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Zoric M, Basera P, Palmer LD, Aitbekova A, Powers-Riggs N, Lim H, Hu W, Garcia-Esparza AT, Sarker H, Abild-Pedersen F, Atwater HA, Cushing SK, Bajdich M, Cordones AA. Oxidizing Role of Cu Cocatalysts in Unassisted Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Using p-GaN/Al 2O 3/Au/Cu Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2024; 18. [PMID: 39037113 PMCID: PMC11295187 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO under unassisted (unbiased) conditions was recently demonstrated using heterostructure catalysts that combine p-type GaN with plasmonic Au nanoparticles and Cu nanoparticles as cocatalysts (p-GaN/Al2O3/Au/Cu). Here, we investigate the mechanistic role of Cu in p-GaN/Al2O3/Au/Cu under unassisted photocatalytic operating conditions using Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. Upon exposure to gas-phase CO2 and H2O vapor reaction conditions, the composition of the Cu nanoparticles is identified as a mixture of CuI and CuII oxide, hydroxide, and carbonate compounds without metallic Cu. These composition changes, indicating oxidative conditions, are rationalized by bulk Pourbaix thermodynamics. Under photocatalytic operating conditions with visible light excitation of the plasmonic Au nanoparticles, further oxidation of CuI to CuII is observed, indicating light-driven hole transfer from Au-to-Cu. This observation is supported by the calculated band alignments of the oxidized Cu compositions with plasmonic Au particles, where light-driven hole transfer from Au-to-Cu is found to be thermodynamically favored. These findings demonstrate that under unassisted (unbiased) gas-phase reaction conditions, Cu is found in carbonate-rich oxidized compositions rather than metallic Cu. These species then act as the active cocatalyst and play an oxidative rather than a reductive role in catalysis when coupled with plasmonic Au particles for light absorption, possibly opening an additional channel for water oxidation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija
R. Zoric
- Stanford
SUNCAT Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Pooja Basera
- Stanford
SUNCAT Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Levi D. Palmer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aisulu Aitbekova
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Natalia Powers-Riggs
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hyeongtaek Lim
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Angel T. Garcia-Esparza
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Liquid Sunlight
Alliance, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hori Sarker
- Stanford
SUNCAT Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- Stanford
SUNCAT Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Harry A. Atwater
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott K. Cushing
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michal Bajdich
- Stanford
SUNCAT Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Amy A. Cordones
- Stanford
SUNCAT Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
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Abstract
Nucleation and growth are critical steps in crystallization, which plays an important role in determining crystal structure, size, morphology, and purity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of nucleation and growth is crucial to realize the controllable fabrication of crystalline products with desired and reproducible properties. Based on classical models, the initial crystal nucleus is formed by the spontaneous aggregation of ions, atoms, or molecules, and crystal growth is dependent on the monomer's diffusion and the surface reaction. Recently, numerous in situ investigations on crystallization dynamics have uncovered the existence of nonclassical mechanisms. This review provides a summary and highlights the in situ studies of crystal nucleation and growth, with a particular emphasis on the state-of-the-art research progress since the year 2016, and includes technological advances, atomic-scale observations, substrate- and temperature-dependent nucleation and growth, and the progress achieved in the various materials: metals, alloys, metallic compounds, colloids, and proteins. Finally, the forthcoming opportunities and challenges in this fascinating field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi830011, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Francis Leonard Deepak
- Nanostructured Materials Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
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Tian T, Xu J, Xiong Y, Ramanan N, Ryan M, Xie F, Petit C. Cu-functionalised porous boron nitride derived from a metal-organic framework. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:20580-20592. [PMID: 36324859 PMCID: PMC9531768 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta05515e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Porous boron nitride (BN) displays promising properties for interfacial and bulk processes, e.g. molecular separation and storage, or (photo)catalysis. To maximise porous BN's potential in such applications, tuning and controlling its chemical and structural features is key. Functionalisation of porous BN with metal nanoparticle represents one possible route, albeit a hardly explored one. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used as precursors to synthesise metal functionalised porous carbon-based materials, yet MOF-derived metal functionalised inorganic porous materials remain unexplored. Here, we hypothesise that MOFs could also serve as a platform to produce metal-functionalised porous BN. We have used a Cu-containing MOF, i.e. Cu/ZIF-8, as a precursor and successfully obtained porous BN functionalised with Cu nanoparticles (i.e. Cu/BN). While we have shown control of the Cu content, we have not yet demonstrated it for the nanoparticle size. The functionalisation has led to improved light harvesting and enhanced electron-hole separation, which have had a direct positive impact on the CO2 photoreduction activity (production formation rate 1.5 times higher than pristine BN and 12.5 times higher than g-C3N4). In addition, we have found that the metal in the MOF precursor impacts porous BN's purity. Unlike Cu/ZIF-8, a Co-containing ZIF-8 precursor led to porous C-BN (i.e. BN with a large amount of C in the structure). Overall, given the diversity of metals in MOFs, one could envision our approach as a method to produce a library of different metal functionalised porous BN samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Ying Xiong
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Nitya Ramanan
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Mary Ryan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
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John J, Mathew RM, Rejeena I, Jayakrishnan R, Mathew S, Thomas V, Mujeeb A. Nonlinear optical limiting and dual beam mode matched thermal lensing of nano fluids containing green synthesized copper nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nayak C, Bhattacharyya D, Jha SN, Sahoo NK. In Situ XAS Study on Growth of PVP-Stabilized Cu Nanoparticles. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Nayak
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai - 400 085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai- 400096 India
| | - Dibyendu Bhattacharyya
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai - 400 085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai- 400096 India
| | - Shambhu N. Jha
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai - 400 085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai- 400096 India
| | - Naba K. Sahoo
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai - 400 085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai- 400096 India
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Tai YW, Chiu YC, Wu PT, Yu J, Chin YC, Wu SP, Chuang YC, Hsieh HC, Lai PS, Yu HP, Liao MY. Degradable NIR-PTT Nanoagents with a Potential Cu@Cu 2O@Polymer Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5161-5174. [PMID: 29359551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cu@Cu2O@PSMA polymer nanoparticles (Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs) with near-infrared (NIR) absorption were successfully synthesized in a single-step oxidation reaction of Cu@PSMA polymer NPs at 100 °C for 20 min. The shape, structure, and optical properties of the Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs were tailorable by controlling the reaction parameters, for example, using the initial Cu@PSMA polymer NP as a template and varying the halide ion content, heating temperature, and reaction time. The Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs exhibited robust NIR absorption between 650 and 710 nm and possessed superior oxidation resistance in water and culture media. In vitro assays demonstrated the low cytotoxicity of the Cu@Cu2O@PSMA polymer NPs to HeLa cells through an improved cell viability, high IC50, low injury incidence from the supernatant of the partly dissociated Cu@Cu2O@PSMA polymer NPs, and minor generation of reactive oxygen species. More importantly, we demonstrated that the inorganic Cu-based nanocomposite [+0.34 V vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)] was degradable in an endogenous H2O2 (+1.78 V vs NHE) environment. Cu ions were detected in the urine of mice, which illustrates the possibility of extraction after the degradation of the Cu-based particles. 'After an treatment of the HeLa cells with the Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs and a 660 nm light-emitting diode, the photoablation of 50 and 90% cells was observed at NP doses of 20 and 50 ppm, respectively. These results demonstrate that NIR-functional and moderate redox-active Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs are potential next-generation photothermal therapy (PTT) nanoagents because of combined features of degradation resistance in the physiological environment, enabling the delivery of efficient PTT, a possibly improved ability to selectively harm cancer cells by releasing Cu ions under high-H2O2 and/or low-pH conditions, and ability to be extracted from the body after biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital , Taipei 11556, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University , Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ping Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University , Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
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