic PEGylation to improve the biocompatibility. Defective d-TiO[Formula: see text] and the PPa could simultaneously consume oxygen after light excitation, while the resulted HTM was utilized to activate the hypoxic-sensitive agent 6-aminoflavone (AF) to trigger anti-cancer effect. The prepared d-TiO[Formula: see text]@SiO2/PPa/AF@PEG NPs were stable in normal physiological environment, and could continuously release PPa and AF under slightly acidic conditions. The in vitro experiments against cancer cells suggested that the combination of PPa and AF displayed significantly enhanced antitumor activities than that of monotherapy. Therefore, this research offered a potential application for 6-aminoflavone in PDT-induced hypoxia to improve the antitumor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Xingchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Tan
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Wen Fang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang C, Zhao H, Xiao H, Wang Y, Liu L, Chen H, Shen C, Zhu H, Liu Q. Recent advances in graphene-family nanomaterials for effective drug delivery and phototherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:119-138. [PMID: 32729733 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1798400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Owing to the unique properties of graphene, including large specific surface area, excellent thermal conductivity, and optical absorption, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) have attracted extensive attention in biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and phototherapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we point out several challenges involved in the clinical application of GFNs. Then, we provide an overview of the most recent publications about GFNs in biomedical applications, including diverse strategies for improving the biocompatibility, specific targeting and stimuli-responsiveness of GFNs for drug delivery, codelivery of drug and gene, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and multimodal combination therapy. EXPERT OPINION Although the application of GFNs is still in the preclinical stage, rational modification of GFNs with functional elements or making full use of GFNs-based multimodal combination therapy might show great potential in biomedicine for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyue Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Huoji Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Southern Medical University , 510315, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji TH, Li XL, Mao Y, Mei Z, Tian Y. Electron/energy co-transfer behavior and reducibility of Cu-chlorophyllin-bonded carbon-dots. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31495-31501. [PMID: 35520672 PMCID: PMC9056392 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-chlorophyllin-bonded carbon dots (CCPh-CDs) have been synthesized at room temperature, and the energy/electron co-transfer behavior between Cu-chlorophyllin molecules (CCPh) and carbon dots (CDs) is investigated via various techniques. The mean diameters of CDs and CCPh-CDs are 2.8 nm and 3.1 nm, respectively, measured by HRTEM. The absorption spectra of CCPh-CDs show two parts: the absorptions of CDs and CCPh are in the wavelength range of 300–500 nm. The PL spectra of CCPh-CDs exhibit very weak intensities, and with the decreasing of CCPh content on CDs, the corresponding intensity increases. Luminescent decay spectra show that the PL decay times of CCPh and CCPh-CDs with the highest CCPh content are single-exponentially fitted to be 3.20 ns and 12.64 ns, respectively. Furthermore, based on the electron transfer and reducibility of CCPh-CDs, Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 10 nm can be easily prepared at room temperature under ultraviolet irradiation. The PL measurement result reveals that both electron transfer and FRET behavior take place from CCPh-CDs to Ag. Cu-chlorophyllin-bonded carbon dots (CCPh-CDs) with/without Ag/Ag2O (CCPh-CD-Ag) were obtained and investigated by optical measurements and luminescence decay spectroscopy.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Ji
- Science College, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xue-Li Li
- Science College, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yongyun Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhipeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Qin X, Yang C, Wang Z, Jin Y. Fabrication of Multitargeting and pH-Regulated Nanocomposites for Antitumor Photodynamic Therapy Based on Triphenylphosphine and Graphene Oxide. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:952-964. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Avashthi G, Maktedar SS, Singh M. Surface-Induced in Situ Sonothermodynamically Controlled Functionalized Graphene Oxide for in Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Evaluations. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16385-16401. [PMID: 31616817 PMCID: PMC6787894 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide-based advanced functional materials offer an ultimate solution for wider biomedical applications. In situ thermodynamically ultrasound-assisted direct covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with sulfanilamide (SA) has synthesized f-(SA)GO. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have analyzed the f-(SA)GO structure for functional activities, expressed through synergistic impact of heteroatomic domains (SIHAD). The TGA of GO and f-(SA)GO demonstrates their total weight losses of 82.0 and 61.1%, respectively. Enhanced thermal stability of f-(SA)GO infers an exothermic behavior obtained with DSC. The surface-induced in situ thermodynamically controlled nonspontaneous reaction for f-(SA)GO has facilitated calculations for activation energy (E a) = - 2.65 × 103 kJ mol-1 and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) = 8.3741 kJ mol-1, energetics for biological activities with sulforhodamine B assay on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines and antioxidant potential by free radical scavenging activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Cell viabilities are >89.8% for Vero and >90.1% for MCF-7 with f-(SA)GO over 10 to 80 μg mL-1. Its cytocompatibility infers establishment of a new material. The morphological effect on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines confirm its structurally stable biocompatibility. The SIHAD of f-(SA)GO scavenges radical activity, and its heteroatomic structure causes valuable physiochemical activities. f-(SA)GO could emerge as an advanced functional biomaterial for structurally and thermally stable biocompatible nanocoatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Avashthi
- School of Chemical
Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Shrikant S. Maktedar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar 190006, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
| | - Man Singh
- School of Chemical
Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang C, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wu X, Jin Y. Mitochondria-targeted tri-triphenylphosphonium substituted meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin(TCPP) by conjugation with folic acid and graphene oxide for improved photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are extensively researched as target sites to maximize photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects because they play crucial roles in metabolism. Here, a mitochondria targeting PDT agent, tri-triphenylphosphonium substituted meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP-TPP) is prepared for the first time. Considering that many porphyrin derivatives are quick to aggregate, thereby reducing the PDT effect, our photosensitizer (PS) was loaded on a folic acid (FA) decorated graphene oxide (GO) nanosystem, called GF@TCPP-TPP, by electrostatic and [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] stacking or hydrophobic cooperative interactions, to improve the transportation of photosensitizers and enhance the therapeutic effect. Herein, we have performed a detailed study of photodynamic activity of GF@TCPP-TPP nanocomposites and evaluated their potential as a photosensitizer in PDT. An MTT assay showed that GF@TCPP-TPP inhibited HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner under light (650 ± 10 nm, 5 mW [Formula: see text] and 10 min), and presented remarkably improved PDT efficiency (IC[Formula: see text] g [Formula: see text] mL[Formula: see text] of equivalent TCPP-TPP) over free TCPP (IC[Formula: see text] after irradiation. Furthermore, our research indicated that Type I mechanisms (the generation of hydroxyl radicals) play a predominant role in the GF@TCPP-TPP induced PDT process. This coincides with the low singlet oxygen (1O[Formula: see text] quantum yield ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 33.6%) in a DMF solution. Moreover, cell morphological changes after GF@TCPP-TPP PDT further demonstrated that GF@TCPP-TPP could induce damage and apoptotic cell death efficiently. In particular, precise delivery of photosensitizers to mitochondria was proven by organelle localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Jin Y. pH-Sensitive graphene oxide conjugate purpurin-18 methyl ester photosensitizer nanocomplex in photodynamic therapy. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00439k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A GO–Pu18 composite showed excellent photodynamic bioactivity and pH-sensitive drug release behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| |
Collapse
|