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Photodynamic Therapy of Aluminum Phthalocyanine Tetra Sodium 2-Mercaptoacetate Linked to PEGylated Copper-Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticles on Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031902. [PMID: 36768224 PMCID: PMC9915188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports for the first time on the synthesis, characterization, and photodynamic therapy efficacy of the novel aluminium (III) chloride 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-(sodium 2-mercaptoacetate) phthalocyanine (AlClPcTS41) when alone and when conjugated to PEGylated copper-gold bimetallic nanoparticles (PEG-CuAuNPs) as photosensitizers on colon cancer cells (Caco-2). The novel AlClPcTS41 was covalently linked to the PEG-CuAuNPs via an amide bond to form AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs. The amide bond was successfully confirmed using FTIR while the crystal structures were studied using XRD. The morphological and size variations of the PEG-CuAuNPs and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs were studied using TEM, while the hydrodynamic sizes and polydispersity of the particles were confirmed using DLS. The ground state electron absorption spectra were also studied and confirmed the typical absorption of metallated phthalocyanines and their nanoparticle conjugates. Subsequently, the subcellular uptake, cellular proliferation, and PDT anti-tumor effect of AlClPcTS41, PEG-CuAuNPs, and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs were investigated within in vitro Caco-2 cells. The designed AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs demonstrated significant ROS generation abilities that led to the PDT effect with a significantly decreased viable cell population after PDT treatment. These results demonstrate that the novel AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs had remarkable PDT effects against Caco-2 cells and may trigger apoptosis cell death pathway, indicating the potential of the AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs in enhancing the cytotoxic effect of PDT treatment.
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Nkune NW, Matlou GG, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy of Novel Zinc Phthalocyanine Tetra Sodium 2-Mercaptoacetate Combined with Cannabidiol on Metastatic Melanoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2418. [PMID: 36365236 PMCID: PMC9695911 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This work reports for the first time on the synthesis, characterization, and photodynamic therapy effect of a novel water-soluble zinc (II) 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-(sodium 2-mercaptoacetate) phthalocyanine (ZnPcTS41), on metastatic melanoma cells (A375) combined with cannabidiol (CBD). The ZnPcTS41 structure was confirmed using FTIR, NMR, MS, and elemental analysis while the electronic absorption spectrum was studied using UV-VIS. The study reports further on the dose-dependent effects of ZnPcTS41 (1-8 µM) and CBD alone (0.3-1.1 µM) at 636 nm with 10 J/cm2 on cellular morphology and viability. The IC50 concentrations of ZnPcTS41 and CBD were found to be 5.3 µM and 0.63 µM, respectively. The cytotoxicity effects of the ZnPcTS41 enhanced with CBD on A375 cells were assessed using MTT cell viability assay, ATP cellular proliferation and inverted light microscopy. Cell death induction was also determined via Annexin V-FITC-PI. The combination of CBD- and ZnPcTS41-mediated PDT resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability (15%***) and an increase in the late apoptotic cell population (25%*). These findings suggest that enhancing PDT with anticancer agents such as CBD could possibly obliterate cancer cells and inhibit tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Mgidlana S, Sen P, Nyokong T. Dual action of asymmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanines conjugated to silver tungstate nanoparticles towards photodegradation of tetracycline and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sharaf M, Sewid AH, Hamouda HI, Elharrif MG, El-Demerdash AS, Alharthi A, Hashim N, Hamad AA, Selim S, Alkhalifah DHM, Hozzein WN, Abdalla M, Saber T. Rhamnolipid-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Novel Multitarget Candidate against Major Foodborne E. coli Serotypes and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0025022. [PMID: 35852338 PMCID: PMC9430161 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00250-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-growing antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are emerging as a global health challenge due to dilemmas in clinical treatment. Furthermore, their pathogenesis, including increasingly serious antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation, makes them challenging to treat by conventional therapy. Therefore, the development of novel antivirulence strategies will undoubtedly provide a path forward in combatting these resistant bacterial infections. In this regard, we developed novel biosurfactant-coated nanoparticles to combine the antiadhesive/antibiofilm properties of rhamnolipid (RHL)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with each of the p-coumaric acid (p-CoA) and gallic acid (GA) antimicrobial drugs by using the most available polymer common coatings (PVA) to expand the range of effective antibacterial drugs, as well as a mechanism for their synergistic effect via a simple method of preparation. Mechanistically, the average size of bare Fe3O4 NPs was ~15 nm, while RHL-coated Fe3O4@PVA@p-CoA/GA was about ~254 nm, with a drop in zeta potential from -18.7 mV to -34.3 mV, which helped increase stability. Our data show that RHL-Fe3O4@PVA@p-CoA/GA biosurfactant NPs can remarkably interfere with bacterial growth and significantly inhibited biofilm formation to more than 50% via downregulating IcaABCD and CsgBAC operons, which are responsible for slime layer formation and curli fimbriae production in S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The novelty regarding the activity of RHL-Fe3O4@PVA@p-CoA/GA biosurfactant NPs reveals their potential effect as an alternative multitarget antivirulence candidate to minimize infection severity by inhibiting biofilm development. Therefore, they could be used in antibacterial coatings and wound dressings in the future. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance poses a great threat and challenge to humanity. Therefore, the search for alternative ways to target and eliminate microbes from plant, animal, and marine microorganisms is one of the world's concerns today. Furthermore, the extraordinary capacity of S. aureus and E. coli to resist standard antibacterial drugs is the dilemma of all currently used remedies. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) have become widespread, leading to no remedies being able to treat these threatening pathogens. The most widely recognized serotypes that cause severe foodborne illness are E. coli O157:H7, O26:H11, and O78:H10, and they display increasing antimicrobial resistance rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an effective therapy that has dual action to inhibit biofilm formation and decrease bacterial growth. In this study, the synthesized RHL-Fe3O4@PVA@p-CoA/GA biosurfactant NPs have interesting properties, making them excellent candidates for targeted drug delivery by inhibiting bacterial growth and downregulating biofilm-associated IcaABCD and CsgBAC gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alaa H. Sewid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - H. I. Hamouda
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. Elharrif
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqraa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Afaf Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Hashim
- General Practitioner, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Anas Abdullah Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al Maarif University College, Al Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Shendi, Nher Anile, Sudan
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Matlou GG, Managa M, Nyokong T. Effect of symmetry and metal nanoparticles on the photophysicochemical and photodynamic therapy properties of cinnamic acid zinc phthalocyanine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 214:49-57. [PMID: 30763918 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel asymmetric cinnamic acid zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc, 1) containing three tert-butyl substituents is reported. The asymmetric ZnPc (1) is further linked to amino functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) (1-AMNPs) and to cysteine functionalized silver nanoparticles (cys-AgNPs) (1-cys-AgNPs) through an amide bond. 1-AMNPs and 1-cys-AgNPs improved the triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields of complex 1, this was also observed with the previously reported 2-AMNPs when compared to 2 while 3-AMNPs yielded an unexpected decrease in triplet quantum yield as compared to 3. The silver nanoparticles (1-cys-AgNPs) had a better effect on improving the singlet oxygen quantum yield of complex 1 than the magnetic nanoparticles (1-AMNPs). The Pcs and conjugates recorded low cell cytotoxicity in the dark and high photocytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells in-vitro. MCF-7 cell viabilities of less than 50% were recorded at 80 μg/mL making the Pcs and conjugates under study potential candidates for use as photosensitizers in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauta Gold Matlou
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Nkhahle R, Sekhosana KE, Centane S, Nyokong T. Electrocatalytic Activity of Asymmetrical Cobalt Phthalocyanines in the Presence of N Doped Graphene Quantum Dots: The Push‐pull Effects of Substituents. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reitumetse Nkhahle
- Department of ChemistryRhodes University PO Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | | | - Sixolile Centane
- Department of ChemistryRhodes University PO Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of ChemistryRhodes University PO Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
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Hışır A, Köse GG, Atmaca GY, Erdoğmuş A, Karaoğlan GK. Novel carboxylic acid terminated silicon(IV) and zinc(II) phthalocyanine photosensitizers: Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the efficacy of photochemical properties for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications, carboxylic acid groups axially conjugated with silicon(IV) and at the peripheral position with zinc(II) phthalocyanine skeletons for new photosensitizers to investigate the influence of the COOH group positions on the photophysicochemical performance are described in this study. Silicon (IV) (3 and 5) and zinc (II) (7) phthalocyanines were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS and elemental analysis spectral data. Furthermore, the photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence quenching studies), photochemical (photodegradation and singlet oxygen generation) and aggregation properties of the newly synthesized phthalocyanines were investigated in dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. The results were compared with that of zinc and silicon phthalocyanines. Singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.23 to 0.63 via Type II mechanism under the experimental conditions studied. The fluorescence of the phthalocyanine complexes (3, 5 and 7) is effectively quenched by 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in DMSO, DMF and THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hışır
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Gümrükcü Köse
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Göknur Yaşa Atmaca
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Erdoğmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Matlou GG, Oluwole DO, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. Photodynamic therapy activity of zinc phthalocyanine linked to folic acid and magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 186:216-224. [PMID: 30077918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) activities (using human carcinoma adherent MCF-7 cells) of zinc phthalocyanine derivatives: complexes 1 (Zn mono cinnamic acid phthalocyanine) and 2 (zinc mono carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine) when covalently linked to folic acid (FA) and amine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) are reported. The covalent linkage of asymmetric zinc cinnamic acid Pc (1) to FA (1-FA) through an amide bond is reported for the first time. Complex 1 is insoluble in water, but upon linkage to FA, (to form 1-FA) the molecule become water soluble, hence the UV-Vis spectrum and singlet oxygen quantum yield for 1-FA were also done in water since water solubility is essential for biological applications. The reported 2-FA is also water soluble. Linking complexes 1 and 2 to FA and AMNPs decreased the dark toxicity of 1 and 2 on MCF-7 cells. Pc-FA (1-FA and 2-FA) conjugates had better singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ∆) in DMSO as compared to Pc-AMNPs (1-AMNPs and 2-AMNPs). The water- soluble 1-FA and 2-FA also achieved a better photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity as compared to 1-AMNPs and 2-AMNPs. Folic acid targeting on the tumor cells may have also facilitated better bioavailability of 1-FA and 2-FA and improved PDT activity on MCF-7 cells over AMNPs carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauta Gold Matlou
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - David O Oluwole
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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